The Payne effect is a particular feature of the stress–strain behaviour of

rubber Rubber, also called India rubber, latex, Amazonian rubber, ''caucho'', or ''caoutchouc'', as initially produced, consists of polymers of the organic compound isoprene, with minor impurities of other organic compounds. Thailand, Malaysia, and ...

, especially rubber compounds containing fillers such as

carbon black Carbon black (subtypes are acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black and thermal black) is a material produced by the incomplete combustion of coal and coal tar, vegetable matter, or petroleum products, including fuel oil, fluid ...

. It is named after the British rubber scientist A. R. Payne, who made extensive studies of the effect (e.g., Payne 1962). The effect is sometimes also known as the Fletcher- Gent effect, after the authors of the first study of the phenomenon (Fletcher & Gent 1953). The effect is observed under cyclic loading conditions with small strain amplitudes, and is manifest as a dependence of the

viscoelastic In materials science and continuum mechanics, viscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit both viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation. Viscous materials, like water, resist shear flow and strain linearly ...

storage modulus Dynamic modulus (sometimes complex modulusThe Open University (UK), 2000. ''T838 Design and Manufacture with Polymers: Solid properties and design'', page 30. Milton Keynes: The Open University.) is the ratio of stress to strain under ''vibratory c ...

on the amplitude of the applied

strain Strain may refer to: Science and technology * Strain (biology), variants of plants, viruses or bacteria; or an inbred animal used for experimental purposes * Strain (chemistry), a chemical stress of a molecule * Strain (injury), an injury to a mu ...

. Above approximately 0.1% strain amplitude, the storage modulus decreases rapidly with increasing amplitude. At sufficiently large strain amplitudes (roughly 20%), the storage modulus approaches a lower bound. In that region where the storage modulus decreases the loss modulus shows a maximum. The Payne effect depends on the filler content of the material and vanishes for unfilled

elastomer An elastomer is a polymer with viscoelasticity (i.e. both viscosity and Elasticity (physics), elasticity) and with weak intermolecular forces, generally low Young's modulus and high Deformation (mechanics), failure strain compared with other mate ...

s. Physically, the Payne effect can be attributed to deformation-induced changes in the material's microstructure, i.e., to breakage and recovery of weak physical bonds linking adjacent filler clusters. Since the Payne effect is essential for the frequency and amplitude-dependent dynamic stiffness and damping behaviour of rubber bushings, automotive

tire A tire (American English) or tyre (British English) is a ring-shaped component that surrounds a Rim (wheel), wheel's rim to transfer a vehicle's load from the axle through the wheel to the ground and to provide Traction (engineering), t ...

s and other products, constitutive models to represent it have been developed in the past (e.g., Lion et al. 2003). Similar to the Payne effect under small deformations is the

Mullins effect The Mullins effect is a particular aspect of the mechanical response in filled rubbers, in which the stress–strain curve depends on the maximum loading previously encountered. The phenomenon, named for rubber scientist Leonard Mullins, workin ...

that is observed under large deformations.

References

{{Reflist Rubber properties

See also

References