''Pterophylla'' is a genus of trees of the family

Cunoniaceae Cunoniaceae is a family of 27 genera and about 335 species of woody plants in the order Oxalidales, mostly found in the tropical and wet temperate regions of the Southern Hemisphere. The greatest diversity of genera are in Australia and Tasmania ...

, with species found growing naturally in

Madagascar Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar, is an island country that includes the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands. Lying off the southeastern coast of Africa, it is the world's List of islands by area, f ...

Malesia Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the Equator and the boundaries of the Indomalayan and Australasian realms. It is a phytogeographical floristic region in the Paleotropical kingdom. It was first recognized as a distinct region ...

Papuasia Papuasia is a Level 2 botanical region defined in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD). It lies in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in the Melanesia ecoregion of Oceania and Tropical Asia. It comprises th ...

, and the Pacific Islands, formerly included in ''

Weinmannia ''Weinmannia'' is a genus of trees and shrubs in the family Cunoniaceae. It contains 90 species, which range from Mexico through Central and South America including the Caribbean, and to the Mascarene Islands (Mauritius and Réunion) in the weste ...

''.

Range and habitat

Species of ''Pterophylla'' are native to Madagascar and the

Comoro Islands The Comoro Islands are a group of volcanic islands in the Mozambique Channel, an arm of the Indian Ocean lying between Madagascar and the African mainland. Three of the islands form the Union of the Comoros, a sovereign nation, while Mayotte bel ...

, and to

( Peninsular Thailand and

Malaysia Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia. Featuring the Tanjung Piai, southernmost point of continental Eurasia, it is a federation, federal constitutional monarchy consisting of States and federal territories of Malaysia, 13 states and thre ...

Sumatra Sumatra () is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the list of islands by area, sixth-largest island in the world at 482,286.55 km2 (182,812 mi. ...

Borneo Borneo () is the List of islands by area, third-largest island in the world, with an area of , and population of 23,053,723 (2020 national censuses). Situated at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, it is one of the Greater Sunda ...

Java Java is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea (a part of Pacific Ocean) to the north. With a population of 156.9 million people (including Madura) in mid 2024, proje ...

, the

Lesser Sunda Islands The Lesser Sunda Islands (, , ), now known as Nusa Tenggara Islands (, or "Southeast Islands"), are an archipelago in the Indonesian archipelago. Most of the Lesser Sunda Islands are located within the Wallacea region, except for the Bali pro ...

Sulawesi Sulawesi ( ), also known as Celebes ( ), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the List of islands by area, world's 11th-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Min ...

, Maluku, and the

Philippines The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an Archipelagic state, archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Located in the western Pacific Ocean, it consists of List of islands of the Philippines, 7,641 islands, with a tot ...

), Papuasia (

New Guinea New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; , fossilized , also known as Papua or historically ) is the List of islands by area, world's second-largest island, with an area of . Located in Melanesia in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is ...

, the

Bismarck Archipelago The Bismarck Archipelago (, ) is a group of islands off the northeastern coast of New Guinea in the western Pacific Ocean and is part of the Islands Region of Papua New Guinea. Its area is about . History The first inhabitants of the archipela ...

, and

Solomon Islands Solomon Islands, also known simply as the Solomons,John Prados, ''Islands of Destiny'', Dutton Caliber, 2012, p,20 and passim is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 1000 smaller islands in Melanesia, part of Oceania, t ...

Vanuatu Vanuatu ( or ; ), officially the Republic of Vanuatu (; ), is an island country in Melanesia located in the South Pacific Ocean. The archipelago, which is of volcanic origin, is east of northern Australia, northeast of New Caledonia, east o ...

New Caledonia New Caledonia ( ; ) is a group of islands in the southwest Pacific Ocean, southwest of Vanuatu and east of Australia. Located from Metropolitan France, it forms a Overseas France#Sui generis collectivity, ''sui generis'' collectivity of t ...

New Zealand New Zealand () is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and List of islands of New Zealand, over 600 smaller islands. It is the List of isla ...

, and parts of

Oceania Oceania ( , ) is a region, geographical region including Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Outside of the English-speaking world, Oceania is generally considered a continent, while Mainland Australia is regarded as its co ...

(

Fiji Fiji, officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists of an archipelago of more than 330 islands—of which about ...

Cook Islands The Cook Islands is an island country in Polynesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It consists of 15 islands whose total land area is approximately . The Cook Islands' Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers of ocean. Avarua is its ...

Marquesas Islands The Marquesas Islands ( ; or ' or ' ; Marquesan language, Marquesan: ' (North Marquesan language, North Marquesan) and ' (South Marquesan language, South Marquesan), both meaning "the land of men") are a group of volcano, volcanic islands in ...

Samoa Islands The Samoan Islands () are an archipelago covering in the central South Pacific, forming part of Polynesia and of the wider region of Oceania. Administratively, the archipelago comprises all of the Independent State of Samoa and most of Americ ...

Society Islands The Society Islands ( , officially ; ) are an archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean that includes the major islands of Tahiti, Mo'orea, Moorea, Raiatea, Bora Bora and Huahine. Politically, they are part of French Polynesia, an overseas country ...

, and Tubuai Islands). Species of ''Pterophylla'' grow in lowland tropical forests in Madagascar, and generally in hill and montane tropical forests on the larger islands of Malesia and the Pacific. They are absent from Oceania's low coraline islands, but can be abundant on the higher volcanic islands from 300 to 750+ metres elevation. They are also found in subtropical and temperate forest in New Zealand between 0 and 1180 metres elevation.Helen C. F. Hopkins and Jason C. Bradford (1998). A revision of Weinmannia (Cunoniaceae) in Malesia and the Pacific. 1. Introduction and an account of the species of Western Malesia, the Lesser Sunda Islands and the Moluccas. ''Adansonia'', volume 20, issue 1, pages 5-41, 1998.

Classification

The genus was first described by

David Don David Don (21 December 1799 – 15 December 1841) was a Scottish botanist. Biography David Don was born on 21 December 1799 at Doo Hillock, Forfar, Angus, Scotland to Caroline Clementina Stuart, and her husband George Don of Forfar. His olde ...

in 1830. It is often treated as a synonym of ''Weinmannia''.''Pterophylla'' D.Don
''The

World Flora Online World Flora Online is an Internet-based compendium of the world's plant species. Description The World Flora Online (WFO) is an open-access database, launched in October 2012 as a follow-up project to The Plant List, with the aim of publishi ...

''. Accessed 26 September 2022. A

phylogenomic Phylogenomics is the intersection of the fields of evolution and genomics. The term has been used in multiple ways to refer to analysis that involves genome data and evolutionary reconstructions. It is a group of techniques within the larger fields ...

study by Pillon ''et al.'' (2021) concluded that ''Weinmannia'' was paraphyletic, and formed two distinct clades. The species belonging to the four

Old World The "Old World" () is a term for Afro-Eurasia coined by Europeans after 1493, when they became aware of the existence of the Americas. It is used to contrast the continents of Africa, Europe, and Asia in the Eastern Hemisphere, previously ...

sections – ''Fasciculatae, Inspersae, Spicatae'', and ''Leiospermum'' – formed a monophyletic group, which is sister to the Old World genera '' Cunonia'' and '' Pancheria''. Section ''Weinmannia'', which includes species from the Americas and the

Mascarene Islands The Mascarene Islands (, ) or Mascarenes or Mascarenhas Archipelago is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar consisting of islands belonging to the Republic of Mauritius as well as the French department of Réunion. Their na ...

, is sister to the Old World assemblage. They proposed placing the four Old World sections into the revived genus ''Pterophylla'', with genus ''Weinmannia'' limited to the American and Mascarene species of section ''Weinmannia''.Pillon, Y., H. C. F. Hopkins, O. Maurin, N. Epitawalage, J. Bradford, Z. S. Rogers, W. J. Baker, and F. Forest. 2021. Phylogenomics and biogeography of Cunoniaceae (Oxalidales) with complete generic sampling and taxonomic realignments. ''

American Journal of Botany The ''American Journal of Botany'' is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal which covers all aspects of plant biology. It has been published by the Botanical Society of America since 1914. The journal has an impact factor of 3.038, as of 20 ...

'' 108(7): 1181–1200.

Species

There are 68 accepted species,''Pterophylla'' D.Don
''

Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online taxonomic database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. History Following the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew launched Plants of the World Online i ...

'', Kew Science. Accessed 14 April 2022. which are divided among four sections – ''Pterophylla'' (formerly ''Fasciculatae''), ''Leiospermum, Spicatae'', and ''Inspersae''.

sect. ''Pterophylla''

(mostly Malesia and Papuasia, from Sumatra to Fiji)Bradford, J.C. (1998) A cladisitc analysis of species groups in Weinmannia (Cunoniaceae) based on morphology and inflorescence structure. ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden'' 85 (4): 565‑93. * '' Pterophylla aphanoneura'' (Airy Shaw) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins –

* '' Pterophylla celebica'' (Koord.) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins –

* '' Pterophylla clemensiae'' - Borneo * '' Pterophylla coodei'' (H.C.Hopkins) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – Sulawesi * '' Pterophylla descombesiana'' (Bernardi) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – Sulawesi * '' Pterophylla devogelii'' (H.C.Hopkins) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – Sulawesi * '' Pterophylla exigua'' (A.C.Sm.) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – Fiji (

Vanua Levu Vanua Levu (pronounced , , ), formerly known as Sandalwood Island, is the second largest island of Fiji. Located to the north of the larger Viti Levu, the island has an area of and a population of 135,961 . Geology Fiji lies in a tectonic ...

) * '' Pterophylla eymana'' (H.C.Hopkins) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – Sulawesi * '' Pterophylla fraxinea'' D.Don –

Malay Peninsula The Malay Peninsula is located in Mainland Southeast Asia. The landmass runs approximately north–south, and at its terminus, it is the southernmost point of the Asian continental mainland. The area contains Peninsular Malaysia, Southern Tha ...

, Borneo,

Maluku Islands The Maluku Islands ( ; , ) or the Moluccas ( ; ) are an archipelago in the eastern part of Indonesia. Tectonics, Tectonically they are located on the Halmahera Plate within the Molucca Sea Collision Zone. Geographically they are located in West ...

. * '' Pterophylla furfuracea'' (H.C.Hopkins) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – Sulawesi and Maluku Islands * '' Pterophylla hooglandii'' (H.C.Hopkins & J.Bradford) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – Malay Peninsula * '' Pterophylla hutchinsonii'' (Merr.) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – Philippines * '' Pterophylla lucida'' (Merr.) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – Philippines (

Luzon Luzon ( , ) is the largest and most populous List of islands in the Philippines, island in the Philippines. Located in the northern portion of the List of islands of the Philippines, Philippine archipelago, it is the economic and political ce ...

and

Samar Samar ( ) is the third-largest and seventh-most populous island in the Philippines, with a total population of 1,909,537 as of the 2020 census. It is located in the eastern Visayas, which are in the central Philippines. The island is divided in ...

) * '' Pterophylla luzoniensis'' (S.Vidal) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – Philippines (Luzon) * '' Pterophylla macgillivrayi'' (Seem.) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – Vanuatu * '' Pterophylla negrosensis'' (Elmer) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – Philippines and Sulawesi * '' Pterophylla pullei'' (Schltr.) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – New Guinea * '' Pterophylla richii'' (A.Gray) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – Fiji * '' Pterophylla urdanetensis'' (Elmer) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – Philippines and

* '' Pterophylla ysabelensis'' (L.M.Perry) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – Solomon Islands (

Santa Isabel Island Santa Isabel (also known as Isabel, Ysabel and Mahaga) is the largest island An island or isle is a piece of land, distinct from a continent, completely surrounded by water. There are continental islands, which were formed by being split ...

)

sect. ''Leiospermum''

(mostly Pacific, from the Bismarck Archipelago to the Marquesas) * '' Pterophylla affinis'' (A.Gray) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins –

and

Samoa Samoa, officially the Independent State of Samoa and known until 1997 as Western Samoa, is an island country in Polynesia, part of Oceania, in the South Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main islands (Savai'i and Upolu), two smaller, inhabited ...

* '' Pterophylla croftii'' (H.C.Hopkins) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins –

* '' Pterophylla denhamii'' (Seem.) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins –

* '' Pterophylla dichotoma'' (Brongn. & Gris) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins –

* '' Pterophylla marquesana'' (F.Br.) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins –

* '' Pterophylla ouaiemensis'' (Guillaumin & Virot) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – northern New Caledonia * '' Pterophylla paitensis'' (Schltr.) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – central and southeastern New Caledonia * '' Pterophylla parviflora'' (G.Forst.) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins –

* '' Pterophylla purpurea'' (L.M.Perry) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins –

Bougainville Island Bougainville Island (; Tok Pisin: ''Bogenvil'') is the main island of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, which is part of Papua New Guinea. Its land area is . The highest point is Mount Balbi, on the main island, at . The much smaller Buk ...

* '' Pterophylla racemosa'' (L.f.) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins –

* '' Pterophylla raiateensis'' (J.W.Moore) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – Raiatea * '' Pterophylla rapensis'' (F.Br.) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins –

Rapa Iti Rapa, also called Rapa Iti, or "Little Rapa", to distinguish it from Easter Island, whose Polynesian name is Rapa Nui, is the largest and only inhabited island of the Bass Islands in French Polynesia. An older name for the island is Oparo. Th ...

* '' Pterophylla samoensis'' (A.Gray) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins –

Samoan Islands The Samoan Islands () are an archipelago covering in the central Pacific Ocean, South Pacific, forming part of Polynesia and of the wider region of Oceania. Political geography, Administratively, the archipelago comprises all of the Samoa, Indep ...

and

Rarotonga Rarotonga is the largest and most populous of the Cook Islands. The island is volcanic, with an area of , and is home to almost 75% of the country's population, with 10,898 of a total population of 15,040. The Parliament of the Cook Islands, Coo ...

* '' Pterophylla serrata'' (Brongn. & Gris) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – New Caledonia * '' Pterophylla sylvicola'' (Sol. ex A.Cunn.) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – New Zealand

North Island The North Island ( , 'the fish of Māui', historically New Ulster) is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, islands of New Zealand, separated from the larger but less populous South Island by Cook Strait. With an area of , it is the List ...

* '' Pterophylla tremuloides'' (H.C.Hopkins & J.Florence) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – Marquesas (

Fatu Hiva Fatu-Hiva (the "H" is not pronounced, see name section below) is the southernmost island of the Marquesas Islands in French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. With Motu Nao as its closest neighbour, it is also the ...

) * '' Pterophylla vescoi'' (Drake) Pillon & H.C.Hopkins – Society Islands (Raiatea and

Tahiti Tahiti (; Tahitian language, Tahitian , ; ) is the largest island of the Windward Islands (Society Islands), Windward group of the Society Islands in French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity of France. It is located in the central part of t ...

) * '' Pterophylla vitiensis'' - Fiji

sect. ''Spicatae''

(Madagascar and the Comoros) * '' Pterophylla arguta'' (Bernardi) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Madagascar * '' Pterophylla baehniana'' – Madagascar * '' Pterophylla bernardii'' – Madagascar * '' Pterophylla bojeriana'' (Tul.) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Madagascar * '' Pterophylla bradfordii'' (I.M.Turner) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers - Madagascar * '' Pterophylla comorensis'' (Tul.) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Comoros * '' Pterophylla decora'' (Tul.) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers - Madagascar * '' Pterophylla eriocarpa'' (Tul.) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Madagascar * '' Pterophylla hildebrandtii'' (Baill.) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Madagascar * '' Pterophylla humbertiana'' (Bernardi) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Madagascar * '' Pterophylla humblotii'' (Baill.) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Madagascar * '' Pterophylla icacifolia'' (Bernardi) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – northern and eastern Madagascar * '' Pterophylla lucens'' (Baker) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Madagascar * '' Pterophylla magnifica'' - Madagascar * '' Pterophylla mammea'' (Bernardi) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Madagascar * '' Pterophylla marojejyensis'' (J.S.Mill. & J.Bradford) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Madagascar * '' Pterophylla minutiflora'' (Baker) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Madagascar * '' Pterophylla pauciflora'' (J.Bradford) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Madagascar * '' Pterophylla rakotomalazana'' (J.Bradford) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Madagascar * '' Pterophylla sanguisugarum'' (Bernardi) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Madagascar * '' Pterophylla stenostachya'' (Baker) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Madagascar

sect. ''Inspersae''

(Madagascar) * '' Pterophylla aggregata'' (Z.S.Rogers & J.Bradford) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers –

* '' Pterophylla commersonii'' (Bernardi) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Madagascar * '' Pterophylla henricorum'' (Bernardi) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Madagascar * '' Pterophylla hepaticarum'' (Bernardi) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Madagascar * '' Pterophylla louveliana'' (Bernardi) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Madagascar * '' Pterophylla lowryana'' (J.Bradford) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Madagascar * '' Pterophylla madagascariensis'' (DC. ex Ser.) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – eastern Madagascar * '' Pterophylla rutenbergii'' (Engl.) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Madagascar * '' Pterophylla venusta'' (Bernardi) J.Bradford & Z.S.Rogers – Madagascar

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q87287718 Oxalidales genera Taxa described in 1830 Taxa named by David Don