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Pannonia Inferior, lit. Lower Pannonia, was a
province A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman ''provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions out ...
of the
Roman Empire The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post-Roman Republic, Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings aro ...
. Its capital was
Sirmium Sirmium was a city in the Roman province of Pannonia, located on the Sava river, on the site of modern Sremska Mitrovica in the Vojvodina autonomous provice of Serbia. First mentioned in the 4th century BC and originally inhabited by Illyria ...
. It was one of the border provinces on the Danube. It was formed in the year 103 AD by Emperor
Trajan Trajan ( ; la, Caesar Nerva Traianus; 18 September 539/11 August 117) was Roman emperor from 98 to 117. Officially declared ''optimus princeps'' ("best ruler") by the senate, Trajan is remembered as a successful soldier-emperor who presi ...
who divided the former province of
Pannonia Pannonia (, ) was a province of the Roman Empire bounded on the north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. Pannonia was located in the territory that is now west ...
into two parts:
Pannonia Superior Pannonia Superior, lit. Upper Pannonia, was a province of the Roman Empire. Its capital was Carnuntum. It was one on the border provinces on the Danube. It was formed in the year 103 AD by Emperor Trajan who divided the former province of P ...
and Pannonia Inferior. The province included parts of present-day states of
Hungary Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the south, Cr ...
,
Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia ( Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hu ...
,
Croatia , image_flag = Flag of Croatia.svg , image_coat = Coat of arms of Croatia.svg , anthem = " Lijepa naša domovino"("Our Beautiful Homeland") , image_map = , map_caption = , capi ...
, and
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina ( sh, / , ), abbreviated BiH () or B&H, sometimes called Bosnia–Herzegovina and often known informally as Bosnia, is a country at the crossroads of south and southeast Europe, located in the Balkans. Bosnia and ...
. The province was bordered to the east (across the Danube) by a
Sarmatia The Sarmatians (; grc, Σαρμαται, Sarmatai; Latin: ) were a large confederation of ancient Eastern Iranian equestrian nomadic peoples of classical antiquity who dominated the Pontic steppe from about the 3rd century BC to the 4th cen ...
n tribe—the
Iazyges The Iazyges (), singular Ἰάζυξ. were an ancient Sarmatian tribe that traveled westward in BC from Central Asia to the steppes of modern Ukraine. In BC, they moved into modern-day Hungary and Serbia near the Dacian steppe between t ...
. Later, the
Vandals The Vandals were a Germanic peoples, Germanic people who first inhabited what is now southern Poland. They established Vandal Kingdom, Vandal kingdoms on the Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean islands, and North Africa in the fifth century. The ...
appeared to the north-east.


Settlements

Major settlements in Pannonia Inferior included: * ''
Sirmium Sirmium was a city in the Roman province of Pannonia, located on the Sava river, on the site of modern Sremska Mitrovica in the Vojvodina autonomous provice of Serbia. First mentioned in the 4th century BC and originally inhabited by Illyria ...
'' (
Sremska Mitrovica Sremska Mitrovica (; sr-Cyrl, Сремска Митровица, hu, Szávaszentdemeter, la, Sirmium) is a city and the administrative center of the Srem District in the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. It is situated on the left ban ...
) which several times served as an imperial residence for several emperors. * '' Aquincum'' (
Buda Buda (; german: Ofen, sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Budim, Будим, Czech and sk, Budín, tr, Budin) was the historic capital of the Kingdom of Hungary and since 1873 has been the western part of the Hungarian capital Budapest, on the ...
), the provincial capital. * ''Cuccium'' ( Ilok) * ''Cibalae'' (
Vinkovci Vinkovci () is a city in Slavonia, in the Vukovar-Syrmia County in eastern Croatia. The city's registered population was 28,247 in the 2021 census, the total population of the city was 31,057, making it the largest town of the county. Surround ...
) * ''Mursa'' (
Osijek Osijek () is the fourth-largest city in Croatia, with a population of 96,848 in 2021. It is the largest city and the economic and cultural centre of the eastern Croatian region of Slavonia, as well as the administrative centre of Osijek-Baranja ...
) * ''Certissa'' (
Đakovo Đakovo (; hu, Diakovár) is a town in the region of Slavonia, Croatia. Đakovo is the centre of the fertile and rich Đakovo region ( hr, Đakovština ). Etymology The etymology of the name is the gr, διάκος (diákos) in Slavic form ...
) * ''Marsonia'' ( Slavonski Brod) * ''Sopianae'' ( Pécs)


Aftermath and legacy

The province was yet again split during the reign of the tetrarchs into two more provinces, Pannonia Valeria in the north, with the new provincial capital at Sopianae, and Pannonia Secunda in the south with
Sirmium Sirmium was a city in the Roman province of Pannonia, located on the Sava river, on the site of modern Sremska Mitrovica in the Vojvodina autonomous provice of Serbia. First mentioned in the 4th century BC and originally inhabited by Illyria ...
as the provincial capital. During the Frankish period, in the 9th century, the term Lower Pannonia was used to designate eastern and southern regions of Pannonia, including the Slavic
Principality of Lower Pannonia Early Slavs settled in the eastern and southern parts of the former Roman province of Pannonia. The term ''Lower Pannonia'' ( la, Pannonia inferior, hu, Alsó-pannoniai grófság, sh-Latn-Cyrl, Donja Panonija, Доња Панонија, sl, Spo ...
.


List of Roman governors

* Publius Aelius Hadrianus 106-108 * Titus Julius Maximus Manlianus 108-110/111 * Publius Afranius Flavianus 111/112-114/115 *
Quintus Marcius Turbo Quintus Marcius Turbo was prefect of the Praetorian Guard and a close friend and military advisor to both emperor Trajan and Hadrian during the early 2nd century. Early life Not much is known about the early life of Turbo. There are few records ...
117/118-118/119 * Lucius Cornelius Latinianus ?127-130 * Lucius Attius Macro 130/131-133/134 * Nonius Mucianus 134-136 *
Lucius Aelius Caesar Lucius Aelius Caesar (13 January 101 – 1 January 138) was the father of Emperor Lucius Verus. In 136, he was adopted by Hadrian and named heir to the throne. He died before Hadrian and thus never became emperor. After Lucius' death, he was ...
136-137 *
Claudius Maximus Gaius Claudius Maximus (fl. 2nd century AD) was a Roman politician, a Stoic philosopher and a teacher of Marcus Aurelius. No works by him are known to exist; however, he is mentioned in a few prestigious works from classical literature. Life Antho ...
137-c. 141 * Marcus Pontius Laelianus Larcius Sabinus c. 141-c. 144 *
Quintus Fuficius Cornutus Quintus Fuficius Cornutus was a Roman senator active in the first half of the second century AD, who held a number of offices in the emperor's service. He was suffect consul for the ''nundinium'' April-June AD 147 with Aulus Claudius Charax as his ...
c. 144-147 * Marcus Cominius Secundus 147-c. 150 *
Marcus Nonius Macrinus Marcus Nonius Macrinus was a Roman senator and general during the reigns of the Emperors Antoninus Pius, Lucius Verus, and Marcus Aurelius. Macrinus was suffect consul in the '' nundinium'' of April-June 154 as the colleague of rifernius ?P ...
c. 150-c. 153 *
Marcus Iallius Bassus Fabius Valerianus Marcus Iallius or Jallius Bassus was a Roman senator, general, and literary figure who held several offices in the imperial service during the mid-second century AD. He was suffect consul around the year 159. Bassus is known primarily from inscr ...
c. 156-c. 159 * Gaius Julius Geminius Capellianus c. 159-c. 161 * Tiberius Haterius Saturninus c. 161-164 * Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus c. 167 * Lucius Ulpius Marcellus before 173 *
Gaius Vettius Sabinianus Julius Hospes Gaius Vettius Sabinianus Julius Hospes (fl. 2nd century) was a Roman military officer and senator. He was born into the equestrian order, possibly in North Africa. He held the traditional series of military, administrative and judicial position ...
c. 173-175 * Sextus Quintilius Condianus c. 175-c. 179 * Lucius Septimius Flaccus c. 179-c. 183 * Lucius Cornelius Felix Plotianus c. 183-185 * Gaius Pomponius Bassus Terentianus 192 *
Gaius Valerius Pudens Gaius Valerius Pudens was a Roman Senator who was a suffect consul and held at least three imperial appointments during the late 2nd - early 3rd centuries. His career is known almost entirely from inscriptions in the four provinces he is known to ...
c. 192-c. 194 * Tiberius Claudius Claudianus c. 197/198 * Lucius Baebius Caecilianus 199-202 * Lucius Cassius Marcellinus between 202 and 204 * Gaius Julius Septimius Castinus c. 211/212 * Triccianus 217-218 * Pontius Proculus Pontianus c. 219-222 * Iasdius Domitianus c.222-c.235 * Lucius Ulpius Marcellus c.262-c.264


See also

* Pannoni *
Pannonia Pannonia (, ) was a province of the Roman Empire bounded on the north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia. Pannonia was located in the territory that is now west ...
* Pannonia Secunda * Pannonia Valeria *
Diocese of Pannonia The Diocese of Pannonia ( la, Dioecesis Pannoniarum, lit. "Diocese of the Pannonias"), from 395 known as the Diocese of Illyricum, was a diocese of the Late Roman Empire. The seat of the ''vicarius'' (governor of the diocese) was Sirmium. Hi ...
*
Roman Empire The Roman Empire ( la, Imperium Romanum ; grc-gre, Βασιλεία τῶν Ῥωμαίων, Basileía tôn Rhōmaíōn) was the post-Roman Republic, Republican period of ancient Rome. As a polity, it included large territorial holdings aro ...


References


Sources

* *


External links


Roman Empire - PannoniaPannonia Inferior - Map
{{Authority control Illyricum (Roman province) Serbia in the Roman era History of Syrmia Ancient history of Vojvodina Croatia in the Roman era Geographic history of Croatia Hungary in the Roman era Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Roman era States and territories established in the 100s Inferior 100s establishments in the Roman Empire 290s disestablishments in the Roman Empire 100s establishments 3rd-century disestablishments