Pamirs

The Pamir Mountains are a

mountain range

between

Central Asia

,

South Asia

and

East Asia

. It is located at a junction with other notable mountains, namely the

Tian Shan

,

Karakoram

,

Kunlun

, Hindu Kush and the

Himalaya

mountain ranges. They are among the world's highest

mountain

s.

Much of the Pamir Mountains lie in the Gorno-Badakhshan Province of

Tajikistan

. To the south, they border the Hindu Kush mountains along

Afghanistan

's

Wakhan Corridor

in Badakhshan Province. To the north, they join the Tian Shan mountains along the Alay Valley of

Kyrgyzstan

. To the east, they extend to the range that includes

China

's Kongur Tagh, in the "Eastern Pamirs", separated by the Yarkand valley from the

Kunlun Mountains

.

Name and etymology

Since Victorian times, they have been known as the "

Roof of the World

", presumably a translation from Persian.

Names

In other languages they are called: ps, پامیر غرونه ; ky, Памир тоолору, , ; fa, رشته کوه‌های پامیر, Rešte Kuhhâ-ye Pâmir; tg, Ришта Кӯҳҳои Помир, Rishta Köhhoyi Pomir; ug, پامىر ئېگىزلىكى, , ; sa, सुमेरु, ; ur, , ; or "Onion Range" (after the

wild onion

s growing in the region); dng, Памир or Цунлин, written in Xiao'erjing: or . The name "Pamir" is used more commonly in Modern Chinese and loaned as .

"A pamir"

According to Middleton and Thomas, "pamir" is a

geological

term. A pamir is a flat plateau or U-shaped valley surrounded by mountains. It forms when a glacier or ice field melts leaving a rocky plain. A pamir lasts until erosion forms soil and cuts down normal valleys. This type of terrain is found in the east and north of the

Wakhan

,Aga Khan Development Network (2010): ''Wakhan and the Afghan Pamir'' p.3
and the east and south of Gorno-Badakhshan, as opposed to the valleys and gorges of the west. Pamirs are used for summer pasture.

The Great Pamir is around Lake Zorkul. The Little Pamir is east of this in the far east of Wakhan. The Taghdumbash Pamir is between Tashkurgan and the

Wakhan

west of the

Karakoram Highway

. The Alichur Pamir is around Yashil Kul on the Gunt River. The Sarez Pamir is around the town of Murghab, Tajikistan. The Khargush Pamir is south of Lake Karakul. There are several others.

The Pamir River is in the south-west of the Pamirs.

Geography

Mountain

The three highest mountains in the Pamirs core are Ismoil Somoni Peak (known from 1932 to 1962 as Stalin Peak, and from 1962 to 1998 as Communism Peak), ; Ibn Sina Peak (still unofficially known as Lenin Peak), ; and Peak Korzhenevskaya (russian: Пик Корженевской, ''Pik Korzhenevskoi''), . In the Eastern Pamirs, China's Kongur Tagh is the highest at .

Among the significant peaks of the Pamir Mountains are the following:

''Remark'': The summits of the Kongur and Muztagata Group are in some sources counted as part of the

Kunlun

, which would make Pik Ismoil Somoni the highest summit of the Pamir.

Glaciers

There are many

glacier

s in the Pamir Mountains, including the long

Fedchenko Glacier

, the longest in the former USSR and the longest glacier outside the polar regions. Approximately 12,500 km² (ca. 10%) of the Pamirs are glaciated. Glaciers in the Southern Pamirs are retreating rapidly. Ten percent of annual runoff is supposed to originate from retreating glaciers in the Southern Pamirs. In the North-Western Pamirs, glaciers have almost stable mass balances.

Climate

Covered in

snow

throughout the year, the Pamirs have long and bitterly cold

winter

s, and short, cool

summer

s. Annual precipitation is about , which supports

grassland

s but few

tree

s.

Paleoclimatology during the Ice Age

The East-Pamir, in the centre of which the massifs of Mustagh Ata (7620 m) and Kongur Tagh (Qungur Shan, 7578, 7628 or 7830 m) are situated, shows from the western margin of the Tarim Basin an east–west extension of c. 200 km. Its north–south extension from King Ata Tagh up to the northwest Kunlun foothills amounts to c.170 km. Whilst the up to 21 km long current valley glaciers are restricted to mountain massifs exceeding 5600 m in height, during the last glacial period the glacier ice covered the high plateau with its set-up highland relief, continuing west of Mustagh Ata and Kongur. From this glacier area an outlet glacier has flowed down to the north-east through the Gez valley up to c.1850 m asl (meters above sea level) and thus as far as to the margin of the Tarim basin. This outlet glacier received inflow from the Kaiayayilak glacier from the Kongur north flank. From the north-adjacent Kara Bak Tor (Chakragil, c. 6800 or 6694 m) massif, the Oytag valley glacier in the same exposition flowed also down up to c. 1850 m asl. At glacial times the glacier snowline
(ELA) as altitude limit between glacier nourishing area and ablation zone, was about 820 to 1250 metres lower than it is today. Under the condition of comparable proportions of precipitation there results from this a glacial depression of temperature of at least 5 to 7.5 °C.

Economy

Coal

is mined in the west, though

sheep

herding in upper meadowlands is the primary source of income for the region.

Exploration

The

lapis lazuli

found in Egyptian tombs is thought to come from the Pamir area in Badakhshan province of Afghanistan. This section is based on the book by R. Middleton and H. Thomas: Robert Middleton and Huw Thomas, 'Tajikistan and the High Pamirs',Odyssey Books, 2008 About 138 BC

Zhang Qian

reached the Fergana Valley northwest of the Pamirs. Ptolemy vaguely describes a trade route through the area. From about 600 AD, Buddhist pilgrims travelled on both sides of the Pamirs to reach India from China. In 747 a Tang army was on the Wakhan River. There are various Arab and Chinese reports.

Marco Polo

may have travelled along the

Panj River

. In 1602 Bento de Goes travelled from

Kabul

to Yarkand and left a meager report on the Pamirs. In 1838 Lieutenant John Wood reached the headwaters of the Pamir River. From about 1868 to 1880, a number of Indians in the British service secretly explored the Panj area. In 1873 the British and Russians agreed to an Afghan frontier along the Panj River. From 1871 to around 1893 several Russian military-scientific expeditions mapped out most of the Pamirs (Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko, Nikolai Severtzov, Captain Putyata and others. Later came Nikolai Korzhenevskiy). Several local groups asked for Russian protection from Afghan raiders. The Russians were followed by a number of non-Russians including

Ney Elias

, George Littledale, the Earl of Dunmore,

Wilhelm Filchner

and Lord Curzon who was probably the first to reach the Wakhan source of the Oxus River. In 1891 the Russians informed Francis Younghusband that he was on their territory and later escorted a Lieutenant Davidson out of the area ('Pamir Incident'). In 1892 a battalion of Russians under Mikhail Ionov entered the area and camped near the present

Murghab

. In 1893 they built a proper fort there (''Pamirskiy Post''). In 1895 their base was moved to

Khorog

facing the Afghans.

In 1928 the last blank areas around the

Fedchenko Glacier

were mapped by a German-Soviet expedition under Willi Rickmer Rickmers.

Discoveries

In the early 1980s, a deposit of

gemstone

-quality

clinohumite

was discovered in the Pamir Mountains. It was the only such deposit known until the discovery of gem-quality material in the Taymyr region of

Siberia

, in 2000.

The earliest known evidence of human

cannabis

use was found in tombs at the Jirzankal Cemetery.

Transport

The Pamir Highway, the world's second highest international road, runs from Dushanbe in

Tajikistan

to

Osh

in

Kyrgyzstan

through the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province, and is the isolated region's main supply route. The Great

Silk Road

crossed a number of Pamir Mountain ranges.

Tourism

In December 2009, the ''New York Times'' featured articles on the possibilities for tourism in the Pamir area of Tajikistan. 2013 proved to be the most successful year ever for tourism in the region and tourism development continues to be the fastest growing economic sector. The META (Murghab Ecotourism Association) website (www.meta.tj) provides an excellent repository of tourism related resources for the Eastern Pamir region.

Strategic position

Historically, the Pamir Mountains were considered a strategic trade route between

Kashgar

and Kokand on the Northern Silk Road, a prehistoric trackway, and have been subject to numerous territorial conquests. The Northern Silk Road (about in length) connected the ancient Chinese capital of

Xi'an

over the Pamir Mountains towards the west to emerge in

Kashgar

before linking to ancient

Parthia

. In the 20th century, they have been the setting for Tajikistan Civil War, border disputes between China and Soviet Union, establishment of US, Russian, and Indian military bases, and renewed interest in trade development and resource exploration. China has since resolved most of those disputes with Central Asian countries.

Religious symbolism

Some researchers identify the Pamirs with the

Mount Meru

or Sumeru. The Mount Meru is the sacred five-peaked mountain of Buddhist, Jain, and Hindu cosmology and is considered to be the center of all the physical,

metaphysical

and spiritual universes.

See also

* Pamir National Park
* Pamir languages
* List of mountain ranges
* List of highest mountains
*

Soviet Central Asia

*

Central Asia

* Mount Imeon
* Ak-Baital Pass
* China–Tajikistan border
* Kam Air Flight 904  – crashed into Pamir Mountains; the cause remains unknown
* Chalachigu Valley

Notes

References

Further reading

* George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, Curzon, George Nathaniel. 1896. ''The Pamirs and the Source of the Oxus''. Royal Geographical Society, London. Reprint: Elibron Classics Series, Adamant Media Corporation. 2005. (pbk; (hbk).
* Gordon, T. E. 1876. ''The Roof of the World: Being the Narrative of a Journey over the high plateau of Tibet to the Russian Frontier and the Oxus sources on Pamir''. Edinburgh. Edmonston and Douglas. Reprint by Ch’eng Wen Publishing Company. Taipei. 1971.
* Toynbee, Arnold J. 1961. ''Between Oxus and Jumna''. London. Oxford University Press.
* Wood, John, 1872. ''A Journey to the Source of the River Oxus''. With an essay on the Geography of the Valley of the Oxus by Colonel Henry Yule. London: John Murray.
* Horsman, S. 2002. ''Peaks, Politics and Purges: the First Ascent of Pik Stalin'' in Douglas, E. (ed.) Alpine Journal 2002 (Volume 107), The Alpine Club & Ernest Press, London, pp 199–206.
* Leitner, G. W. 1890. ''Dardistan in 1866, 1886 and 1893: Being an Account of the History, Religions, Customs, Legends, Fables and Songs of Gilgit, Chilas, Kandia (Gabrial) Yasin, Chitral, Hunza, Nagyr and other parts of the Hindukush''. With a supplement to the second edition of The Hunza and Nagyr Handbook. And an Epitome of Part III of the author's “The Languages and Races of Dardistan”. First Reprint 1978. Manjusri Publishing House, New Delhi.
* Strong, Anna Louise. 1930. ''The Road to the Grey Pamir''. Robert M. McBride & Co., New York.
* Slesser, Malcolm "Red Peak: A Personal Account of the British-Soviet Expedition" Coward McCann 1964
* Tilman, H. W. "Two Mountains and a River" part of "The Severn Mountain Travel Books". Diadem, London. 1983
* Waugh, Daniel C. 1999. "The ‘Mysterious and Terrible Karatash Gorges’: Notes and Documents on the Explorations by Stein and Skrine." ''The Geographical Journal'', Vol. 165, No. 3. (Nov., 1999), pp. 306–320.
* ''The Pamirs. 1:500.000 – A tourist map of Gorno-Badkshan-Tajikistan and background information on the region.'' Verlag „Gecko-Maps“, Switzerland 2004 ()
* Dagiev, Dagikhudo, and Carole Faucher, eds. Identity, History and Trans-nationality in Central Asia: The Mountain Communities of Pamir. Routledge, 2018.

External links

Life in Afghanistan's Pamir mountains

Information and photos

Afghan's Little Pamir – photos of the life of ethnic Kyrgyz

{{Authority control

Pamir Mountains,
Landforms of Central Asia
Mountain ranges of Asia
Mountain ranges of China
Mountain ranges of Afghanistan
Mountain ranges of Tajikistan
Mountain ranges of Kyrgyzstan
Physiographic provinces
Landforms of Badakhshan Province