Perm Krai (russian: Пе́рмский край, r=Permsky kray, p=ˈpʲɛrmskʲɪj ˈkraj, ''Permsky krai'', , ''Perem lador'') is a
federal subject of
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...
(a
krai) that came into existence on December 1, 2005 as a result of the 2004
referendum
A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda) is a Direct democracy, direct vote by the Constituency, electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue. This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a Representative democr ...
on the merger of
Perm Oblast and
Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug. The
city
A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
of
Perm is the
administrative center
An administrative center is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune is located.
In countries with French as administrative language (such as Belgium, Lu ...
. The population of the krai was 2,635,276 according to the (
2010 Census).
Komi-Permyak Okrug retained its autonomous status within Perm Krai during the transitional period of 2006–2008. It also retained a budget separate from that of the krai, keeping all federal transfers. Starting in 2009, Komi-Permyak Okrug's budget became subject to the budgeting law of Perm Krai. The transitional period was implemented in part because Komi-Permyak Okrug relies heavily on federal subsidies, and an abrupt cut would have been detrimental to its economy.
Geography
Perm Krai is located in the east of the
East European Plain and the western slope of the Middle
Ural Mountains
The Ural Mountains ( ; rus, Ура́льские го́ры, r=Uralskiye gory, p=ʊˈralʲskʲɪjə ˈɡorɨ; ba, Урал тауҙары) or simply the Urals, are a mountain range that runs approximately from north to south through western ...
. 99.8% of its area is in Europe, 0.2% in Asia.
*length from north to south –
*length from west to east –
The krai borders the
Komi Republic
The Komi Republic (russian: Республика Коми; kv, Коми Республика), sometimes simply referred to as Komi, is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. Its capital is the city of Syktyvkar. The population of th ...
in the north,
Kirov Oblast
Kirov Oblast (russian: Ки́ровская о́бласть, ''Kirovskaya oblast'') is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) in Eastern Europe. Its administrative center is the city of Kirov. Population: 1,341,312 ( 2010 Census).
Geography
N ...
in the northwest, the
Udmurt Republic in the southwest, the
Republic of Bashkortostan
The Republic of Bashkortostan or Bashkortostan ( ba, Башҡортостан Республикаһы, Bashqortostan Respublikahy; russian: Республика Башкортостан, Respublika Bashkortostan),; russian: Респу́блик� ...
in the south, and
Sverdlovsk Oblast
Sverdlovsk Oblast ( rus, Свердловская область, Sverdlovskaya oblast) is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia located in the Ural Federal District. Its administrative center is the city of Yekaterinburg, formerly known as ...
in the east.
The krai borders stretch for over . The highest point is Mount
Tulymsky Kamen
Tulymsky Kamen (russian: Тулымский камень) is a mountain range in North Ural. Located in northeastern portion of Krasnovishersky District, Perm Krai, Russia, the range stretches about 24 km north–south. At 1,496 m elevation, ...
at .
Rivers
Rivers of Perm Krai belong to the Kama River Basin, the largest tributary of
Volga River
The Volga (; russian: Во́лга, a=Ru-Волга.ogg, p=ˈvoɫɡə) is the longest river in Europe. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea. The Volga has a length of , and a catch ...
. There are more than 29,000 rivers in Perm Krai. The total length of all rivers is more than .
Only two rivers in Perm Krai have lengths exceeding . They are the
Kama River at and the
Chusovaya River
The Chusovaya (russian: Чусова́я) is a river flowing in Perm Krai, Sverdlovsk Oblast and Chelyabinsk Oblast of Russia. A tributary of the Kama, which in turn is a tributary of the Volga, it discharges into the Chusovskoy Cove of the ...
, .
There are about 40 rivers with lengths from . The longest of them are:
*
Sylva River
The Sylva () is a river in Sverdlovsk Oblast and Perm Krai in Russia. It is in length. The area of the basin is . The Sylva flows into the Chusovoy Cove of the Kama Reservoir. It freezes up in November and stays under the ice until April. Pri ...
— 493 km (306 mi)
*
Kolva River — 460 km (285 mi)
*
Vishera River — 415 km (258 mi)
*
Yayva River — 403 km (250 mi)
*
Kosva River
The Kosva (russian: Ко́сьва) is a river in Perm Krai and Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia, a left tributary of the Kama. It is long, with a drainage basin of .[Kosa River
The Kosa (, Komi: Кöсва) is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the Kama. The river is long and has a basin of .] — 267 km (165 mi)
*
Veslyana River — 266 km (165 mi)
*
Inva River — 257 km (159 mi)
*
Obva River
The Obva (Russian: Обва) – is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, a right tributary of the Kama. It starts in the Upper Kama Upland, in the west part of Sivinsky District, near the border of Kirov oblast. It flows into Kama Reservoir, from the co ...
— 247 km (153 mi)
There are also many small rivers, but some of them have historical significance, for example
Yegoshikha River
The Yegoshikha (russian: Егоши́ха, ), formerly Yagoshikha (russian: Ягоши́ха), is a river in Perm Krai, Russia, being the left tributary of the Kama. In spite of its relatively small size it is famous for its historical signifi ...
, at the mouth of which the city of Perm was founded.
Climate
Perm Krai has a continental climate. Winters are long and snowy, with average temperatures in January varying from in the northeast part of krai to in southwest part. The record lowest recorded temperature was (in the north).
Minerals
Perm Krai has an abundance of minerals. Oil, natural gas, gold, diamonds, chromites, peat, limestone and building materials are among the many natural resources extracted.
[Полезные ископаемые](_blank)
Oil in its area was first discovered in 1929 near settlement Verhnechusovskie Gorodki. Currently there are more than 180 oil and gas fields known. Among them the developed ones are: 89 oil, 2 gas and 18 both oil and gas fields. Most of them are small and based in the central and southern districts of the krai. The northern fields are less developed because the oil lies deep under salt layers.
Coal has been mined in Perm Krai for more than 200 years. For a long time it played an important role in the fuel and energy balance in the region. Maximum mining was in 1960 when it reached 12 million tonnes. Mining then decreased and there are no exploration of new fields.
The Verkhnekamskoye deposit of potassium salts is one of the largest in the world. It is approx. , and the thickness of the salt layers reaches 514 m.
In 1841 the geological
Permian Period was named after strata of rocks from that time were found in this area.
Flora and fauna
Forests cover about 71% of Perm Krai's area. Coniferous forests predominate, with deciduous forests more common in the south.
There are 62 species of mammals, more than 270 species of birds, 39 species of fishes, 6 species of reptile and 9 species of amphibians.
Three nature reserves are located in Perm Krai:
Basegi,
Vishera Vishera may refer to:
* Vishera FX-series CPU, codename for a line of CPU by AMD
* Vishera Nature Reserve, in Perm Krai, Russia
* Malaya Vishera
Malaya Vishera (russian: Ма́лая Ви́шера) is a town and the administrative center of Mal ...
, Preduralie.
Politics
During the
Soviet
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Perm CPSU Committee (who in reality had the greatest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected
regional parliament.
The Charter of Perm Krai is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Perm Krai is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the
Constitution of Russia.
Law enforcement
The Directorate of the Ministry for Internal Affairs in Perm Krai (ГУ МВД России по Пермскому краю) or the Police of Perm (Полиция Перми) is the main law enforcement agency of the government of Perm Krai,
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...
. It is answerable to the regional
MVD and the governor of Perm Krai. The chief of police is
Yuri Valyaev.
Administrative divisions
Administratively, the krai is divided into thirty-three districts, fourteen cities of krai significance, and one
closed administrative-territorial formation. Six administrative districts are grouped into
Komi-Permyak Okrug, which is an administrative unit with special status formed within Perm Krai as a result of the 2005 merger of
Perm Oblast and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug, both of which used to be the
federal subjects.
Municipally, the territories of all administrative districts and those of nine cities of krai significance are incorporated as municipal districts. The remaining five cities are incorporated as urban okrugs.
Economy
Nonferrous metallurgy is based on ore processing Verkhnekamskoye potash deposit containing
magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg and atomic number 12. It is a shiny gray metal having a low density, low melting point and high chemical reactivity. Like the other alkaline earth metals (group 2 of the periodic ...
and rare metals. The factories are located in
Berezniki
russian: Березники
, image_skyline=Berezniki City Administration.jpg
, image_caption=Berezniki City Administration building
, coordinates =
, map_label_position=top
, image_coa=Coat of Arms of Berezniki (Perm krai) (2018).gif
, coa_capti ...
(Titanium Magnesium Plant Corporation
VSMPO) and
Solikamsk (JSC Solikamsk magnesium plant).
In engineering plays an important role military production. The largest center of
engineering
Engineering is the use of scientific principles to design and build machines, structures, and other items, including bridges, tunnels, roads, vehicles, and buildings. The discipline of engineering encompasses a broad range of more speciali ...
is Perm; manufactured aircraft and rocket
engine
An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one or more forms of energy into mechanical energy.
Available energy sources include potential energy (e.g. energy of the Earth's gravitational field as exploited in hydroelectric power ...
s,
oil field
A petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir is a subsurface accumulation of hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured rock formations.
Such reservoirs form when kerogen (ancient plant matter) is created in surrounding rock by the presen ...
and mining equipment, Petrol motive-powered saws, communication equipment,
vessels, cable and other products. The largest enterprises are
Motovilikha Plants and
Perm Motors. Timber Complex edge based on the use of the richest forest resources of Prikamye. Logging facilities are located mainly in the north of the region.
Demographics
According to the
2010 Census, the population of Perm Krai is 2,635,276;
down from 2,819,421 recorded in the
2002 Census,
and further down from 3,099,994 recorded in the
1989 Census.
Ethnic groups, as of the 2010 Census, are:
Russians
, native_name_lang = ru
, image =
, caption =
, population =
, popplace =
118 million Russians in the Russian Federation (2002 '' Winkler Prins'' estimate)
, region1 =
, pop1 ...
(87.1%),
Komi-Permyaks
The Komi ( kv, комияс, ' also ', also called Komi-Zyryans or Zyryans, are an indigenous Permian ethnic group whose homeland is in the northeast of European Russia around the basins of the Vychegda, Pechora and Kama rivers. They mostly ...
(3.2%),
Tatars
The Tatars ()[Tatar]
in the Collins English Dictionary is an umbrella term for different Turki ...
(4.6%),
Bashkirs (1.3%),
Ukrainians
Ukrainians ( uk, Українці, Ukraintsi, ) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine. They are the seventh-largest nation in Europe. The native language of the Ukrainians is Ukrainian. The majority of Ukrainians are Eastern Ort ...
(0.6%),
Udmurts (0.8%),
Belarusians
, native_name_lang = be
, pop = 9.5–10 million
, image =
, caption =
, popplace = 7.99 million
, region1 =
, pop1 = 600,000–768,000
, region2 =
, pop2 ...
(0.3%),
Germans
, native_name_lang = de
, region1 =
, pop1 = 72,650,269
, region2 =
, pop2 = 534,000
, region3 =
, pop3 = 157,000
3,322,405
, region4 =
, pop4 = ...
(0.3%) and others. Additionally, 119,538 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.
There are about 40,740 Bashkirs is Perm Krai, according to the 2002 Census. Most of them live in
Bardymsky District, in basin of
Tulva River and belong to the Gaina tribe.
Tatars live in almost all settlements of Perm Krai. There are several different ethnographical groups of Tatar people. In this territory there were longtime active contacts between Tatars and Bashkirs, so in some cases it is difficult to delineate the ethnic groups, especially in such areas as
Kuyedinsky District
Kuyedinsky District (russian: Куединский райо́н) is an administrative district (raion) of Perm Krai, Russia; one of the thirty-three in the krai.Law #416-67 Municipally, it is incorporated as Kuyedinsky Municipal District.Law #17 ...
and Tulva River basin.
[ТАТАРЫ. Энциклопедия «Пермский край»](_blank)
Settlements
Vital Statistics for 2007:
Source
*Birth Rate: 12.05 per 1000
*Death Rate: 15.70 per 1000
*Net Immigration: -1.0 per 1000
*NGR: -0.37% per Year
*PGR: -0.48% per Year
;Vital statistics for 2012
*Births: 38 847 (14.8 per 1000)
*Deaths: 37 278 (14.2 per 1000)
*Total fertility rate: 1.91
Death rates in some of the remote and rural areas in Perm Krai are very high, never seen before during times other than major wars or natural calamities. Just five districts out of a total of 47 have a surplus of births over death in Perm Krai. The birth rate in Perm Krai is much higher compared to other European regions. For example, the birth rate for Germany was 8.3 per 1000 in 2007. Perm as a whole is having 50% higher birth rate, and even the district with the lowest birth rate is having 20% higher BR compared to Germany. In 2008, the birth rate in Perm Krai was 8% higher than that of 2007. Close to 35.5 thousand births were recorded with the heaviest increases in City of Perm (+11%) and Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug (+18%). Among the districts, Kudymkar City recorded a 46% rise in birth rates for 2008 compared to 2007, while Usolsky recorded a 31% rise and Kyshertsky recorded a 29% rise. In 13 of the districts, there were more births than deaths, among them Ordynsky, Karagaysky, Kudimkar, Chernushynsky, Chaykovsky & Permsky.
Total fertility rate:
1995 - 1,31 , 2000 - 1,26 , 2005 - 1,34 , 2006 - 1,34 , 2007 - 1,47 , 2008 - 1,57 , 2009 - 1,61 , 2010 - 1,77 , 2011 - 1,78 , 2012 - 1,91 , 2013 - 1,93 , 2014 - 1,98 , 2015 - 2,02 , 2016 - 1,99(e)
Demographics for 2007
[http://dmr.perm.ru/?/katalog.dirx2x79x143.205*xls]
Religion
As of a 2012 survey
43% of the population of Perm Krai adheres to the
Russian Orthodox Church
, native_name_lang = ru
, image = Moscow July 2011-7a.jpg
, imagewidth =
, alt =
, caption = Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow, Russia
, abbreviation = ROC
, type ...
, 5% declares to be
generically unaffiliated Christian
Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words ''Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρι� ...
, 4% are
Muslim
Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abrah ...
s, 2% are
Rodnovers (Slavic folk religion), 1% are
Old Believers
Old Believers or Old Ritualists, ''starovery'' or ''staroobryadtsy'' are Eastern Orthodox Christians who maintain the liturgical and ritual practices of the Russian Orthodox Church as they were before the reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow b ...
, 1% Orthodox Christian believers who don't belong to churches or are members of non-Russian
Orthodox churches, 8% follows other religion or did not give an answer to the survey. In addition, 24% of the population declares to be "
spiritual but not religious
"Spiritual but not religious" (SBNR), also known as "spiritual but not affiliated" (SBNA), is a popular phrase and initialism used to self-identify a life stance of spirituality that does not regard organized religion as the sole or most valuable ...
" and 14% to be either
atheist
Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities. Less broadly, atheism is a rejection of the belief that any deities exist. In an even narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there no ...
or not religious.
Major attractions
Perm Krai is home of several museums:
*
Perm State Art Gallery
*
Perm Museum of Local History
*Museum of
Motovilikha Plants
*Architectural-Ethnographic Museum
Khokhlovka ''and others''.
Numerous architectural monuments are located in the small town of
Usolye Usolye (russian: Усо́лье) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia. The name is an archaic Russian term for a salt-producing locality.
;Urban localities
*Usolye, Usolsky District, Perm Krai, a town in Usolsky District of Perm ...
, in north of Perm Krai. Particularly important are the Saviour Cathedral, with a separate bell tower, and House of
Stroganov.
There are many theaters in Perm, including the
Perm Opera and Ballet Theater, the
Perm Academic Theater, the Puppet Theater, the Theater for Young Spectators, the Theater "Near Bridge", and others.
There are many temples and convents in Perm Krai. The most significant of them are:
Belogorsky Convent located in 85 km from Perm, Sludskaya Church, Fedosievskaya Church,
Perm Mosque and others.
Ordinsky is home to the
Orda underwater caves. Located near Orda village in Perm region, Ural, Orda Cave is also the biggest underwater gypsum crystal cave in the world.
See also
*
Klimova Treasure
References
Sources
*
External links
Official website of Perm KraiPerm Chamber of Commerce and IndustryPerm State UniversityTourist Resources of Perm KraiOfficial Websitein
RussianTraffic policein Perm Krai
{{Use mdy dates, date=March 2018
Krais of Russia
2005 establishments in Russia
States and territories established in 2005
Russian-speaking countries and territories