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''Phyllocnistis'' is a genus of
''Phyllocnistis citrella''.
EENY-38. University of Florida IFAS. Published 1998, revised 2013.
*'' P. abatiae''
*'' P. acmias''
*'' P. ampelopsiella''
*'' P. amydropa''
*'' P. argentella''
*'' P. argothea''
*'' P. atractias''
*'' P. atranota''
*'' P. aurilinea''
*'' P. baccharidis''
*'' P. bourquini''
*'' P. breynilla''
*'' P. canariensis''
*'' P. cassiella''
*'' P. chlorantica''
*'' P. chrysophthalma''
*'' P. cirrhophanes''
*'' P. citrella''
*'' P. citronympha''
*'' P. cornella''
*'' P. diaugella''
*'' P. dichotoma''
*'' P. diplomochla''
*'' P. dorcas''
*'' P. drimiphaga''
*'' P. echinodes''
*'' P. embeliella''
*'' P. endoxa''
*'' P. ephimera''
*'' P. eurymochla''
*'' P. exaeta''
*'' P. exiguella''
*'' P. extrematrix''
*'' P. finitima''
*'' P. habrochroa''
*'' P. hagnopa''
*'' P. hapalodes''
*'' P. helicodes''
*'' P. humiliella''
*'' P. hyperbolacma''
*'' P. hyperpersea''
*'' P. insignis''
*'' P. intermediella''
*'' P. iodocella''
*'' P. labyrinthella''
*'' P. leptomianta''
*'' P. liquidambarisella''
*'' P. liriodendronella''
*'' P. longipalpa''
*'' P. loxosticha''
*'' P. lucernifera''
*'' P. magnatella''
*'' P. magnoliella''
*'' P. maxberryi''
*'' P. meliacella''
*'' P. micrographa''
*'' P. minimella''
*'' P. nepenthae''
*'' P. nymphidia''
*'' P. oxyopa''
*'' P. perseafolia''
*'' P. pharetrucha''
*'' P. phrixopa''
*'' P. populiella''
*'' P. psychina''
*'' P. puyehuensis''
*'' P. ramulicola''
*'' P. rotans''
*'' P. saligna''
*'' P. sciophanta''
*'' P. selenopa''
*'' P. sexangula''
*'' P. signata''
*'' P. spatulata''
*'' P. stereograpta''
*'' P. subpersea''
*'' P. symphanes''
*'' P. synglypta''
*'' P. tectonivora''
*'' P. temperatior''
*'' P. tethys''
*'' P. titania''
*'' P. toparcha''
*'' P. triortha''
*'' P. triploca''
*'' P. tropaeolicola''
*'' P. unipunctella''
*'' P. valentinensis''
*'' P. vitegenella''
*'' P. vitella''
*'' P. vitifoliella''
*'' P. voutei''
*'' P. wampella''
*'' P. wygodzinskyi''
*'' P. xenia''
Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera)
{{Taxonbar, from=Q7188676 Gracillarioidea genera
moth
Moths are a group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not Butterfly, butterflies. They were previously classified as suborder Heterocera, but the group is Paraphyly, paraphyletic with respect to butterflies (s ...
s in the family Gracillariidae
Gracillariidae is an important family of insects in the order Lepidoptera and the principal family of leaf miners that includes several economic, horticultural or recently invasive pest species such as the horse-chestnut leaf miner, ''Cameraria ...
.
Description
Adult
Adults of the genus ''Phyllocnistis'' are very small moths with wingspans generally not exceeding 5 mm. Both fore- and hindwings are lanceolate and predominantly white. The forewings are marked with yellow to orange, longitudinal and oblique striae, often bordered by gray or black. A few species are known to possess much darker or strikingly color patterns. The compound eyes of ''Phyllocnistis'' are reduced, with an interocular index (vertical eye diameter/minimum interocular distance) of approximately 0.9. The maxillary palpi are the most reduced among Gracillariidae, being barely evident as vestigial, non-segmented lobes at the base of the elongate proboscis. The wing venation is also reduced.Larvae
Thelarva
A larva (; : larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into their next life stage. Animals with indirect development such as insects, some arachnids, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase ...
e of ''Phyllocnistis'' are among the most specialized Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera ( ) or lepidopterans is an order (biology), order of winged insects which includes butterflies and moths. About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera have been described, representing 10% of the total described species of living organ ...
. Four instar
An instar (, from the Latin '' īnstar'' 'form, likeness') is a developmental stage of arthropods, such as insects, which occurs between each moult (''ecdysis'') until sexual maturity is reached. Arthropods must shed the exoskeleton in order to ...
s appear to be the norm, with the first three instars possessing a sapfeeding morphology and behavior. Sapfeeding instars create a long serpentine, subepidermal mine
Mine, mines, miners or mining may refer to:
Extraction or digging
*Miner, a person engaged in mining or digging
*Mining, extraction of mineral resources from the ground through a mine
Grammar
*Mine, a first-person English possessive pronoun
M ...
on either the upper or lower surfaces of the host leaf. A few species also form subepidermal mines on stems and various fruits, including avocado
The avocado, alligator pear or avocado pear (''Persea americana'') is an evergreen tree in the laurel family (Lauraceae). It is native to Americas, the Americas and was first domesticated in Mesoamerica more than 5,000 years ago. It was priz ...
. A characteristic, median frass
Frass refers loosely to the more or less solid excreta of insects, and to certain other related matter.
Definition and etymology
''Frass'' is an informal term and accordingly it is variously used and variously defined. It is derived from the ...
trail extends the length of the mine, usually as a dark, unbroken line. The fourth instar is a highly specialized, apodal, non-feeding instar whose primary function is to spin the cocoon, at the mine terminus, prior to pupation.
Pupae
In contrast to the conservative morphology of the larval and adult stages, thepupa
A pupa (; : pupae) is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in their life cycle, the stages th ...
e of ''Phyllocnistis'' are structurally diverse, particularly with regard to the development of the frontal process (cocoon-cutter) of the head. In addition, the mid-dorsal areas of abdominal terga 3–7 possess a mostly symmetrical cluster of recurved spines that frequently differ in their arrangement and form among species.
Ecology
''Phyllocnistis'' can be found on many host plants, and have been noted on plants from at least 20 families. One well-known species is thecitrus leafminer
''Phyllocnistis citrella'', the citrus leafminer, is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is also known as CLM in agriculture. It was described by Henry Tibbats Stainton from India in 1856. It was first found in Florida, United States, in 1993 ...
(''Phyllocnistis citrella''), a pest of plants in the family Rutaceae
The Rutaceae () is a family (biology), family, commonly known as the rueRUTACEAE
in Bo ...
, especially citrus.Heppner, J. Bin Bo ...
''Phyllocnistis citrella''.
EENY-38. University of Florida IFAS. Published 1998, revised 2013.
Species
As of 2012, about 126 ''Phyllocnistis'' species have been described. This is probably a fraction of the true diversity of the genus, especially in the tropics, where there may be hundreds of species yet to be collected.
*'' P. abatiae''
*'' P. acmias''
*'' P. ampelopsiella''
*'' P. amydropa''
*'' P. argentella''
*'' P. argothea''
*'' P. atractias''
*'' P. atranota''
*'' P. aurilinea''
*'' P. baccharidis''
*'' P. bourquini''
*'' P. breynilla''
*'' P. canariensis''
*'' P. cassiella''
*'' P. chlorantica''
*'' P. chrysophthalma''
*'' P. cirrhophanes''
*'' P. citrella''
*'' P. citronympha''
*'' P. cornella''
*'' P. diaugella''
*'' P. dichotoma''
*'' P. diplomochla''
*'' P. dorcas''
*'' P. drimiphaga''
*'' P. echinodes''
*'' P. embeliella''
*'' P. endoxa''
*'' P. ephimera''
*'' P. eurymochla''
*'' P. exaeta''
*'' P. exiguella''
*'' P. extrematrix''
*'' P. finitima''
*'' P. habrochroa''
*'' P. hagnopa''
*'' P. hapalodes''
*'' P. helicodes''
*'' P. humiliella''
*'' P. hyperbolacma''
*'' P. hyperpersea''
*'' P. insignis''
*'' P. intermediella''
*'' P. iodocella''
*'' P. labyrinthella''
*'' P. leptomianta''
*'' P. liquidambarisella''
*'' P. liriodendronella''
*'' P. longipalpa''
*'' P. loxosticha''
*'' P. lucernifera''
*'' P. magnatella''
*'' P. magnoliella''
*'' P. maxberryi''
*'' P. meliacella''
*'' P. micrographa''
*'' P. minimella''
*'' P. nepenthae''
*'' P. nymphidia''
*'' P. oxyopa''
*'' P. perseafolia''
*'' P. pharetrucha''
*'' P. phrixopa''
*'' P. populiella''
*'' P. psychina''
*'' P. puyehuensis''
*'' P. ramulicola''
*'' P. rotans''
*'' P. saligna''
*'' P. sciophanta''
*'' P. selenopa''
*'' P. sexangula''
*'' P. signata''
*'' P. spatulata''
*'' P. stereograpta''
*'' P. subpersea''
*'' P. symphanes''
*'' P. synglypta''
*'' P. tectonivora''
*'' P. temperatior''
*'' P. tethys''
*'' P. titania''
*'' P. toparcha''
*'' P. triortha''
*'' P. triploca''
*'' P. tropaeolicola''
*'' P. unipunctella''
*'' P. valentinensis''
*'' P. vitegenella''
*'' P. vitella''
*'' P. vitifoliella''
*'' P. voutei''
*'' P. wampella''
*'' P. wygodzinskyi''
*'' P. xenia''
References
External links
Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera)
{{Taxonbar, from=Q7188676 Gracillarioidea genera