Pan-Islamism ( ar, الوحدة الإسلامية) is a
political movement
A political movement is a collective attempt by a group of people to change government policy or social values. Political movements are usually in opposition to an element of the status quo, and are often associated with a certain ideology. Som ...
advocating the unity of
Muslims under one
Islamic country
An Islamic state is a state that has a form of government based on Islamic law (sharia). As a term, it has been used to describe various historical polities and theories of governance in the Islamic world. As a translation of the Arabic term ' ...
or state – often a
caliphate
A caliphate or khilāfah ( ar, خِلَافَة, ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (; ar, خَلِيفَة , ), a person considered a political-religious successor to th ...
– or an
international organization
An international organization or international organisation (see spelling differences), also known as an intergovernmental organization or an international institution, is a stable set of norms and rules meant to govern the behavior of states an ...
with Islamic principles. Pan-Islamism was launched in
Turkey at the end of the 19th century by
Sultan Abdul-Hamid II for the purpose of combating the process of
westernization and fostering the unification of Islam.
Pan-Islamism differentiates itself from
pan-nationalistic ideologies, for example
Pan-Arabism, by seeing the
ummah (Muslim community) as the focus of allegiance and mobilization, excluding
ethnicity and race as primary unifying factors.
The major leaders of the Pan-Islamist movement were the triad of
Jamal al-Din Afghani (1839 - 1897),
Muhammad Abduh
; "The Theology of Unity")
, alma_mater = Al-Azhar University
, office1 = Grand Mufti of Egypt
, term1 = 1899 – 1905
, Sufi_order = Shadhiliyya
, disciple_of =
, awards =
, inf ...
(1849 - 1905) and
Sayyid Rashid Rida (1865 - 1935); who were active in
anti-colonial
Decolonization or decolonisation is the undoing of colonialism, the latter being the process whereby imperial nations establish and dominate foreign territories, often overseas. Some scholars of decolonization focus especially on independence m ...
efforts to confront European penetration of Muslim lands. They also sought to strengthen Islamic unity, which they believed to be the strongest force to mobilize Muslims against imperial domination. Following Ibn Saud's
conquest of Arabian Peninsula; pan-Islamism would be bolstered across the Islamic World. During the second half of the twentieth century; pan-Islamists
would compete against secular nationalist ideologies in the
Arab World
The Arab world ( ar, اَلْعَالَمُ الْعَرَبِيُّ '), formally the Arab homeland ( '), also known as the Arab nation ( '), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, refers to a vast group of countries, mainly located in Western As ...
such as
Nasserism and
Ba'athism
Ba'athism, also stylized as Baathism, (; ar, البعثية ' , from ' , meaning "renaissance" or "resurrection"Hans Wehr''Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic'' (4th ed.), page 80) is an Arab nationalist ideology which promotes the creation a ...
.
Classical doctrines
The Arabic term
Ummah, which is
found in the Quran and
Islamic tradition,
[Denny, F.M., “Umma”, in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W.P. Heinrichs. Consulted online on 19 June 2020] has historically been used to denote the Muslims as a whole, regardless of race, ethnicity, etc.
This term has been used in a political sense by classical Islamic scholars e.g. such as
al-Mawardi
Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī Ibn Muḥammad al-Māwardī (), known in Latin as Alboacen (972–1058 CE), was an Islamic jurist of the Shafi'i school most remembered for his works on religion, government, the caliphate, and public and constitutional law ...
in Ahkam al-Sultaniyyah, where he discusses the contract of Imamate of the Ummah, "prescribed to succeed Prophethood" in protection of the religion and of managing the affairs of the world.
Al-Ghazali
Al-Ghazali ( – 19 December 1111; ), full name (), and known in Persian-speaking countries as Imam Muhammad-i Ghazali (Persian: امام محمد غزالی) or in Medieval Europe by the Latinized as Algazelus or Algazel, was a Persian polymat ...
also talks about
Ummah in a political sense
[Akram, Ejaz. "Muslim Ummah and its link with transnational Muslim politics." Islamic studies (2007): 402.] e.g. in his work, "Fadiah al-Batinyah wa Fadail al-Mustazhariyah".
Fakhruddin al-Razi, who also talks about Ummah in a political sense, is quoted as saying the following:
[Lambton, Ann KS. State and government in medieval Islam. Routledge, 2013.]
According to some scholars, the ideology's aims takes
early years of Islam – the reign of
Muhammad and
the early caliphate – especially during
Islamic golden age as its model, as it is commonly held that during these years the
Muslim world was strong, unified, and free from corruption.
History
Origins
Many scholars assert that the doctrines of pan-Islamism could be observed as early as during the era of
Islamic Iberia
Al-Andalus translit. ; an, al-Andalus; ast, al-Ándalus; eu, al-Andalus; ber, ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ, label= Berber, translit=Andalus; ca, al-Àndalus; gl, al-Andalus; oc, Al Andalús; pt, al-Ândalus; es, al-Ándalus () was the Mu ...
,
Emirate of Sicily, the
Gunpowder Empires (
Ottoman,
Safavid
Safavid Iran or Safavid Persia (), also referred to as the Safavid Empire, '. was one of the greatest Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, which was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty. It is often consid ...
and
Mughal Empires) and several Muslim sultanates and kingdoms, despite the presence and employment of non-Muslim subjects by Muslim powers. During the 18th century, multiple movements for puritanical
Islamic renewal would emerge. Amongst these, the revivalist movements of three leading religious reformers—
Shah Wali Allah of Delhi (1702–1763), the
Arabian
The Arabian Peninsula, (; ar, شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَةِ الْعَرَبِيَّة, , "Arabian Peninsula" or , , "Island of the Arabs") or Arabia, is a peninsula of Western Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate ...
Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab
; "The Book of Monotheism")
, influences =
, influenced =
, children =
, module =
, title = Imam, Shaykh
, movement = Muwahhidun (Wahhabi)
, native_name = محمد بن ...
(1703–1792), and the
Nigerian
Nigerians or the Nigerian people are citizens of Nigeria or people with ancestry from Nigeria. The name Nigeria was taken from the Niger River running through the country. This name was allegedly coined in the late 19th century by British jour ...
Uthman dan Fodio
Usman Ɗan Fodio ( ar, عثمان بن فودي, translit=ʿUthmān ibn Fodio; 15 December 1754 – 20 April 1817) was a Fulani scholar, Sunni Islamic religious teacher, revolutionary, and philosopher who founded the Sokoto Caliphate and ruled ...
(1755–1816)— are widely regarded as the precursors of the modern-era Pan-Islamist thought. Despite their calls for puritanical
reform; these movements were not politically concerned with the international situation of the
Muslim world, and had not elaborated comprehensive pan-Islamist programmes to combat the
Western threat. Since they did not call for the revival of an international
Islamic entity; their ideas and impact were limited to the local regional contexts of
West Africa, Arabia, and
South Asia.
In spite of their diversity, these eighteenth-century Muslim reformers were united in their condemnation of declining morality and calls for the revival of scripture-based piety. Inspired by these movements, Islamic reformers at the turn of the 19th century adopted novel strategies for overcoming the crisis faced by the
Muslim World by adapting to the fast-paced transformation of its era. Their proposed approaches now oscillated between an open admiration for the technology-mediated Western ideology of societal progress and a clear rejection of it on the grounds of the axiomatic superiority of an idealized Islamic culture, rooted in Scripturalist injunctions. Two major scholars of early
colonial Egypt ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti (d. 1825) and
Rifa‘a al-Tahtawi (d. 1872) represented these intellectual trends. While Rifa'a al Tahtawi exemplified the former, 'Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti represented the latter, Scriptural-oriented approach.
Modern era
Late 19th century
In the modern era, Pan-Islamism was championed by
Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī (Pashto/ fa, سید جمالالدین افغانی), also known as Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dīn Asadābādī ( fa, سید جمالالدین اسدآبادی) and commonly known as Al-Afghani (1 ...
who sought unity among
Muslims to resist colonial occupation of Muslim lands. Afghani feared that nationalism would divide the Muslim world and believed that Muslim unity was more important than ethnic identity. Although sometimes described as "liberal", al-Afghani did not advocate constitutional government but simply envisioned “the overthrow of individual rulers who were lax or subservient to foreigners, and their replacement by strong and patriotic men.”
[Nikki R. Keddie, ''Sayyid Jamal ad-Din “al-Afghani”: A Political Biography'' (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972), pp. 225–226.] In a review of the theoretical articles of his Paris-based newspaper there was nothing "favoring political democracy or parliamentarianism,” according to his biographer.
While Afghani was an advocate of
revolution from above, his student
'Abduh (who was also a Freemason) believed in revolution from below, through religious and educational reforms. Despite al-Afghani’s tremendous influence on ‘Abduh, the latter eventually would distance himself from Afghani's political path. He instead focused on gradual efforts in the field of education, which he viewed as more effective instruments for reform. He criticised Afghani and pan-Islamist intellectuals for their political activities. Afghani had bitter arguments with Abduh and regularly accused him of timidity and dispiritedness.
Early 20th century
Islamic jurist
Muhammad Rashid Rida
Muḥammad Rashīd ibn ʿAlī Riḍā ibn Muḥammad Shams al-Dīn ibn Muḥammad Bahāʾ al-Dīn ibn Munlā ʿAlī Khalīfa (23 September 1865 or 18 October 1865 – 22 August 1935 CE/ 1282 - 1354 AH), widely known as Sayyid Rashid Rida ( ar, � ...
-a student of Abduh and Afghani- on the other hand, was an avowed
anti-imperialist
Anti-imperialism in political science and international relations is a term used in a variety of contexts, usually by nationalist movements who want to secede from a larger polity (usually in the form of an empire, but also in a multi-ethnic so ...
and an exponent of a puritanical revolution, inspired by his nostalgia for the early eras of Islam. According to Rida, the state-sponsored scholars neglected the revival of early Islamic traditions in the
Muslim ''Ummah''. He believed that the unification of the Islamic community would only be possible through the restoration of an
Islamic caliphate
A caliphate or khilāfah ( ar, خِلَافَة, ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (; ar, خَلِيفَة , ), a person considered a political-religious successor to th ...
which implements the ''
Sharia'' (Islamic law). His influential Islamic journal ''
Al-Manar
Al-Manar ( ar, المنار, ''al-Manār'', lit='' The Lighthouse'') is a Lebanese satellite television station owned and operated by the political party Hezbollah, '' promoted
anti-British revolt, as well as Islamic revivalism based on the tenets of ''
Salafiyya
The Salafi movement or Salafism () is a reform branch movement within Sunni Islam that originated during the nineteenth century. The name refers to advocacy of a return to the traditions of the "pious predecessors" (), the first three generati ...
''. Positioning himself as the successor to the pan-Islamist activism of Afghani and 'Abduh; Rida called for a pan-Islamic project based on revival of the Islamic caliphate led by
Arabs
The Arabs (singular: Arab; singular ar, عَرَبِيٌّ, DIN 31635: , , plural ar, عَرَب, DIN 31635: , Arabic pronunciation: ), also known as the Arab people, are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in Western Asia, No ...
and the
reformation of Muslims. During the 1920s, Rida formulated the comprehensive
Islamic state
An Islamic state is a state that has a form of government based on Islamic law (sharia). As a term, it has been used to describe various historical polities and theories of governance in the Islamic world. As a translation of the Arabic term ' ...
doctrine in his famous treatise ''al-Khilafa aw al-Imama al-‘Uzma'' ("The Caliphate or the Exalted Imamate") in which he called upon Muslims to strive to build a political system based on faith; rather than
nationalism. He opposed the rising embracal of Western ideas amongst
Muslims, arguing that only a return to Islam would restore the rightful position of Muslims in the modern age. Pan-Islamic networks, led by Rashid Rida and his associates, played a central role in later development of
Islamist movements.
Rida's Salafiyya movement advocated for pan-Islamist solidarity which involved socio-political campaigning to establish ''
Sharia'' (Islamic laws). Following
World War I, Rida and his disciples became the biggest adverseries of
secularists
Secularism is the principle of seeking to conduct human affairs based on secular, naturalistic considerations.
Secularism is most commonly defined as the separation of religion from civil affairs and the state, and may be broadened to a sim ...
and
nationalists; and vehemently attacked all forms of
democratic ideas. Articulating his Pan-Islamist vision, Rashid Rida wrote in ''Al-Manar'' in 1902:
"In sum, what I mean by Islamic unity is that the leaders ('' ahl al-Hal wal-'aqd'') among the scholars and notables should meet and compile a book of ordinances which is based on the deeply-rooted fundamentals of the Divine Law
Divine law is any body of law that is perceived as deriving from a transcendent source, such as the will of God or godsin contrast to man-made law or to secular law. According to Angelos Chaniotis and Rudolph F. Peters, divine laws are typically ...
, agrees with the needs of the time, is easy to use, and is free of disagreement ('' khilaf''). The Supreme Imam then orders the rulers of Muslims to apply it (''al-'amal bihi'')"
Post-Ottoman era
After the
Abolition of Caliphate in 1924, Pan-Islamism mobilized Muslim masses of both traditionalist and reform movements in
Islam, inspired by the ideas of Rashid Rida. The
Reformist
Reformism is a political doctrine advocating the reform of an existing system or institution instead of its abolition and replacement.
Within the socialist movement, reformism is the view that gradual changes through existing institutions can eve ...
movements led by Rida, would become more fundamentalist and literalist; emphasizing adherence to the idealised era of the ''
Salaf'' and attempt to revive lost traditions. Rashid Rida's socio-political views symbolised the convergence of the doctrines of the
reformist
Reformism is a political doctrine advocating the reform of an existing system or institution instead of its abolition and replacement.
Within the socialist movement, reformism is the view that gradual changes through existing institutions can eve ...
,
Salafist
The Salafi movement or Salafism () is a reform branch movement within Sunni Islam that originated during the nineteenth century. The name refers to advocacy of a return to the traditions of the "pious predecessors" (), the first three generati ...
and pan-Islamist movements. During the 1920s, Rida and his Salafi disciples established the
Young Men's Muslim Association The Young Men's Muslim Association ( ar, جمعية الشبان المسلمين) (''Jam'iyyat al-Shubban al-Muslimin'') was founded in Egypt in 1926. By the end of the decade it had around 15,000 members. The leader of the YMMA in Palestine was ...
(YMMA); an influential Islamist youth organisation that spearheaded attacks against
liberal
Liberal or liberalism may refer to:
Politics
* a supporter of liberalism
** Liberalism by country
* an adherent of a Liberal Party
* Liberalism (international relations)
* Sexually liberal feminism
* Social liberalism
Arts, entertainment and ...
trends and
Western culture. This provided favourable conditions for the growth of various Islamist revolutionary movements.
The evolution of the early Pan-Islamist movement in the
post-colonial world was strongly associated with
Islamism
Islamism (also often called political Islam or Islamic fundamentalism) is a political ideology which posits that modern states and regions should be reconstituted in constitutional, economic and judicial terms, in accordance with what is ...
. Leading Islamists such as
Sayyid Qutb,
Abul Ala Maududi
Abul A'la al-Maududi ( ur, , translit=Abū al-Aʿlā al-Mawdūdī; – ) was an Islamic scholar, Islamist ideologue, Muslim philosopher, jurist, historian, journalist, activist and scholar active in British India and later, following the parti ...
, and Ayatollah
Khomeini all stressed their belief that a return to traditional
Sharia law would make Islam united and strong again. Extremism within Islam goes back to the 7th century to the
Kharijites. From their essentially political position, they developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shiʿa Muslims. The Kharijites were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to
Takfir
''Takfir'' or ''takfīr'' ( ar, تكفير, takfīr) is an Arabic and Islamic term which denotes excommunication from Islam of one Muslim by another, i.e. accusing another Muslim to be an apostate. The word is found neither in the Quran nor in th ...
, whereby they declared other Muslims to be unbelievers and therefore deemed them worthy of death.
In the period of
de-colonialism following
World War II,
Arab nationalism overshadowed Islamism which denounced nationalism as un-Islamic. In the Arab world secular
pan-Arab
Pan-Arabism ( ar, الوحدة العربية or ) is an ideology that espouses the unification of the countries of North Africa and Western Asia from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, which is referred to as the Arab world. It is closely c ...
parties –
Baath and
Nasserist
Nasserism ( ) is an Arab nationalist and Arab socialist political ideology based on the thinking of Gamal Abdel Nasser, one of the two principal leaders of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and Egypt's second President. Spanning the domestic an ...
parties – had offshoots in almost every Arab country, and took power in
Egypt,
Libya,
Iraq and
Syria. Islamists suffered severe repression; its major thinker
Sayyid Qutb, was imprisoned, underwent torture and was later executed.
Egyptian president
Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein, . (15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was an Egyptian politician who served as the second president of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970. Nasser led the Egyptian revolution of 1952 and introduced far-re ...
considered the idea of Muslim unity as a threat to
Arab nationalism.
In the 1950s,
Pakistan's government championed Muslim cooperation like many other Muslim countries however Pakistan’s efforts were complicated with its involvement in Baghdad pact and pro-western foreign diplomacy in light of the Palestine-Israel conflict, however later relations would be much better. Many Muslim countries suspected that Pakistan was aspiring to leadership of the Muslim world to in foreword help western powers in relations with other Muslim states.
Six-Day War
Following the defeat of Arab armies in the
Six-Day War, Islamism and Pan-Islam began to reverse their relative position of popularity with
nationalism and pan-Arabism. Political events in the Muslim world in the late 1960s convinced many Muslim states to shift their earlier ideas and respond favourably to Pakistan's goal of Muslim unity. Nasser abandoned his opposition to a pan-Islamic platform and such developments facilitated the first summit conference of Muslim heads of state in Rabat in 1969. This conference was eventually transformed into a permanent body called
Organisation of Islamic Conference
An organization or organisation (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences), is an entity—such as a company, an institution, or an association—comprising one or more people and having a particular purpose.
The word is derived from ...
.
Post 1979: Iranian Revolution and Afghan jihad
In 1979 the
Iranian Revolution ousted
Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi from power. Ten years later in 1989; the
Afghan mujahideen, with major support from the
United States, would successfully
force the Soviet Union from Afghanistan. Pan-Islamic
Sunni Muslims such as
Maududi
Abul A'la al-Maududi ( ur, , translit=Abū al-Aʿlā al-Mawdūdī; – ) was an Islamic scholar, Islamist ideologue, Muslim philosopher, jurist, historian, journalist, activist and scholar active in British India and later, following the part ...
and the
Muslim Brotherhood
The Society of the Muslim Brothers ( ar, جماعة الإخوان المسلمين'' ''), better known as the Muslim Brotherhood ( ', is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan ...
, embraced the creation of a new caliphate, at least as a long-term project.
Shia leader Ruhollah Khomeini also embraced a united Islamic supra-state but saw it led by a (Shia) religious scholar of
fiqh (a
faqih).
[Khomeini, Ruhollah, ''Islam and Revolution'', Mizan Press, p.59]
These events galvanised Islamists the world over and heightened their popularity with the Muslim public. Throughout the Middle-East, and in particular
Egypt, the various branches of the
Muslim Brotherhood
The Society of the Muslim Brothers ( ar, جماعة الإخوان المسلمين'' ''), better known as the Muslim Brotherhood ( ', is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan ...
have significantly challenged the secular nationalist or monarchical Muslim governments. In
Pakistan the
Jamaat-e-Islami
Jamaat-e-Islami ( ur, ) () is an Islamic movement founded in 1941 in British India by the Islamic theologian and socio-political philosopher, Syed Abul Ala Maududi.van der Veer P. and Munshi S. (eds.''Media, War, and Terrorism: Responses fro ...
enjoyed popular support especially since the formation of the
MMA
Mixed martial arts (MMA), sometimes referred to as cage fighting, no holds barred (NHB), and ultimate fighting, and originally referred to as Vale Tudo is a full-contact combat sport based on striking, grappling and ground fighting, incor ...
, and in Algeria the
FIS was expected to win the cancelled elections in 1992. Since the collapse of the
Soviet Union,
Hizb-ut-Tahrir
Hizb ut-Tahrir (Arabicحزب التحرير (Translation: Party of Liberation) is an international, political organization which describes its ideology as Islam, and its aim the re-establishment of the Islamic Khilafah (Caliphate) to resume Isl ...
has emerged as a Pan-Islamist force in
Central Asia and in the last five years has developed some support from the
Arab world
The Arab world ( ar, اَلْعَالَمُ الْعَرَبِيُّ '), formally the Arab homeland ( '), also known as the Arab nation ( '), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, refers to a vast group of countries, mainly located in Western As ...
.
[Hizb-ut-Tahrir's Growing Appeal in the Arab World](_blank)
Jamestown Foundation
A recent advocate for Pan-Islamism was late
Turkish prime minister and founder of
Millî Görüş
Millî Görüş (, "National Outlook" or "National Vision") is a religious-political movement and a series of Islamist parties inspired by Necmettin Erbakan. It argues that Turkey can develop with its own human and economic power by protecting ...
movement
Necmettin Erbakan
Necmettin Erbakan (29 October 1926 – 27 February 2011) was a Turkish politician, engineer, and academic who was the Prime Minister of Turkey from 1996 to 1997. He was pressured by the military to step down as prime minister and was later ban ...
, who championed the Pan-Islamic Union (İslam Birliği) idea and took steps in his government toward that goal by establishing the
Developing 8 Countries
The D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation, also known as Developing-8, is an organisation for development co-operation among the following countries: Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Turkey. The objectiv ...
(or D8, as opposed to
G8) in 1996 with Turkey, Egypt, Iran, Pakistan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria and Bangladesh. His vision was gradual unity of Muslim nations through economic and technologic collaboration similar to the
EU with a single monetary unit (İslam Dinarı),
Erbakan currency joint aerospace and defense projects, petrochemical technology development, regional civil aviation network and a gradual agreement to democratic values. Although the organization met at presidential and cabinet levels and moderate collaboration projects continue to date, the momentum was instantly lost when
1997 military memorandum (Turkey), the so-called Post-Modern Coup of February 28, 1997, eventually took down Erbakan's government.
D8 History
See also
*
Worldwide caliphate
*
Caliphate
A caliphate or khilāfah ( ar, خِلَافَة, ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (; ar, خَلِيفَة , ), a person considered a political-religious successor to th ...
*
Internationalism (politics)
*
Ummah
*
Muslim world
*
Mujahideen
*
Shia–Sunni relations
*
Diaspora
A diaspora ( ) is a population that is scattered across regions which are separate from its geographic place of origin. Historically, the word was used first in reference to the dispersion of Greeks in the Hellenic world, and later Jews afte ...
*
Divisions of the world in Islam
*
Islamism
Islamism (also often called political Islam or Islamic fundamentalism) is a political ideology which posits that modern states and regions should be reconstituted in constitutional, economic and judicial terms, in accordance with what is ...
*
Muslim Brotherhood
The Society of the Muslim Brothers ( ar, جماعة الإخوان المسلمين'' ''), better known as the Muslim Brotherhood ( ', is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan ...
*
Hassan al-Banna
*
Sayyid Qutb
*
Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
Muhammad Taqi al-Din bin Ibrahim bin Mustafa bin Isma'il bin Yusuf al-Nabhani (1914 – December 11, 1977) was an Islamic scholar from Jerusalem who founded the Islamist political party Hizb ut-Tahrir.
Biography
Al-Nabhani was born in 1909 in ...
*
Islamic Military Alliance
International organisations:
*
Murabitun World Movement
The Murabitun World Movement is an Islamic movement founded by its current leader, Abdalqadir as-Sufi (born as Ian Dallas), with communities in several countries. Its heartland is Spain. The number of its followers may amount, according to one ...
*
Muslim Brotherhood
The Society of the Muslim Brothers ( ar, جماعة الإخوان المسلمين'' ''), better known as the Muslim Brotherhood ( ', is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan ...
*
Jamaat-e-Islami
Jamaat-e-Islami ( ur, ) () is an Islamic movement founded in 1941 in British India by the Islamic theologian and socio-political philosopher, Syed Abul Ala Maududi.van der Veer P. and Munshi S. (eds.''Media, War, and Terrorism: Responses fro ...
*
Hizb ut-Tahrir
History:
*
Khilafat Movement
*
Silk Letter Conspiracy
The Silk Letter Movement ('Tehreek-e-Reshmi Rumal') refers to a movement organised by Deobandi leaders between 1913 and 1920, aimed at gaining Indian independence from British rule by forming an alliance with the Ottoman Empire, the Emirate of Af ...
References
Notes
Citations
Further reading
* Azmi Özcan.
Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain (1877-1924)', Brill Academic Publishers, 1997, .
* Nazir Ahmad Khan Chaudri.
Commonwealth of Muslim States: a plea for Pan-Islamism', al-Ahibba (Friends of the Muslim World Muhibban-e-Alam-e-Islami), 1972.
* M. Naeem Qureshi.
Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918-1924', Brill Academic Publishers, 1999, .
*
*
*
*
*
*
External links
Pan-Islamism in Oxford Islamic Studies OnlineThe Manchester Document
{{Authority control
Islam and politics
Political ideologies
Islamism
Islamism (also often called political Islam or Islamic fundamentalism) is a political ideology which posits that modern states and regions should be reconstituted in constitutional, economic and judicial terms, in accordance with what is ...
Islamism
Islamism (also often called political Islam or Islamic fundamentalism) is a political ideology which posits that modern states and regions should be reconstituted in constitutional, economic and judicial terms, in accordance with what is ...
Caliphalism