''Phanerochaete'' is a genus of

crust fungi The corticioid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota typically having effused, smooth basidiocarps (fruit bodies) that are formed on the undersides of dead tree trunks or branches. They are sometimes colloquially called crust fungi or pa ...

in the family Phanerochaetaceae.

Taxonomy

The genus was circumscribed by Finnish mycologist Petter Karsten in 1889.

Marinus Anton Donk Marinus Anton Donk (14 August 1908 – 2 September 1972) was a Dutch mycologist. He specialized in the taxonomy and nomenclature of mushrooms. Rolf Singer wrote in his obituary that he was "one of the most outstanding figures of contemporary mycol ...

redefined the limits of the genus in two publications in 1957 and 1962. ''Phanerochaete'' has traditionally been delimited based on the overall

morphology Morphology, from the Greek and meaning "study of shape", may refer to: Disciplines *Morphology (archaeology), study of the shapes or forms of artifacts *Morphology (astronomy), study of the shape of astronomical objects such as nebulae, galaxies, ...

of the fruit body, as well as microscopic characteristics including the nature of the

hypha A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one or ...

l structure,

cystidia A cystidium (plural cystidia) is a relatively large cell found on the sporocarp of a basidiomycete (for example, on the surface of a mushroom gill), often between clusters of basidia. Since cystidia have highly varied and distinct shapes that ar ...

, and spores. Molecular analyses demonstrate that the genus is polyphyletic, containing members placed throughout the phlebioid clade of the Polyporales. The genus name is derived from the Greek words φανεφός ("distinct") and χαίτη ("hair").

Description

''Phanerochaete'' species have membranaceous, crust-like

fruit bodies The sporocarp (also known as fruiting body, fruit body or fruitbody) of fungi is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne. The fruitbody is part of the sexual phase of a fungal life cy ...

. The

l system is monomitic, with simple-septate generative hyphae; single or multiple

clamps Clamp may refer to: Tools and devices * Brick clamp, an early method of baking bricks *Clamp (tool), a device or tool used to hold objects in a fixed relative position (many types listed) ** C-clamp **C-clamp (stagecraft) **Riser clamp, a device ...

may be present in the subiculum. The

basidia A basidium () is a microscopic sporangium (a spore-producing structure) found on the hymenophore of fruiting bodies of basidiomycete fungi which are also called tertiary mycelium, developed from secondary mycelium. Tertiary mycelium is highly-c ...

(spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped and smooth. Spores of the genus are thin-walled,

inamyloid In mycology a tissue or feature is said to be amyloid if it has a positive amyloid reaction when subjected to a crude chemical test using iodine as an ingredient of either Melzer's reagent or Lugol's solution, producing a blue to blue-black stain ...

, hyaline, and have a cylindrical to ellipsoidal shape. ''Phanerochaete'' species cause

white rot A wood-decay or xylophagous fungus is any species of fungus that digests moist wood, causing it to rot. Some species of wood-decay fungi attack dead wood, such as brown rot, and some, such as '' Armillaria'' (honey fungus), are parasitic and co ...

on both conifers and hardwoods.

Chemistry

''Phanerochaete'' includes

fungi that are able to degrade the woody polymer lignin to carbon dioxide. This is achieved, in part, by

lignin peroxidase In enzymology, a lignin peroxidase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction :1,2-bis(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propane-1,3-diol + H2O2 \rightleftharpoons 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde + 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethane-1,2-diol + H2O Thus, the tw ...

s and

manganese peroxidase Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is a hard, brittle, silvery metal, often found in minerals in combination with iron. Manganese is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy use ...

s. These peroxidases are also able to mediate oxidation of a wide variety of organic

pollutant A pollutant or novel entity is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has undesired effects, or adversely affects the usefulness of a resource. These can be both naturally forming (i.e. minerals or extracted compounds like o ...

s. The genome of '' Phanerochaete chrysosporium'' was sequenced and shows the genetic potential to make over 100 cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. White rot fungi have been used in

bioremediation Bioremediation broadly refers to any process wherein a biological system (typically bacteria, microalgae, fungi, and plants), living or dead, is employed for removing environmental pollutants from air, water, soil, flue gasses, industrial effluent ...

efforts to break down potentially harmful chemicals in soil and in water. For example, phenol-formaldehyde is degraded by ''P. chrysosporium'', while '' P. sordida'' breaks down the neonicotinoid pesticide

clothianidin Clothianidin is an insecticide developed by Takeda Chemical Industries and Bayer AG. Similar to thiamethoxam and imidacloprid, it is a neonicotinoid. Neonicotinoids are a class of insecticides that are chemically similar to nicotine, which has b ...

Species

, Index Fungorum accepts 92 species of ''Phanerochaete'': *'' Phanerochaete aculeata'' Hallenb. (1978) *'' Phanerochaete affinis'' (Burt) Parmasto (1968) *'' Phanerochaete alba'' Sang H.Lin & Z.C.Chen (1990) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete albida'' Sheng H.Wu (1990) *'' Phanerochaete allantospora'' Burds. & Gilb. (1974) *'' Phanerochaete alnea'' (Fr.) P.Karst. (1889) *'' Phanerochaete aluticolor'' (Bres. & Torrend) Melo, J.Cardoso, M.Dueñas, Salcedo & Tellería (2012) *'' Phanerochaete andreae'' Burds., Beltrán-Tej. & Rodr.-Armas (1995) *'' Phanerochaete angustocystidiata'' Sheng H.Wu (2000) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete arenata'' (P.H.B.Talbot) Jülich (1979) *'' Phanerochaete areolata'' (G.Cunn.) Hjortstam & Ryvarden (1990) *'' Phanerochaete argillacea'' Sheng H.Wu (1998) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete arizonica'' Burds. & Gilb. (1974) *'' Phanerochaete aurantiobadia'' Ghobad-Nejhad, S.L.Liu & E.Langer (2015) *'' Phanerochaete australis'' Jülich (1980) *'' Phanerochaete avellanea'' (Bres.) J.Erikss. & Hjortstam (1981) *'' Phanerochaete bambucicola'' Sheng H.Wu (2018) *'' Phanerochaete binucleospordida'' Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles (1993) *'' Phanerochaete brunnea'' Sheng H.Wu (1990) *'' Phanerochaete bubalina'' Burds. (1985) *'' Phanerochaete burtii'' (Romell ex Burt) Parmasto (1967) *'' Phanerochaete cacaina'' (Bourdot & Galzin) Burds. & Gilb. (1974) *'' Phanerochaete cana'' (Burt) Burds. (1985) *'' Phanerochaete capitata'' Sheng H.Wu (1998) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete carnosa'' (Burt) Parmasto (1967) *'' Phanerochaete caucasica'' (Parmasto) Burds. (1985) *'' Phanerochaete citri'' A.B.De (1991) – India *'' Phanerochaete citrinosanguinea'' D.Floudas & Hibbett (2015) *'' Phanerochaete commixtoides'' Sang H.Lin & Z.C.Chen (1990) *'' Phanerochaete conifericola'' D.Floudas & D.S.Hibbett (2015) *'' Phanerochaete cordylines'' (G.Cunn.) Burds. (1985) *'' Phanerochaete cremeo-ochracea'' (Bourdot & Galzin) Hjortstam (1987) *'' Phanerochaete crescentispora'' Gilb. & Hemmes (2001) *'' Phanerochaete cryptocystidiata'' Nakasone (2008) *'' Phanerochaete deflectens'' (P.Karst.) Hjortstam (1987) *'' Phanerochaete eburnea'' Sheng H.Wu (1998) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete eichleriana'' Bres. (1903) *'' Phanerochaete emplastra'' (Berk. & Broome) Hjortstam (1989) *'' Phanerochaete exigua'' (Burt) Nakasone, Burds. & Lodge (1998) *'' Phanerochaete exilis'' (Burt) Burds. (1985) *'' Phanerochaete flava'' (Burt) Nakasone, Burds. & Lodge (1998) *'' Phanerochaete flavidogrisea'' Sheng H.Wu (1998) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete flavocarnea'' (Petch) Hjortstam (1995) *'' Phanerochaete fulva'' Sheng H.Wu (1998) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete furfuraceovelutinus'' (Rick) Rajchenb. (1987) *'' Phanerochaete globosa'' Sang H.Lin & Z.C.Chen (1990) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete granulata'' Sheng H.Wu (2007) *'' Phanerochaete hiulca'' (Burt) A.L.Welden (1980) *'' Phanerochaete hyphocystidiata'' Sheng H.Wu (1998) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete incarnata'' Sheng H.Wu (2017) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete incrustans'' (Speg.) Rajchenb. & J.E.Wright (1987) *'' Phanerochaete infuscata'' Hjortstam & Ryvarden (2004) *'' Phanerochaete intertexta'' Sheng H.Wu (1990) *'' Phanerochaete investiens'' (Berk.) P.Roberts (2009) *'' Phanerochaete jose-ferreirae'' (D.A.Reid) D.A.Reid (1975) *'' Phanerochaete laevis'' (Fr.) J.Erikss. & Ryvarden (1978) *'' Phanerochaete leptoderma'' Sheng H.Wu (1990) *'' Phanerochaete lutea'' (Sheng H.Wu) Hjortstam (1995) *'' Phanerochaete luteoaurantiaca'' (Wakef.) Burds. (1985) *'' Phanerochaete macrocystidiata'' Hallenb. (1978) *'' Phanerochaete martelliana'' (Bres.) J.Erikss. & Ryvarden (1978) *'' Phanerochaete mauiensis'' Gilb. & Adask. (1993) *'' Phanerochaete odontoidea'' Sheng H.Wu (2000) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete oreophila'' Gilb. & Hemmes (2004) *'' Phanerochaete pallida'' Parmasto (1967) *'' Phanerochaete parmastoi'' Sheng H.Wu (1990) *'' Phanerochaete parvispora'' Sheng H.Wu & Losi (1995) – Europe *'' Phanerochaete percitrina'' P.Roberts & Hjortstam (2000) – Africa *'' Phanerochaete phosphorescens'' (Burt) A.L.Welden (1980) *'' Phanerochaete porostereoides'' S.L.Liu & S.H.He (2016) – China *'' Phanerochaete pseudosanguinea'' D.Floudas & D.S.Hibbett (2015) *'' Phanerochaete queletii'' (Bres.) Nakasone (2008) *'' Phanerochaete radulans'' Hallenb. (1978) *'' Phanerochaete reflexa'' Sheng H.Wu (1998) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete rhodella'' (Peck) D.Floudas & D.S.Hibbett (2015) *'' Phanerochaete robusta'' Parmasto (1968) *'' Phanerochaete rubescens'' Sheng H.Wu (1998) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete sacchari'' (Burt) Burds. (1985) *'' Phanerochaete salmoneolutea'' Burds. & Gilb. (1974) *'' Phanerochaete sanguineocarnosa'' D.Floudas & Hibbett (2015) *'' Phanerochaete sanwicensis'' Gilb. & Hemmes (2004) *'' Phanerochaete sordida'' (P.Karst.) J.Erikss. & Ryvarden (1978) Phanerochaete sordida a1 (1)

*'' Phanerochaete stereoides'' Sheng H.Wu (1995) *'' Phanerochaete suballantoidea'' Sheng H.Wu (1998) – Taiwan *'' Phanerochaete subceracea'' (Burt) Burds. (1985) *'' Phanerochaete subcrassispora'' P.Roberts & Hjortstam (2009) *'' Phanerochaete subglobosa'' Sheng H.Wu (1990) *'' Phanerochaete subiculosa'' (Burt) Burds. (1985) *'' Phanerochaete taiwaniana'' Sheng H.Wu (1990) *'' Phanerochaete tamariciphila'' Boidin, Lanq. & Gilles (1993) *'' Phanerochaete thailandica'' Kout & Sádlíková (2017) – Thailand *'' Phanerochaete tropica'' (Sheng H.Wu) Hjortstam (1995) *'' Phanerochaete tuberculascens'' Hjortstam (2000) *'' Phanerochaete tuberculata'' (P.Karst.) Parmasto (1968) *'' Phanerochaete velutina'' (DC.) P.Karst. (1898) *'' Phanerochaete vesiculosa'' S.Martínez & Nakasone (2005) – Uruguay *'' Phanerochaete xerophila'' Burds. (1985)

Taxonomy

Description

Chemistry

Species

References

Further reading