Pokhran-II (''Operation Shakti'') was a series of five
nuclear weapon tests conducted by India in May 1998. The bombs were detonated at the
Indian Army's
Pokhran Test Range in
Rajasthan
Rajasthan (; Literal translation, lit. 'Land of Kings') is a States and union territories of India, state in northwestern India. It covers or 10.4 per cent of India's total geographical area. It is the List of states and union territories of ...
. It was the second instance of nuclear testing conducted by India, after the first test, ''
Smiling Buddha
Smiling Buddha (Ministry of External Affairs (India), MEA designation: Pokhran-I) was the code name of India's first successful Nuclear weapons testing, nuclear weapon test on 18 May 1974. The nuclear fission bomb was detonated in the Pokhran#P ...
'', in May 1974.
The test consisted of five detonations, the first of which was claimed to be a
two-stage fusion bomb while the remaining four were
fission bombs. The first three tests were
carried out simultaneously on 11 May 1998 and the last two were detonated two days later on 13 May 1998. The tests were collectively called ''Operation Shakti'', and the five nuclear bombs were designated as ''Shakti-I'' to ''Shakti-V''.
The chairman of the
Atomic Energy Commission of India
The Atomic Energy Commission of India is the governing body of the Department of Atomic Energy (India), Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), Government of India. The DAE is under the direct charge of the Prime Minister of India, Prime Minister.
...
described each of the explosions to be equivalent to several tests carried out over the years by various nations. While announcing the tests, the
Indian government declared India as a nuclear state and that the tests achieved the main objective of giving the capability to build fission bombs and thermonuclear weapons with yields up to 200
kilotons. While the Indian fission bombs have been documented, the design and development of thermonuclear weapons remains uncertain after the tests.
As a consequence of the tests,
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1172 was enacted and
economic sanctions were imposed by countries including Japan and the United States.
History
Early nuclear programme (1944–1965)
Efforts towards building a
nuclear bomb
A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission or atomic bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear weapon), producing a nuclear exp ...
, infrastructure, and research on related
technologies
Technology is the application of Conceptual model, conceptual knowledge to achieve practical goals, especially in a reproducible way. The word ''technology'' can also mean the products resulting from such efforts, including both tangible too ...
have been undertaken by India since the end of
Second World War
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the wo ...
.
The origins of
India's nuclear programme go back to 1945 when
nuclear physicist
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter.
Nuclear physics should not be confused with atomic physics, which studies the ...
Homi Bhabha established the
Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) with the aid of
Tata Group
The Tata Group () is an Indian multinational conglomerate group of companies headquartered in Mumbai. Established in 1868, it is India's largest business conglomerate, with products and services in over 160 countries, and operations in 100 c ...
. After
Indian independence, the Atomic Energy Act was passed on 15 April 1948, that established the
Indian Atomic Energy Commission (IAEC).
In 1954,
Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was established which was responsible for the atomic development programme and was allocated a significant amount of the defence budget in the subsequent years. In 1956, the first
nuclear reactor
A nuclear reactor is a device used to initiate and control a Nuclear fission, fission nuclear chain reaction. They are used for Nuclear power, commercial electricity, nuclear marine propulsion, marine propulsion, Weapons-grade plutonium, weapons ...
became operational at
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), becoming the first operating reactor in Asia. In 1961, India commissioned a reprocessing plant to produce
weapon grade plutonium. In 1962, India was engaged in a
war with China, and with China conducting its own
nuclear test in 1964, India accelerated its development of nuclear weapons.
With two reactors operational in the early 1960s, research progressed into the manufacture of nuclear weapons.
With the unexpected deaths of then
Prime Minister
A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. A prime minister is not the head of state, but r ...
Nehru in 1964 and Bhabha in 1966, the programme slowed down.
The incoming prime minister
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Lal Bahadur Shastri (; born Lal Bahadur Srivastava; 2 October 190411 January 1966) was an Indian politician and statesman who served as the Prime Minister of India, prime minister of India from 1964 to 1966. He previously served as Minister ...
appointed physicist
Vikram Sarabhai as the head of the nuclear programme and the direction of the programme changed towards using nuclear energy for peaceful purposes rather than military development.
Development of nuclear bomb and first test (1966–1972)

After Shastri's death in 1966,
Indira Gandhi
Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi (Given name, ''née'' Nehru; 19 November 1917 – 31 October 1984) was an Indian politician and stateswoman who served as the Prime Minister of India, prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977 and again from 1980 un ...
became the prime minister and work on the nuclear programme resumed. The design work on the bomb proceeded under physicist
Raja Ramanna, who continued the nuclear weapons technology research after Bhabha's death in 1966.
The project employed 75 scientists and progressed in secrecy.
During the
Indo-Pakistani War, the US government sent a
carrier battle group into the
Bay of Bengal
The Bay of Bengal is the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. Geographically it is positioned between the Indian subcontinent and the Mainland Southeast Asia, Indochinese peninsula, located below the Bengal region.
Many South Asian and Southe ...
in an attempt to intimidate India, who were aided by the
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 until Dissolution of the Soviet ...
, who responded by sending a
submarine
A submarine (often shortened to sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. (It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability.) The term "submarine" is also sometimes used historically or infor ...
armed with
nuclear missiles. The Soviet response underlined the
deterrent value and significance of nuclear weapons to India. After India gained military and political initiative over Pakistan in the war, the work on building a nuclear device continued. The hardware began to be built in early 1972 and the Prime Minister authorised the development of a nuclear test device in September 1972.
On 18 May 1974, India tested a
implosion-type fission device at the
Indian Army's
Pokhran Test Range under the code name ''
Smiling Buddha
Smiling Buddha (Ministry of External Affairs (India), MEA designation: Pokhran-I) was the code name of India's first successful Nuclear weapons testing, nuclear weapon test on 18 May 1974. The nuclear fission bomb was detonated in the Pokhran#P ...
''.
The test was described as a
peaceful nuclear explosion (PNE) and the
yield was estimated to be between 6 and 10
kiloton
TNT equivalent is a convention for expressing energy, typically used to describe the energy released in an explosion. A ton of TNT equivalent is a unit of energy defined by convention to be (). It is the approximate energy released in the det ...
s.
Aftermath of nuclear tests (1973–1988)
While India continued to state that the test was for peaceful purposes, it encountered opposition from many countries. The
Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) was formed in reaction to the Indian tests to check international
nuclear proliferation
Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear weapons to additional countries, particularly those not recognized as List of states with nuclear weapons, nuclear-weapon states by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, commonl ...
.
The
technological embargo and sanctions affected the development of India's nuclear programme. It was crippled by the lack of indigenous resources and dependence on imported technology on certain areas. Though India declared to the
International Atomic Energy Agency
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an intergovernmental organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear technology, nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons. It was ...
(IAEA) that India's nuclear program was intended only for peaceful purposes, preliminary work on a
fusion bomb was initiated.
In the aftermath of the
state emergency in 1975 that resulted in the collapse of the
Second Indira Gandhi ministry, the programme continued under
M.R. Srinivasan, but made slow progress. Though the nuclear programme did not receive much attention from incoming Prime Minister
Morarji Desai
Morarji Ranchhodji Desai (29 February 1896 – 10 April 1995) was an Indian politician and Indian independence activist, independence activist who served as the Prime Minister of India, prime minister of India between 1977 and 1979 leading th ...
at first, it gained impetus when Ramanna was appointed to the
Ministry of Defence.
With the discovery of
Pakistan's clandestine atomic bomb program, India realised that it was very likely to succeed in its project in a few years. With the return of Indira Gandhi in
1980
Events January
* January 4 – U.S. President Jimmy Carter proclaims a United States grain embargo against the Soviet Union, grain embargo against the USSR with the support of the European Commission.
* January 6 – Global Positioning Sys ...
, the nuclear programme gained momentum. Two new underground shafts were constructed at the Pokhran test range by 1982 and Gandhi approved further nuclear tests in 1982. But the decision was reversed owing to pressure from the United States as it might end up in
nuclear brinksmanship with Pakistan and potential foreign policy implications. Work continued towards weaponizing the nuclear bomb under
V. S. R. Arunachalam and the
Indian missile programme was launched under
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.
Ramanna pushed forward with a
uranium enrichment program and despite the sanctions, India imported
heavy water
Heavy water (deuterium oxide, , ) is a form of water (molecule), water in which hydrogen atoms are all deuterium ( or D, also known as ''heavy hydrogen'') rather than the common hydrogen-1 isotope (, also called ''protium'') that makes up most o ...
required as a
neutron moderator
In nuclear engineering, a neutron moderator is a medium that reduces the speed of fast neutrons, ideally without capturing any, leaving them as thermal neutrons with only minimal (thermal) kinetic energy. These thermal neutrons are immensely ...
in the
nuclear reactors
A nuclear reactor is a device used to initiate and control a fission nuclear chain reaction. They are used for commercial electricity, marine propulsion, weapons production and research. Fissile nuclei (primarily uranium-235 or plutonium-2 ...
, from countries like China, Norway and Soviet Union through a middleman. Though
Rajiv Gandhi, who became the Prime Minister in 1984, supported technological development and research, he was sceptical about nuclear testing as he believed it would result in further technological alienation from the developed countries. ''Dhruva'', a new reactor with a capability to produce larger quantities of weapon grade material, was commissioned at BARC in 1985. Other components for a nuclear fusion bomb were developed during the time with capabilities to air drop nuclear weapons. In late 1985, a study group commissioned by the Prime Minister outlined a plan for the production of 70 to 100 nuclear warheads and a strict no
first use policy.
Building towards second nuclear test (1989–1998)
In
1989
1989 was a turning point in political history with the "Revolutions of 1989" which ended communism in Eastern Bloc of Europe, starting in Poland and Hungary, with experiments in power-sharing coming to a head with the opening of the Berlin W ...
,
V.P. Singh formed the
government
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a State (polity), state.
In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive (government), execu ...
, which collapsed within two years and this period of instability caused a snag in the nuclear weapons programme.
Foreign relations
Foreign policy, also known as external policy, is the set of strategies and actions a State (polity), state employs in its interactions with other states, unions, and international entities. It encompasses a wide range of objectives, includ ...
between India and Pakistan severely worsened when India accused Pakistan of supporting the
Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir. During this time, the Indian Missile Program succeeded in the development of the
''Prithvi'' missile
A missile is an airborne ranged weapon capable of self-propelled flight aided usually by a propellant, jet engine or rocket motor.
Historically, 'missile' referred to any projectile that is thrown, shot or propelled towards a target; this ...
s. India decided to observe the temporary moratorium on the nuclear tests for fear of inviting international criticism.
The NSG decided in 1992 to require full-scope IAEA safeguards for any new nuclear export deals, which effectively ruled out nuclear exports to India.
Though India had stock-piled material and components to be able to construct a dozen nuclear fission bombs, the deliverance mechanism was still under development. With the successful testing of
Agni missile and successful trials involving dropping of similar bombs without fissionable material from
bomber aircraft in 1994, the weaponization became successful. With the
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty under discussion and global pressure pushing India to sign, then Indian Prime Minister
Narasimha Rao ordered preparations for further nuclear tests in 1995. Based on the direction of the director of DAE
R. Chidambaram,
S. K. Sikka was tasked with the development of a thermo-nuclear fusion device. In August,
K. Santhanam, the chief technical adviser of DRDO, was appointed the director for carrying out the tests. While water was being pumped out of the shafts constructed more than ten years earlier, American
spy satellites picked up the signs.
With pressure from
US President
The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed For ...
Bill Clinton
William Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician and lawyer who was the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, ...
, the test never progressed.
With Rao's term ending in 1996, the next two years saw multiple governments being formed.
Atal Bihari Vajpayee, who was a strong advocate of nuclear weaponization, came to power following the
1998 general elections. Vajpayee had earlier declared that if re-voted to power, his government would induct nuclear weapons and declare India's might to gather respect.
Soon after assuming power in March 1998, Vajpayee organized a discussion with Abdul Kalam and Chidambaram to conduct nuclear tests. On 28 March 1998, he asked to make preparations for a test.
Nuclear test
Preparation
The
Indian Intelligence Bureau had been aware of the capability of the United States
spy satellites in detecting Indian test preparations. Therefore, the tests required complete secrecy and the
58th Engineer Regiment of the
Indian Army Corps of Engineers was tasked with preparing the test sites without being detected.
Work was mostly done during night, and equipment was returned to the original place during the day to give the impression that it was never moved. Bomb shafts were dug under camouflage netting and the dug-out sand was shaped like natural
sand dunes. Cables and sensors were either covered with sand or concealed using native vegetation. A select group was involved in the detonation process with all personnel required to wear uniforms to preserve the secrecy of the tests. They were given pseudo-names and they traveled in smaller groups to avoid detection.
Scientists and engineers of BARC, the
Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research (AMDER), and DRDO were involved in the development and assembly of the bombs. Three laboratories of the DRDO were involved in designing, testing and producing components for the bombs, including the
detonators, the implosion and high-voltage trigger systems. These were also responsible for systems engineering, aerodynamics and safety. The bombs were transported moved from BARC at 3 am on 1 May 1998 to
Bombay airport, then flown in an
Indian Air Force
The Indian Air Force (IAF) (ISO 15919, ISO: ) is the air force, air arm of the Indian Armed Forces. Its primary mission is to secure Indian airspace and to conduct aerial warfare during armed conflicts. It was officially established on 8 Octob ...
's
AN-32 aircraft to
Jaisalmer Airport. It was then transported to Pokhran in an army convoy of four trucks, and this required three trips. The devices were delivered to the device preparation building, which was designated as ''Prayer Hall'.
Personnel

Following were the main personnel involved in the testing:
* Chief Coordinators :
**
A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, scientific adviser to the
defence minister
A ministry of defence or defense (see spelling differences), also known as a department of defence or defense, is the part of a government responsible for matters of defence and military forces, found in states where the government is divid ...
and head of the
DRDO
**
R. Chidambaram, chairman of the
Atomic Energy Commission and the
Department of Atomic Energy
*
Defence Research & Development Organization (DRDO):
**
K. Santhanam, director of test site preparations
*
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) :
**
Anil Kakodkar, director
**
Satinder Kumar Sikka, lead for thermonuclear weapon development
**
M. S. Ramakumar, Director of Nuclear Fuel and Automation Manufacturing Group; lead for manufacture of nuclear components
** D.D. Sood, director of Radiochemistry and Isotope Group; director of nuclear materials acquisition
** S.K. Gupta, Solid State Physics and Spectroscopy Group; director of device design and assessment
** G. Govindraj, associate director of Electronic and Instrumentation Group; director of field instrumentation
Testing

The test was organized into two groups to be fired separately, with all devices in a group fired at the same time. Five nuclear devices were tested during the operation.
Group-I:
* ''Shakti I'': Two stage
thermonuclear device with
fusion boosted primary, test design yield 45 kt, but designed for up to 200 kt deployed yield
* ''Shakti II'': A light-weight
plutonium implosion fission device yielding 12 kt and intended as a warhead that could be delivered by bomber or missile
* ''Shakti III'': An experimental
linear implosion fission device that used
reactor-grade plutonium, yielding 0.3 kt
Group-II:
* ''Shakti IV'': A 0.5 kt experimental fission device
* ''Shakti V'': A 0.2 kt
thorium/U-233 experimental fission device
An additional, sixth device (''Shakti VI'') was developed but not detonated. The first test was planned on 11 May. The thermonuclear device was placed in a shaft code named ''White House'', which was approximately deep, the fission bomb was placed in a deep shaft code named ''Taj Mahal'', and the first sub-kiloton device in shaft ''Kumbhkaran''. The first three devices were placed in their respective shafts on 10 May. The first device to be placed was the sub-kiloton device, which was sealed by the army engineers by 8:30 PM. The thermonuclear device was lowered and sealed by 4 AM on the next day with the fission device being placed by 7:30 AM. The shafts were L-shaped, with a horizontal chamber used for the test devices.
The timing of the tests was pursuant to the local weather conditions, and the test sequence was initiated in the afternoon. Santhanam, in-charge of the test site, handed over the site to M. Vasudev, the range safety officer, who was responsible for verifying the test indicators. After the safety clearance, the countdown system was activated and at 3:45 PM
IST, the three devices were detonated simultaneously.
On 13 May, at 12.21 PM IST, two sub-kiloton devices (''Shakti IV'' and ''V'') were detonated. Due to their very low yield, these explosions were not detected by any seismic station.
Announcement
Having tested weaponized nuclear warheads, India became the sixth country to join the
nuclear club.
Shortly after the tests, Prime Minister Vajpayee appeared before the press corps and made the following short statement:
On 13 May 1998, India declared the series of tests to be over after this.
Reactions to tests
Domestic
News of the tests were greeted with jubilation and large-scale approval by general public in India. The
Bombay Stock Exchange
BSE Limited, also known as the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), is an Indian stock exchange based in Mumbai. It is the 6th largest stock exchange in the world by total market capitalization, exceeding $5 trillion in May 2024.
Established with t ...
registered significant gains. The media praised the government for its decision and advocated the development of an operational nuclear arsenal for the country's armed forces. The opposition led by
Indian National Congress
The Indian National Congress (INC), colloquially the Congress Party, or simply the Congress, is a political parties in India, political party in India with deep roots in most regions of India. Founded on 28 December 1885, it was the first mo ...
criticized the
Vajpayee administration for carrying out the series of nuclear tests, accusing the government of trying to use the tests for political ends rather than to enhance the country's national security.
By the time India had conducted tests, the country had a total of $44bn in loans in 1998, from the
IMF and the
World Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and Grant (money), grants to the governments of Least developed countries, low- and Developing country, middle-income countries for the purposes of economic development ...
. The industrial sectors of the Indian economy were likely to be hurt by sanctions with the foreign companies, which had invested heavily in India, facing consequences of impending sanctions. The Indian government announced that it had factored the economic response and was willing to take the consequences.
International
The United States issued a statement condemning India and threatened
economic sanctions
Economic sanctions or embargoes are Commerce, commercial and Finance, financial penalties applied by states or institutions against states, groups, or individuals. Economic sanctions are a form of Coercion (international relations), coercion tha ...
. The
intelligence community felt humiliated for its failure to detect the preparations for the test. In keeping with its preferred approach to
foreign policy
Foreign policy, also known as external policy, is the set of strategies and actions a State (polity), state employs in its interactions with other states, unions, and international entities. It encompasses a wide range of objectives, includ ...
in
recent decades, and in compliance with the
1994 anti-proliferation law, the United States imposed economic sanctions on India. The sanctions on India consisted of cutting off all assistance to India except humanitarian aid, banning the export of certain defense material and technologies, ending American credit and credit guarantees to India, and requiring the US to oppose lending by international financial institutions to India. The United States held talks with India over the issue of India becoming a part of the
CTBT and
NPT and pressurized to
rollback India's nuclear program. India did not accede to the request stating that it was not consistent with her national security interest.
Canada
Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun ...
criticized India's actions.
Japan
Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asia, Asian mainland, it is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea ...
imposed
economic sanctions
Economic sanctions or embargoes are Commerce, commercial and Finance, financial penalties applied by states or institutions against states, groups, or individuals. Economic sanctions are a form of Coercion (international relations), coercion tha ...
which included freezing all new loans and grants except for humanitarian aid. Few other nations also imposed sanctions on India, primarily in the form of suspension of
foreign aid
In international relations, aid (also known as international aid, overseas aid, foreign aid, economic aid or foreign assistance) is – from the perspective of governments – a voluntary transfer of resources from one country to another. The ...
and government-to-government credit lines. China stated that it was seriously concerned about the tests which are not favorable to the peace and stability in the region and called for the international community to pressure India to cease the development of nuclear weapons. It further rejected claims of India's stated rationale of needing nuclear capabilities to counter a Chinese threat as unfounded. However,
permanent members of the United Nations Security Council such as the
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotlan ...
,
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
, and
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. It is the list of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the world, and extends across Time in Russia, eleven time zones, sharing Borders ...
refrained from making any statements condemning the tests.
Pakistan issued a statement blaming India for instigating a
nuclear arms race
The nuclear arms race was an arms race competition for supremacy in nuclear warfare between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies during the Cold War. During this same period, in addition to the American and Soviet nuc ...
in the region with
Prime Minister
A prime minister or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. A prime minister is not the head of state, but r ...
Nawaz Sharif stating that his country will take appropriate action.
Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...
carried out six
nuclear tests under the codename ''
Chagai-I'' on 28 May 1998 and ''
Chagai-II'' on 30 May 1998.
Pakistan's leading
nuclear physicist
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter.
Nuclear physics should not be confused with atomic physics, which studies the ...
,
Pervez Hoodbhoy, held India responsible for Pakistan's nuclear test experiments. Pakistan's subsequent tests invited similar condemnation and economic sanctions. On June 6, the
UN Security Council
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, an ...
adopted
Resolution 1172, condemning the Indian and Pakistani tests.
Legacy and popular culture
The Government of India declared 11 May as ''National Technology Day'' in India to commemorate the first of the five successful nuclear weapon tests that were carried out on 11 May 1998. The day is celebrated by giving awards to various individuals and industries in the field of science and technology.
''
Parmanu: The Story of Pokhran'' is a 2018
Bollywood
Hindi cinema, popularly known as Bollywood and formerly as Bombay cinema, is primarily produced in Mumbai. The popular term Bollywood is a portmanteau of "Bombay" (former name of Mumbai) and "Cinema of the United States, Hollywood". The in ...
movie was based on the nuclear tests. ''
War and Peace'' is a documentary by
Anand Patwardhan, which details the events of the tests.
See also
*
India and weapons of mass destruction
*
Pokhran-I
References
External links
{{Pokhran-II (Operation Shakti)
1998 in India
1998 in military history
1998 in science
Code names
Explosions in 1998
Indian nuclear weapons testing
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
May 1998 in Asia
Nuclear history of India
Pokaran
Political history of India
Politics of India
Underground nuclear weapons testing
Vajpayee administration initiatives