Phormium tenax

''Phormium tenax'' (called flax in New Zealand English; in Māori; New Zealand flax outside New Zealand; and New Zealand hemp in historical nautical contexts) is an evergreen perennial plant native to New Zealand and Norfolk Island that is an important fibre plant and a popular ornamental plant.Roger Holmes and Lance Walheim. 2005. ''California Home Landscaping'', Creative Homeowner Press The plant grows as a clump of long, straplike leaves, up to two metres long, from which arises a much taller flowering shoot, with dramatic yellow or red flowers.

The fibre has been widely used since the arrival of Māori to New Zealand, originally in Māori traditional textiles and also in rope and sail making after the arrival of Europeans until at least WWII. It is an invasive species in some of the Pacific Islands and in Australia.

The blades of the plant contain cucurbitacins, which are poisonous to some animals, and some of them are among the bitterest tastes to humans.

Etymology

The ''hara'' in the Māori name ''harakeke'' is a remnant of the Austronesian root ''*paŋudaN'' (via Proto-Oceanic ''*padran'') surviving in related languages referring to pandanus plants with similar characteristics of sheathing leaves also used for weaving (like ''Pandanus tectorius'', also known as ''hala'' in Hawaiian), as New Zealand was one of the only places where pandanus was not available.

Ecology

The jumping spider '' Trite planiceps'' lives predominantly in the rolled-up leaves of this species. ''Phormium tenax'' is a coastal cover plant associated with significant habitat such as the breeding habitat for the endangered yellow-eyed penguin.

Māori traditional uses

Harakeke was one of the most commonly used fibres for weaving in prior to European contact in New Zealand, due to its wide availability and long strands. Harakeke can be woven raw to create open-weave items (where the ''para'' or the waterproof epidermis of the plant is kept intact), or processed so only the muka remains, for close-weave objects. The broad length of harakeke leaves allow weavers to create a variety of strip lengths, making the plant suitable for a range of objects and sizes.

Harakeke can be boiled with hot stones to bleach strips, however dying the fibre is difficult due to the water resistant ''para''. However, harakeke can by dyed using ''paru'', or an iron-rich mud. Harakeke can be made more flexible with less shrinkage using the ''hapine'' technique, where a knife or shell is run across the fibre to remove moisture without breaking the surface layers.

Cultivation

''Phormium tenax'' had many uses in traditional Māori society. It was the main material used for weaving, adopted after aute (paper mulberry, did not thrive in New Zealand'
"Scientific Plant Breeding"
climate. Many of the traditional uses have largely fallen into disuse, though there is an upswing in the use of traditional materials in modern Māori art and craft. The two most common forms for flax in traditional craft are the use of stripped, dried leaves as broad bands, such as in the weaving of '' kete'' (flax baskets), and the scraping, pounding, and washing of the leaves to create a fibre — ''muka'' — which is used in ''tāniko'' (weaving) of soft, durable fabric for clothing. Flax is also used as a decorative and structural element in ''tukutuku'', panelling found within Mãori ''wharenui'' (meeting houses).

Prior to the Great Depression of the 1930s, which decimated flax as an industry, there were two serious attempts by Europeans to breed for fibre. The first was by Wellington-based Leonard Cockayne about 1908. The second by Massey-based John Stuart Yeates in the late 1920s.

New Zealand Flax was cultivated on Saint Helena from the late 1800s to around 1966 for the production of string and rope and for export. Today the plants remain but the industry has stopped; they are considered an ecological problem.

Ornamental

In recent times, ''P. tenax'' and its cousin '' P. colensoi'' have been widely cultivated as ornamental garden plants, their striking fans of pointed leaves providing a focal point in mixed plantings or at the edge of a lawn. They are easy to grow in a sunny spot, especially in coastal areas with some protection in winter, but require reliably moist soil. They are frequently found in garden centres amongst plants with a similar appearance, notably ''Yucca'' and '' Cordyline''. However, these are very different plants with different requirements. ''P. tenax'' and some cultivars can grow to a substantial size - tall by broad.

Cultivars

More recently several cultivars have been selected as decorative garden plants, including:
*'Bronze Baby' - arching bronze leaves, plant.
*'Dazzler' - arching leaves that are bronze-maroon with red and pink stripes, plant reaches 3 feet in height
*'Duet'
*Purpureum Group
*'Sundowner' - plant, leaves are striped with bronze, green and rose-pink
*'Variegatum'
*'Yellow Wave'

Those marked have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

See also

* ''Phormium'', covering both species
* Flax in New Zealand

References

Further reading

* James Hector. 1889. ''Phormium tenax as a fibrous plant'', second edition, New Zealand. Geological Survey Dept, New Zealand, published by G. Didsbury, Government Printer, 95 pages

External links

Harakeke image gallery from Landcare Research - Manaaki Whenua

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Crops originating from New Zealand
Fiber plants
Flora of the Auckland Islands
Garden plants of New Zealand
Hemerocallidoideae
Medicinal plants
Perennial plants
Plants used in traditional Māori medicine