''Pinna'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial n ...

bivalve Bivalvia (), in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts. As a group, biv ...

molluscs belonging to the family Pinnidae. MolluscaBase eds. (2022). MolluscaBase. Pinna Linnaeus, 1758. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138352 on 2022-01-16 The

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen( ...

of the genus is ''

Pinna rudis ''Pinna rudis'', the rough pen shell or spiny fan-mussel, is a species of bivalve mollusc in the family Pinnidae. It is the type species of the genus ''Pinna''. Knowledge about this is sparse, with an absence of specific studies and literature. ...

''. The most completely studied species in the genus is '' P. nobilis'', a

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on th ...

pen shell which was historically important as the principal source of

sea silk Sea silk is an extremely fine, rare, and valuable fabric that is made from the long silky filaments or byssus secreted by a gland in the foot of pen shells (in particular '' Pinna nobilis''). The byssus is used by the clam to attach itself to ...

Description

These pen shells can reach a length of about . They are characterized by thin, elongated, wedge-shaped, and almost triangular shells with long, toothless edges. The surface of the shells shows radial ribs over their entire length. ''Pinna'' is distinguished from its sibling genus '' Atrina'' by the presence of a sulcus dividing the nacreous region of the valves, and the positioning of the adductor scar on the

dorsal Dorsal (from Latin ''dorsum'' ‘back’) may refer to: * Dorsal (anatomy), an anatomical term of location referring to the back or upper side of an organism or parts of an organism * Dorsal, positioned on top of an aircraft's fuselage * Dorsal co ...

side of shells. These

s most commonly lie point-first on the sea bottom in which they live, anchored by a net of

byssus A byssus () is a bundle of filaments secreted by many species of bivalve mollusc that function to attach the mollusc to a solid surface. Species from several families of clams have a byssus, including pen shells ( Pinnidae), true mussels (Mytili ...

threads.

Distribution

Species in the

''Pinna'' are geographically widespread. This genus is very ancient, going back up to the Carboniferous period. It is especially represented in

Jurassic The Jurassic ( ) is a Geological period, geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya. The J ...

and

Cretaceous The Cretaceous ( ) is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya). It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era, as well as the longest. At around 79 million years, it is the longest geological period of ...

fossil A fossil (from Classical Latin , ) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age. Examples include bones, shells, exoskeletons, stone imprints of animals or microbes, objects preserved ...

Species

According to the

World Register of Marine Species The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive list of names of marine organisms. Content The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scientific speciali ...

, species in the genus ''Pinna'' include: * † ''

Pinna affinis Pinna may refer to: Biology * Pinna (anatomy), the outer part of the ear - also referred to as the ''auricle'' * ''Pinna'' (bivalve), a genus of bivalve molluscs also known as "pen shells" * Pinna (botany), a primary segment of a compound leaf * ...

'' J. Sowerby, 1821 † * ''

Pinna angustana Pinna may refer to: Biology * Pinna (anatomy), the outer part of the ear - also referred to as the ''auricle'' * ''Pinna'' (bivalve), a genus of bivalve molluscs also known as "pen shells" * Pinna (botany), a primary segment of a compound leaf * ...

Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (; ), was a French naturalist, biologist, academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biolog ...

, 1819 * † ''

Pinna arcuata Pinna may refer to: Biology * Pinna (anatomy), the outer part of the ear - also referred to as the ''auricle'' * ''Pinna'' (bivalve), a genus of bivalve molluscs also known as "pen shells" * Pinna (botany), a primary segment of a compound leaf * ...

'' J. Sowerby, 1821 * ''

Pinna atropurpurea Pinna may refer to: Biology * Pinna (anatomy), the outer part of the ear - also referred to as the ''auricle'' * ''Pinna'' (bivalve), a genus of bivalve molluscs also known as "pen shells" * Pinna (botany), a primary segment of a compound leaf * ...

'' Sowerby, 1825 * ''

Pinna attenuata ''Pinna attenuata'' is a species of bivalves belonging to the family Pinnidae. The species is found in Japan, Malesia Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the Equator and the boundaries of the Indomalayan and Australasian realms ...

Reeve Reeve may refer to: Titles *Reeve (Canada), an elected chief executive of some counties, townships, and equivalents *Reeve (England), an official elected annually by the serfs to supervise lands for a lord *High-reeve, a title taken by some Englis ...

, 1858 * '' Pinna bichi'' Thach, 2016 * '' Pinna bicolor'' Gmelin, 1791 * ''

Pinna carnea ''Pinna carnea'', commonly called the amber pen shell, is a species of bivalve mollusc in the family Pinnidae. Description The amber pen shell has a pair of long, thin translucent valves held together by ligaments that run along the entire do ...

'' Gmelin, 1791 * '' Pinna cellophana'' Matsukuma & Okutani, 1986 * '' Pinna deltodes'' Menke, 1843 * † '' Pinna dissimilicostata'' X.-M. Gan, 1978 * † '' Pinna distans'' Hutton, 1873 * '' Pinna dolabrata''

, 1819 * '' Pinna electrina''

, 1858 * '' Pinna epica'' Jousseaume, 1894 * '' Pinna exquisita'' Dall, Bartsch & Rehder, 1938 * '' Pinna fimbriatula''

, 1859 * † '' Pinna folium'' Young & Bird, 1822 * † '' Pinna huiyangensis'' R.-J. Zhang, 1977 * '' Pinna incurva'' Gmelin, 1791 * † '' Pinna kawhiana'' Marwick, 1953 * † ''

Pinna keexwaanensis Pinna may refer to: Biology * Pinna (anatomy), the outer part of the ear - also referred to as the ''auricle'' * ''Pinna'' (bivalve), a genus of bivalve molluscs also known as "pen shells" * Pinna (botany), a primary segment of a compound leaf * ...

'' McRoberts, 2017 * † '' Pinna lanceolata'' J. Sowerby, 1821 * † '' Pinna lata'' Hutton, 1873 (taxon inquirendum) * '' Pinna linguafelis'' (Habe, 1953) * ''

Pinna madida Pinna may refer to: Biology * Pinna (anatomy), the outer part of the ear - also referred to as the ''auricle'' * ''Pinna'' (bivalve), a genus of bivalve molluscs also known as "pen shells" * Pinna (botany), a primary segment of a compound leaf * ...

, 1858 * '' Pinna menkei''

, 1858 * † '' Pinna mitis'' Phillips, 1829 * † '' Pinna muikadanensis'' Nakazawa, 1961 * ''

Pinna muricata ''Pinna muricata'' is a species of bivalves belonging to the family Pinnidae The Pinnidae are a taxonomic family of large saltwater clams sometimes known as pen shells. They are marine bivalve molluscs in the order Pteriida. Shell descripti ...

Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, t ...

, 1758 * '' Pinna nobilis''

, 1758 -- Grande nacre * † '' Pinna nyainrongensis'' S.-X. Wen, 1979 * † '' Pinna octavia'' Marwick, 1953 * '' Pinna papyracea'' Gmelin, 1791 * † '' Pinna plicata'' Hutton, 1873 (Based on a fragment of a trace fossil called Zoophycus) * '' Pinna rapanui'' Araya & Osorio, 2016 * ''

, 1758 * '' Pinna rugosa'' Sowerby, 1835 * '' Pinna sanguinolenta''

, 1858 * † '' Pinna socialis'' d'Orbigny, 1850 * † '' Pinna subcuneata'' Eichwald, 1865 * † '' Pinna suprajurensis'' d'Orbigny, 1850 * '' Pinna trigonalis'' Pease, 1861 * '' Pinna trigonium'' Dunker, 1852 * '' Pinna wayae'' Schultz & M. Huber, 2013

Nomen nudum

* ''Pinna inflata'' Röding, 1798 * ''Pinna lubrica'' Lightfoot, 1786 * ''Pinna nebulosa'' Lightfoot, 1786 * ''Pinna nigricans'' Lightfoot, 1786 * ''Pinna striata'' Röding, 1798 * ''Pinna tenera'' Lightfoot, 1786 * ''Pinna violacea'' Röding, 1798

Nomen dubium

* ''Pinna atrata'' Clessin, 1891 * ''Pinna bullata'' Gmelin, 1791 * ''Pinna marginata''

, 1819 * ''Pinna minax'' Hanley, 1858 * ''Pinna rollei'' Clessin, 1891 * ''Pinna rostellum'' Hanley, 1858 * ''Pinna rotundata''

, 1758 * ''Pinna sanguinea'' Gmelin, 1791 * ''Pinna virgata'' Menke, 1843

Synonyms

* ''Pinna squamosissima'' Philippi, 1849: synonym of ''

Atrina serrata ''Atrina serrata'', or saw-toothed pen shell, is a species of bivalve mollusc in the family Pinnidae. It can be found along the Atlantic coast of North America, ranging from North Carolina to Texas and the West Indies The West Indies is a ...

'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1825) * ''Pinna strangei''

, 1858: synonym of ''

Atrina strangei ''Atrina'' is a cosmopolitan genus of bivalve molluscs belonging to the family Pinnidae. A typical species is '' A. fragilis'', found in British waters. '' A. rigida'' (Lightfoot, 1786) is found on the southeast coast of North America and in the ...

'' (Reeve, 1858) * ''Pinna stutchburii''

, 1859: synonym of ''

'' Reeve, 1858 * ''Pinna subviridis''

, 1858: synonym of ''

Atrina seminuda ''Atrina seminuda'', the half-naked pen shell, is a species of bivalve mollusc in the family Pinnidae. Description It is characterized by a large shell between about 150–200 mm in triangular or wedge, the leaflets have ornamentations form ...

'' (Lamarck, 1819) * ''Pinna tasmanica'' Tenison-Woods, 1876: synonym of '' Atrina tasmanica'' (Tenison Woods, 1876) * ''Pinna truncata'' Philippi, 1844: synonym of '' Atrina fragilis'' (Pennant, 1777) * ''Pinna tuberculosa'' Sowerby, 1835: synonym of ''

Atrina tuberculosa ''Atrina'' is a cosmopolitan genus of bivalve molluscs belonging to the family Pinnidae. A typical species is '' A. fragilis'', found in British waters. '' A. rigida'' (Lightfoot, 1786) is found on the southeast coast of North America and in the ...

'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835) * ''Pinna varicosa''

, 1819: synonym of ''

'' Gmelin, 1791 * ''Pinna vespertina''

, 1858: synonym of ''

'' G. B. Sowerby I, 1825 * ''Pinna vexillum'' Born, 1778: synonym of ''

Atrina vexillum ''Atrina'' is a cosmopolitan genus of bivalve molluscs belonging to the family Pinnidae. A typical species is '' A. fragilis'', found in British waters. '' A. rigida'' (Lightfoot, 1786) is found on the southeast coast of North America and in the ...

'' (Born, 1778) * ''Pinna vitrea'' Gmelin, 1791: synonym of ''

Streptopinna saccata ''Streptopinna'' is an Indo-Pacific genus of bivalve mollusc Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species ...

'' (Linnaeus, 1758) * ''Pinna vulgaris'' Roissy, 1804: synonym of '' Pinna nobilis'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Pinna whitechurchi'' Turton, 1932: synonym of '' Atrina squamifera'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835) * ''Pinna zebuensis''

, 1858: synonym of ''

'' Linnaeus, 1758 * ''Pinna zelandica'' Gray, 1835: synonym of ''

Atrina zelandica ''Atrina zelandica'', one of several species known as the horse mussel, is a large species of saltwater clam in the family Pinnidae, the pen shells. This species is found around New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island cou ...

'' (Gray, 1835) Image:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318944 - Pinna angustana Lamarck, 1819 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, ''

'' Image:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.MOLL.414274 - Pinna atropurpurea Sowerby , 1825 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, ''

'' Image:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318930 - Pinna attenuata Reeve, 1858 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, ''

'' Image:Pinna bicolor Razor clam P1182475.JPG, '' Pinna bicolor'' Image:Pinna carnea no.1.jpg, ''

'' Image:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318959 - Pinna deltodes Menke, 1843 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna deltodes'' Image:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318949 - Pinna electrina Reeve, 1858 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna electrina'' Image:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.MOLL.414491 - Pinna incurva Gmelin, 1791 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna incurva'' Image:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318885 - Pinna muricata Linnaeus, 1758 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, ''

'' Image:Pinna pectinata.jpg, '' Pinna nobilis'' Image:Pinnidae - Pinna rudis.JPG, ''

'' Image:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - ZMA.MOLL.414295 - Pinna rugosa Sowerby, 1835 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna rugosa'' Image:Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.MOL.318953 - Pinna trigonium Dunker, 1852 - Pinnidae - Mollusc shell.jpeg, '' Pinna trigonium''

References

*Frank H.T. Rodes, Herbert S. Zim en Paul R. Shaffer (1993) - Natuurgids Fossielen (het ontstaan, prepareren en rangschikken van fossielen), Zuidnederlandse Uitgeverij N.V., Aartselaar. ISBN D-1993-0001-361 *Cyril Walker & David Ward (1993) - Fossielen: Sesam Natuur Handboeken, Bosch & Keuning, Baarn. * * * Coan, E. V.; Valentich-Scott, P. (2012). Bivalve seashells of tropical West America. Marine bivalve mollusks from Baja California to northern Peru. 2 vols, 1258 pp. * Schultz, P. W.; Huber, M. (2013). Revision of the worldwide Recent Pinnidae and some remarks of fossil European Pinnidae. Acta Conchyliorum. 13: 1-164.

External links

Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata

Mörch, O. A. L. (1852-1853). Catalogus conchyliorum quae reliquit D. Alphonso d'Aguirra & Gadea Comes de Yoldi, Regis Daniae Cubiculariorum Princeps, Ordinis Dannebrogici in Prima Classe & Ordinis Caroli Tertii Eques. Fasc. 1, Cephalophora, 170 pp. [1852
Fasc. 2, Acephala, Annulata, Cirripedia, Echinodermata, 74 [+2] pp. [1853]. Hafniae [Copenhagen]: L. Klein]
Children J. G. (1822-1823). Lamarck's genera of shells. Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature and the Arts (London), 14(27): 64-87, pl. 3-4 [ottobre 1822
14(28): 298-322, pl. 5-6 [gennaio 1823]; 15(29): 23-52, pl. 2-3 [aprile 1823]; 15(30): 216-258, pl. 7-8 [luglio 1823]; 16 (31): 49-79, pl. 5 [ottobre 1823]; 16 (32): 241-264, pl. 6 [dicembre 1823]. [Vedi anche Kennard, Salisbury & Woodward, 1931],] Pinnidae Bivalve genera Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus {{bivalve-stub