Pyotr Kuzmich Anokhin (; January 26, 1898 – March 5, 1974) was a Soviet and Russian biologist and physiologist, known for his theory of functional systems and the concept of ''systemogenesis''. He made important contributions to

cybernetics Cybernetics is the transdisciplinary study of circular causal processes such as feedback and recursion, where the effects of a system's actions (its outputs) return as inputs to that system, influencing subsequent action. It is concerned with ...

and

psychophysiology Psychophysiology (from Greek , ''psȳkhē'', "breath, life, soul"; , ''physis'', "nature, origin"; and , '' -logia'') is the branch of psychology that is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes. While psychophysiolog ...

. His pioneering concept on

feedback Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause and effect that forms a circuit or loop. The system can then be said to ''feed back'' into itself. The notion of cause-and-effect has to be handle ...

was published in 1935.

Overview

Anokhin was born in

Tsaritsyn Volgograd,. formerly Tsaritsyn. (1589–1925) and Stalingrad. (1925–1961), is the largest city and the administrative centre of Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The city lies on the western bank of the Volga, covering an area of , with a population ...

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its establishment in November 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about , roughl ...

in 1898. He studied

neurophysiology Neurophysiology is a branch of physiology and neuroscience concerned with the functions of the nervous system and their mechanisms. The term ''neurophysiology'' originates from the Greek word ''νεῦρον'' ("nerve") and ''physiology'' (whic ...

and received a doctorate of

medicine Medicine is the science and Praxis (process), practice of caring for patients, managing the Medical diagnosis, diagnosis, prognosis, Preventive medicine, prevention, therapy, treatment, Palliative care, palliation of their injury or disease, ...

. He was an academician of Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and the Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. He was one of the founders of the Institute of Psychology of the USSR and the laboratory of neuro-physiology of training. In the 1920s he started his academic career under the guidance of

Ivan Pavlov Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (, ; 27 February 1936) was a Russian and Soviet experimental neurologist and physiologist known for his discovery of classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs. Pavlov also conducted significant research on ...

, Nobel Prize Winner in Physiology or Medicine in 1904. He developed the concept of

, published in 1935. Furthermore, he "elaborated the theory of functional systems (FS) which tied together subtle neuro-physiological mechanisms and integral activity of an individual. FS theory was considered as the “methodological bridge” between

psychology Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans, both consciousness, conscious and Unconscious mind, unconscious phenomena, and mental processes such as thoughts, feel ...

and

physiology Physiology (; ) is the science, scientific study of function (biology), functions and mechanism (biology), mechanisms in a life, living system. As a branches of science, subdiscipline of biology, physiology focuses on how organisms, organ syst ...

".Who is who in Russian psychology
, 2007. In the autumn of 1950, at a famous scientific session devoted to the problems of Pavlov's physiological teachings, new scientific trends were criticized and the theory of functional systems provoked serious rejection. Anokhin was suspended from work at the Institute of Physiology and sent to Ryazan. Currently, his work is highly regarded in Russian and international psychophysiology. One of Moscow prospects and a Research Institute in Moscow was named after Anokhin. Several laboratories carry the names associated with his theory (such as the laboratory of functional systems in the Institute of Psychology,

Russian Academy of Sciences The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; ''Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk'') consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such ...

. He died in Moscow.

Publications

The main works of Anokhin, P.K.: * 1935, ''The problem of the center and periphery in the physiology of nervous activity'', Gorky, 9-70. * 1937, ''The functional system as the basis for the integration of nervous process during embryogenesis''. All- Union Conference of Physiologists, Biochemists and Pharmacologists, Tbilisi (p. 148-156) * 1940, ''The problem of localization from the point of view of systematic notions concerning nervous functions.'' J.Neoropath.exp.Neorol.,9, 31-44. * 1945, ''Dreams and Science'' (), Moscow, Moscow Bolshevik, 40 p., (in Russian) * 1949, ''The reflex and functional system as factor of physiological integration.'' Fiziol.Zh.(Moscow), 35, 491-503. * 1958, ''International Inhibition as a Problem of Physiology'', Moscow, Medgiz. * 1961,'' A new conception of the physiological architecture by conditioned reflex''. Brain Mechanisms and Learning, Oxford, Blackwell (pp. 189–229) * 1963a, ''A methodological analysis of key problems in the conditioned reflex'', Philosophical Problems of the Physiology of Higher Nervous Activity and of Psychology, Moscow, Academy of Sciences of USSR (p. 156-214) * 1963b, ''Systemogenesis as a general regulator of brain development'', Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 9, The Developing Brain, Amsterdam, Elsevier (pp. 54–86). * 1968, ''The biology and neuro-physiology of conditioned reflex'' * 1973, ''Biology and neurophysiology of the conditioned reflex and its role in adaptive behavior'', Elsevier, 592 p. * 1974, ''Biology and Neurophysiology of the Conditioned Reflex and Its Role in Adaptive Behavior''. Oxford: Pergamon,1974 * 1975, ''The essays on physiology of functional systems'' * 1977
P.K. Anokhin, Kira V. Shuleikina, ''System organization of alimentary behavior in the newborn and the developing cat''
Developmental Psychology, 10(5)385-419(1977) * 1978, ''Philosophical aspects of the theory of functional systems''. * 1998, ''Cybernetics of functional systems: Selected works'' (), Moscow, Medicine, 400 p., (in Russian)

References

External links

Who is who in Russian psychology

Scholarly articles for Biology and Neurophysiology of the Conditioned Reflex and Its Role
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anokhin, Pyotr 1898 births 1974 deaths People from Volgograd People from Tsaritsynsky Uyezd Russian neuroscientists Russian physiologists Soviet biologists Soviet physiologists Cyberneticists Neuropsychologists Systems biologists 20th-century Russian biologists Academic staff of Moscow State University Academicians of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences Soviet military personnel of the Russian Civil War Recipients of the Lenin Prize Recipients of the Order of Lenin Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery

Overview

Publications

See also

References

External links