Pupilloidea
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Pupilloidea is a
superfamily SUPERFAMILY is a database and search platform of structural and functional annotation for all proteins and genomes. It classifies amino acid sequences into known structural domains, especially into SCOP superfamilies. Domains are functional, str ...
of small and very small air-breathing
land snail A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have gastropod shell, shel ...
s,
terrestrial Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth, as opposed to extraterrestrial. Terrestrial may also refer to: * Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on o ...
gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...
s in the infraorder ''
Pupilloidei The Pupilloidei is an Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic infraorder of air-breathing land snails, semislugs and slugs, terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod Mollusca, molluscs in the suborder Helicina.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). Mollusc ...
''. They are diverse in morphology, habitat, and ecological roles.


Description

They are characterized by their small, often cylindrical, ovate, or elongate shells. Their shells can range from smooth to ribbed or striated. They are generally tiny, ranging from a few millimeters to about a centimeter in length. The
aperture In optics, the aperture of an optical system (including a system consisting of a single lens) is the hole or opening that primarily limits light propagated through the system. More specifically, the entrance pupil as the front side image o ...
often has denticles (teeth) or lamellae, which may play roles in predator deterrence or structural support. The margin of the aperture often features a well-defined peristome, sometimes thickened or reflected.


Distribution

Species in this superfamily are cosmopolitan, found on every continent except Antarctica. They can be found in dry and arid regions to temperate forests and even tropical zones.


Taxonomy

This superfamily contains the following families: *
Achatinellidae Achatinellidae is a family of tropical air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea. Taxonomy It was previously the only family in the superfamily Achatinelloidea (according to the tax ...
Gulick, 1873 *
Agardhiellidae Agardhiellidae is a family of gastropods belonging to the order Stylommatophora Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel Parkhaev, Michael Schrödl ...
Harl & Páll-Gergely, 2017 *
Amastridae Amastridae is a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of small, air-breathing, land snails, Terrestrial animal, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Amast ...
Pilsbry, 1910 *
Argnidae Argnidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks. Distribution Distribution of Argnidae include Europe: southern and eastern Alps and Carpathian Mountains.
Hudec, 1965 *
Cerastidae Cerastidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the order Stylommatophora.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Cerastidae Wenz, 1923. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http ...
Wenz, 1923 *
Cochlicopidae Cochlicopidae is a taxonomic family of small, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea. Anatomy In this family, the number of haploid chromosomes lies between 26 and 30 (according to the ...
Pilsbry, 1900 (1879) *
Draparnaudiidae ''Draparnaudia'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, Terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Partuloidea. ''Draparnaudia'' is the only genus in the family Draparnaudiidae. Both the family name an ...
Solem, 1962 *
Enidae Enidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Enidae B. B. Woodward, 1903 (1880). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies ...
B. B. Woodward, 1903 (1880) *
Fauxulidae Fauxulidae is a family of gastropods belonging to the superfamily Pupilloidea of the order Stylommatophora Stylommatophora is an orderPhilippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pavel ...
Harl & Páll-Gergely, 2017 *
Gastrocoptidae Gastrocoptidae is a family of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Pupilloidea.Philippe Bouchet, Jean-Pierre Rocroi, Bernhard Hausdorf, Andrzej Kaim, Yasunori Kano, Alexander Nützel, Pave ...
Pilsbry, 1918 *
Lauriidae Lauriidae is a family of land snails. It is classified within the informal group Orthurethra, itself belonging to the clade Stylommatophora within the clade Eupulmonata (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). Th ...
Steenberg, 1925 *
Odontocycladidae ''Odontocycladidae'' is a family of gastropods Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs f ...
Hausdorf, 1996 *
Orculidae Orculidae is a family (biology), family of mostly minute, air-breathing, land snails; Terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Orculidae Pilsbry, 1918. A ...
Pilsbry, 1918 *
Pagodulinidae ''Pagodulinidae'' is a family of gastropods belonging to the superfamily Pupilloidea Pupilloidea is a superfamily of small and very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial gastropods in the infraorder '' Pupilloidei''. They are diverse ...
Pilsbry, 1924 *
Partulidae Partulidae is a family (biology), family of air-breathing land snails, Terrestrial molluscs, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the Taxonomic rank, superfamily Pupilloidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Partulidae Pilsbry, 1900. Accessed ...
Pilsbry, 1900 *
Pleurodiscidae Pleurodiscus is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea. ''Pleurodiscus'' is the only genus in the family Pleurodiscidae. Species Species within the genus ''Pleurodiscus'' ...
Wenz, 1923 *
Pupillidae Pupillidae is a family of mostly minute, air-breathing, land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Pupillidae W. Turton, 1831. Accessed through: ...
W. Turton, 1831 *
Pyramidulidae Pyramidulidae is a family of small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Pyramidulidae Kennard & B. B. Woodward, 1914. Accessed through: World R ...
Kennard & B. B. Woodward, 1914 *
Spelaeoconchidae ''Spelaeoconcha paganettii'' is a species of very small air-breathing land snail, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea. The genus is monotypic, as also is the family. Taxonomy The family Spelaeoconchidae is ...
A. J. Wagner, 1928 *
Spelaeodiscidae Spelaeodiscidae is a family of very small air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000&n ...
Steenberg, 1925 *
Strobilopsidae Strobilopsidae is a family of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Pupilloidea. Taxonomy The family Strobilopsidae is classified within the informal group Orthurethra, itself belonging to the c ...
Wenz, 1915 *
Valloniidae Valloniidae is a taxonomic family of small and minute, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Valloniidae Morse, 1864. Accessed through: World ...
Morse, 1864 *
Vertiginidae Vertiginidae, common name the whorl snails, is a family of small, air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs or micromollusks in the superfamily Pupilloidea. Distribution The distribution of the Vertiginidae is in the ...
Fitzinger, 1833


Synonyms

* Cerastuidae Wenz, 1930: synonym of Cerastidae Wenz, 1923 * Chondrulidae A. J. Wagner, 1928: synonym of Chondrulini Wenz, 1923 (junior synonym) * Cionellidae L. Pfeiffer, 1879: synonym of Cochlicopidae Pilsbry, 1900 (1879) * Elasmiatidae Kuroda & Habe, 1949: synonym of Elasmiatini Kuroda & Habe, 1949 (original rank) * Family Pachnodidae Steenberg, 1925: synonym of Cerastidae Wenz, 1923 * Pupidae J. Fleming, 1822: synonym of Cerionidae Pilsbry, 1901 (invalid: type genus a junior homonym of ''Pupa'' Röding, 1798 cteonidae * Pupisomatidae Iredale, 1940: synonym of Valloniidae Morse, 1864 * Pupoididae Iredale, 1939: synonym of Pupillidae W. Turton, 1831 * Strobilidae Jooss, 1911: synonym of Strobilopsidae Wenz, 1915 (invalid: type genus a junior homonym of ''Strobila'' M. Sars, 1829
nidaria Cnidaria ( ) is a phylum under kingdom Animalia containing over 11,000 species of aquatic invertebrates found both in freshwater and marine environments (predominantly the latter), including jellyfish, hydroids, sea anemones, corals and some ...
* Tornatellinidae Sykes, 1900: synonym of Tornatellininae Sykes, 1900 (original rank) * Zuidae Bourguignat, 1884: synonym of Cochlicopidae Pilsbry, 1900 (1879)


References


Further reading

* Bouchet P., Rocroi J.P., Hausdorf B., Kaim A., Kano Y., Nützel A., Parkhaev P., Schrödl M. & Strong E.E. (2017). Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia. 61(1-2): 1-526


External links


Harl J., Haring E., Asami T., Sittenthaler M., Sattmann H. & Páll-Gergely B. (2017). Molecular systematics of the land snail family Orculidae reveal paraphyly and deep splits within the clade Orthurethra (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 181(4): 778-794

Saadi, A. J.; Mordan, P. B.; Wade, C. M. (2021). Molecular phylogeny of the Orthurethra (Panpulmonata: Stylommatophora). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.
{{Taxonbar, from=Q1390243 Gastropod superfamilies Taxa named by William Turton