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''Physical Review'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1893 by Edward Nichols. It publishes original research as well as scientific and literature reviews on all aspects of
physics Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge which ...
. It is published by the
American Physical Society The American Physical Society (APS) is a not-for-profit membership organization of professionals in physics and related disciplines, comprising nearly fifty divisions, sections, and other units. Its mission is the advancement and diffusion of k ...
(APS). The journal is in its third series, and is split in several sub-journals each covering a particular field of physics. It has a sister journal, '' Physical Review Letters'', which publishes shorter articles of broader interest.


History

''Physical Review'' commenced publication in July 1893, organized by
Cornell University Cornell University is a private statutory land-grant research university based in Ithaca, New York. It is a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, Cornell was founded with the intention to tea ...
professor Edward Nichols and helped by the new president of Cornell,
J. Gould Schurman ''J. The Jewish News of Northern California'', formerly known as ''Jweekly'', is a weekly print newspaper in Northern California, with its online edition updated daily. It is owned and operated by San Francisco Jewish Community Publications In ...
. The journal was managed and edited at Cornell in upstate New York from 1893 to 1913 by Nichols,
Ernest Merritt Ernest George Merritt (April 28, 1865 – June 5, 1948)Academi ''see also'' American Institute of PhysicBiography. was Dean of the Graduate School, Cornell University; Chair of the Physics Department. Early life and career Merritt was born ...
, and Frederick Bedell. The 33 volumes published during this time constitute ''Physical Review Series I''. The
American Physical Society The American Physical Society (APS) is a not-for-profit membership organization of professionals in physics and related disciplines, comprising nearly fifty divisions, sections, and other units. Its mission is the advancement and diffusion of k ...
(APS), founded in 1899, took over its publication in 1913 and started ''Physical Review Series II''. The journal remained at Cornell under
editor-in-chief An editor-in-chief (EIC), also known as lead editor or chief editor, is a publication's editorial leader who has final responsibility for its operations and policies. The highest-ranking editor of a publication may also be titled editor, managing ...
G. S. Fulcher G is the seventh letter of the Latin alphabet. G may also refer to: Places * Gabon, international license plate code G * Glasgow, UK postal code G * Eastern Quebec, Canadian postal prefix G * Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne, Australia, ...
from 1913 to 1926, before relocating to the location of editor
John Torrence Tate, Sr. John Torrence Tate Sr. (July 28, 1889 – May 27, 1950) was an American physicist noted for his editorship of ''Physical Review'' between 1926 and 1950. He is the father of mathematician John Torrence Tate Jr. Biography Tate was born on 28 Jul ...
at the
University of Minnesota The University of Minnesota, formally the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, (UMN Twin Cities, the U of M, or Minnesota) is a public land-grant research university in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. ...
. In 1929, the APS started publishing '' Reviews of Modern Physics'', a venue for longer review articles. During the
Great Depression The Great Depression (19291939) was an economic shock that impacted most countries across the world. It was a period of economic depression that became evident after a major fall in stock prices in the United States. The economic contagio ...
, wealthy scientist Alfred Loomis anonymously paid the journal's fees for authors who could not afford them. After Tate's death in 1950, the journals were managed on an interim basis still in Minnesota by E. L. Hill and
J. William Buchta ''J. The Jewish News of Northern California'', formerly known as ''Jweekly'', is a weekly print newspaper in Northern California, with its online edition updated daily. It is owned and operated by San Francisco Jewish Community Publications In ...
until Samuel Goudsmit and Simon Pasternack were appointed and the editorial office moved to Brookhaven National Laboratory on Eastern
Long Island Long Island is a densely populated island in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of New York, part of the New York metropolitan area. With over 8 million people, Long Island is the most populous island in the United States and the 18 ...
, New York. In July 1958, the sister journal '' Physical Review Letters'' was introduced to publish short articles of particularly broad interest, initially edited by George L. Trigg, who remained as editor until 1988. In 1970, ''Physical Review'' split into sub-journals ''Physical Review A'', ''B'', ''C'', and ''D''. A fifth member of the family, ''Physical Review E'', was introduced in 1993 to a large part to accommodate the huge amount of new research in nonlinear dynamics. Combined, these constitute ''Physical Review Series III''. The editorial office moved in 1980 to its present location across the expressway from Brookhaven National Laboratory. Goudsmit retired in 1974 and Pasternack in the mid-1970s. Past Editors in Chief include David Lazarus (1980–1990;
University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign The University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (U of I, Illinois, University of Illinois, or UIUC) is a public land-grant research university in Illinois in the twin cities of Champaign and Urbana. It is the flagship institution of the Un ...
),
Benjamin Bederson Benjamin Bederson (born November 15, 1921) is an American physicist. He worked on the Manhattan Project. He graduated from City College of New York, Columbia University, and New York University. He worked at Massachusetts Institute of Technol ...
(1990–1996;
New York University New York University (NYU) is a private research university in New York City. Chartered in 1831 by the New York State Legislature, NYU was founded by a group of New Yorkers led by then- Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin. In 1832, th ...
),
Martin Blume Martin may refer to: Places * Martin City (disambiguation) * Martin County (disambiguation) * Martin Township (disambiguation) Antarctica * Martin Peninsula, Marie Byrd Land * Port Martin, Adelie Land * Point Martin, South Orkney Islands Austra ...
(1996–2007; Brookhaven National Laboratory), and
Gene Sprouse Gene D. Sprouse is a ''Distinguished Professor'' of Physics & Astronomy at Stony Brook University and an elected fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2012). His work is principally in experimental physics using acceler ...
(2007–2015;
SUNY Stony Brook Stony Brook University (SBU), officially the State University of New York at Stony Brook, is a public research university in Stony Brook, New York. Along with the University at Buffalo, it is one of the State University of New York system's ...
). The current Editor in Chief is
Michael Thoennessen Michael may refer to: People * Michael (given name), a given name * Michael (surname), including a list of people with the surname Michael Given name "Michael" * Michael (archangel), ''first'' of God's archangels in the Jewish, Christian an ...
, whose term began in September 2017. To celebrate the hundredth anniversary of the journal, a memoir was published jointly by the APS and AIP. In 1998, the first issue of '' Physical Review Special Topics: Accelerators and Beams'' was published, and in 2005, ''Physical Review Special Topics: Physics Education Research'' was launched. In January 2016 the names of both journals were changed to remove "Special Topics".
Renaming the APS Special Topics Series, American Physical Society, December 31, 2015
''Physical Review'' also started an online magazine, '' Physical Review Focus'', in 1998 to explain and provide historical context for selected articles from ''Physical Review'' and ''Physical Review Letters''. This was merged into ''
Physics Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge which ...
'' in 2011. The Special Topics journals are open access; ''Physics Education Research'' requires page charges from the authors, but ''Accelerators and Beams'' does not. Though not fully open access, ''Physical Review Letters'' also requires an author page charge, although this is voluntary. The other journals require such a charge only if manuscripts are not prepared in one of the preferred formats. Since 2011, authors can pay an
article processing charge An article processing charge (APC), also known as a publication fee, is a fee which is sometimes charged to authors. Most commonly, it is involved in making a work available as open access (OA), in either a full OA journal or in a hybrid journal ...
to make their papers open access.
APS Open Access announcement, American Physical Society, 15 February 2011
Such papers are published under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License A Creative Commons (CC) license is one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted "work".A "work" is any creative material made by a person. A painting, a graphic, a book, a song/lyric ...
(CC-BY). ''Physical Review Letters'' celebrated their 50th birthday in 2008. The APS has a
copyright A copyright is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the exclusive right to copy, distribute, adapt, display, and perform a creative work, usually for a limited time. The creative work may be in a literary, artistic, educatio ...
policy to permit the author to reuse parts of the published article in a derivative or new work, including on
Wikipedia Wikipedia is a multilingual free online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteers, known as Wikipedians, through open collaboration and using a wiki-based editing system. Wikipedia is the largest and most-read refer ...
. The APS has an online publication entitled ''Physics'', aiming to help physicists and physics students to learn about new developments outside of their own subfield. This now includes the general-interest articles that appeared as ''Physical Review Focus''. A short-lived journal, also called ''Physics'', was published by
Pergamon Press Pergamon Press was an Oxford-based publishing house, founded by Paul Rosbaud and Robert Maxwell, that published scientific and medical books and journals. Originally called Butterworth-Springer, it is now an imprint of Elsevier. History The c ...
and Physics Publishing Co. from 1964 through 1968, with the goal of printing "a selection of papers which are worth the attention of all physicists." The four volumes of this journal were eventually made freely available online by the APS under the alternative title ''
Physics Physique Физика ''Physics Physique Физика'', also known as various punctuations of ''Physics, Physique, Fizika'', and as ''Physics'' for short, was a scientific journal published from 1964 through 1968. Founded by Philip Warren Anderson and Bernd T. Matthia ...
'', reflecting how the title was originally printed on the journal covers and how it was sometimes referred to in the years since. It also publishes ''Physical Review X'', an online-only open access journal. It is a peer-reviewed journal that publishes, as timely as possible, original research papers from all areas of pure, applied, and interdisciplinary physics. In 2014 ''Physical Review Applied'' began publishing research across all aspects of experimental and theoretical applications of physics, including their interactions with other sciences, engineering, and industry. In 2016 the APS launched '' Physical Review Fluids'' "to include additional areas of
fluid dynamics In physics and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids— liquids and gases. It has several subdisciplines, including ''aerodynamics'' (the study of air and other gases in motion) a ...
research", and in 2017 it launched ''Physical Review Materials'' "to fill a gap" in the coverage of materials research. In 2019 ''Physical Review Research'' was launched to provide a broad fully open-access journal at about the same selectivity level as the older ''A'' - ''E'' journals. In 2020, ''PRX Quantum'' was launched to provide a home for and connection between the numerous research communities that make up quantum information science and technology, spanning from pure science to engineering to computer science and beyond.


Journals


See also

* List of fluid mechanics journals


Notes


References


External links


American Physical SocietyJournals of the APSAPS online publication ''Physics''Online archive of all back issues of ''Physical Review'' (subscription required)
;Index of freely available volumes The term of copyright on volumes published before 1924 has expired. Most of these volumes are available online for free in their entirety: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{American Physical Society Physics journals Publications established in 1893 English-language journals American Physical Society academic journals Academic journal series