''Phyllidiopsis'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

sea slugs Sea slug is a common name for some marine invertebrates with varying levels of resemblance to terrestrial slugs. Most creatures known as sea slugs are gastropods, i.e. they are sea snails (marine gastropod mollusks) that, over evolutionary t ...

, dorid

nudibranch Nudibranchs () are a group of soft-bodied marine gastropod molluscs, belonging to the order Nudibranchia, that shed their shells after their larval stage. They are noted for their often extraordinary colours and striking forms, and they have b ...

s, shell-less marine

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusc Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...

s and is the largest genus within the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Phyllidiidae Phyllidiidae is a family (biology), family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Phyllidioidea. This family is within the clade Doridacea (according to the Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouch ...

.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2012)
''Phyllidiopsis''.
Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2012-06-07.

Description

The species in this genus differ from the other genera in this family by possessing an elongate

foregut The foregut in humans is the anterior part of the alimentary canal, from the distal esophagus to the first half of the duodenum, at the entrance of the bile duct. Beyond the stomach, the foregut is attached to the abdominal walls by mesentery. ...

and fused oral tentacles. Phyllidiopsis B12 4571

Distribution

These nudibranchs can be found in the tropical Indo-Pacific region, the eastern Pacific region, in the

Red Sea The Red Sea is a sea inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia. Its connection to the ocean is in the south, through the Bab-el-Mandeb Strait and the Gulf of Aden. To its north lie the Sinai Peninsula, the Gulf of Aqaba, and th ...

, in the

Caribbean Sea The Caribbean Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere, located south of the Gulf of Mexico and southwest of the Sargasso Sea. It is bounded by the Greater Antilles to the north from Cuba ...

and a few in the Northwest

Atlantic Ocean The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the world's five borders of the oceans, oceanic divisions, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth#Surface, Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. During the ...

. About half of the described species can be found in deep waters. Among these deep-water sea slugs, there is a group of white species, lacking all contrasting colors.

Species

There are presently about 30 species in the genus ''Phyllidiopsis'' including : * '' Phyllidiopsis annae'' Brunckhorst, 1993Brunckhorst, D. J. (1993). The systematics and phylogeny of phyllidiid nudibranchs (Doridoidea). Records of the Australian Museum, supplement 16:1-107, pls. 1-9. * '' Phyllidiopsis anomala'' Valdés, 2001 * '' Phyllidiopsis bayi'' (Bouchet, 1983) * '' Phyllidiopsis berghi'' Vayssière, 1902 * '' Phyllidiopsis blanca'' Gosliner & Behrens, 1988 * '' Phyllidiopsis boucheti'' Valdes & Ortea, 1996 * '' Phyllidiopsis brunckhorsti'' Valdés, 2001 * '' Phyllidiopsis burni'' Brunckhorst, 1993 * ''

Phyllidiopsis cardinalis ''Phyllidiopsis cardinalis'' is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Phyllidiidae Phyllidiidae is a family (biology), family of sea slugs, dorid nudibranchs, marine (ocean), marine gas ...

Bergh Bergh is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Gelderland. The municipality included the villages of 's-Heerenberg, Zeddam, and Stokkum. In 2005, it merged with Didam to form the new municipality of Montferland Montferland () i ...

, 1876 : type species of the genus ''Phyllidiopsis'' * '' Phyllidiopsis circularis'' Valdés, 2001 * '' Phyllidiopsis crucifera'' Valdés, 2001 * '' Phyllidiopsis dautzenbergi'' (Vayssière, 1912) * '' Phyllidiopsis fissurata'' Brunckhorst, 1993 * '' Phyllidiopsis futunai'' Valdés, 2001 * '' Phyllidiopsis gemmata'' Pruvot-Fol, 1957Pruvot-Fol, A. (1957). Révision de la famille des Phyllidiadae. IIe Partie. Journal de Conchyliologie 97:104-135, pl. 1. ; p. 115 * '' Phyllidiopsis holothuriana'' Valdés, 2001 * '' Phyllidiopsis krempfi'' Pruvot-Fol, 1957 * '' Phyllidiopsis loricata'' (

, 1873) * '' Phyllidiopsis lozoueti'' Valdés, 2001 * '' Phyllidiopsis macrotuberculata'' Valdés, 2001 * '' Phyllidiopsis monacha'' (Yonow, 1986) * '' Phyllidiopsis neocaledonica'' Valdés, 2001 * '' Phyllidiopsis phiphiensis'' Brunckhorst, 1993 * '' Phyllidiopsis pipeki'' Brunckhorst, 1993 * '' Phyllidiopsis quadrilineata'' (Bergh, 1905) * '' Phyllidiopsis richeri'' Valdés, 2001 * '' Phyllidiopsis shireenae'' Brunckhorst, 1990 * '' Phyllidiopsis sinaiensis'' (Yonow, 1988) * '' Phyllidiopsis sphingis'' Brunckhorst, 1993 * '' Phyllidiopsis vanuatuensis'' Valdés, 2001 * '' Phyllidiopsis xishaensis'' (Lin, 1983) ;Species brought into synonymy: * ''Phyllidiopsis carinata'' Eliot, 1910 : synonym of '' Phyllidia ocellata'' Cuvier, 1804 * ''Phyllidiopsis fissuratus'' Brunckhorst, 1993: synonym of ''Phyllidiopsis fissurata'' Brunckhorst, 1993 (incorrect gender agreement of specific epithet) * ''Phyllidiopsis gynenopla'' Bouchet, 1977: synonym of ''Phyllidiopsis berghi'' Vayssière, 1902 * ''Phyllidiopsis molaensis'' Meyer, 1977 accepted as ''Phyllidiella molaensis'' (Meyer, 1977) (original combination) * ''Phyllidiopsis papilligera'' Bergh, 1890: synonym of '' Ceratophyllidia papilligera'' (Bergh, 1890) * ''Phyllidiopsis striata'' Bergh, 1888: synonym of '' Phyllidiella striata'' (Bergh, 1890) A maximum-parsimony analysis of the

nucleotide sequence A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule. This succession is denoted by a series of a set of five different letters that indicate the order of the nu ...

of the 16S mtDNA

gene In biology, the word gene has two meanings. The Mendelian gene is a basic unit of heredity. The molecular gene is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that is transcribed to produce a functional RNA. There are two types of molecular genes: protei ...

, performed in 2003, has shown that the genus ''Phyllidiopsis'' is

paraphyletic Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages. The grouping is said to be paraphyletic ''with respect to'' the excluded subgroups. In co ...

. Image:B150510.jpg, '' Phyllidiopsis annae'' Image:Phyllidiopsis cardinalis (Nudibranch).jpg, ''

'' Image:Phyllidiopsis fissuratus.jpg, '' Phyllidiopsis fissuratus'' Image:Phyllidiopsis gemmata.JPG, '' Phyllidiopsis gemmata'' Image:Phyllidiopsis krempfi Bali.jpg, '' Phyllidiopsis krempfi'' Image:Phyllidiopsis loricata.jpg, '' Phyllidiopsis loricata'' Image:B140718.jpg, '' Phyllidiopsis phiphiensis'' Image:Phyllidiopsis pipeki (2).jpg, '' Phyllidiopsis pipeki'' Image:Phyllidiopsis shireenae.jpg, '' Phyllidiopsis shireenae'' Image:B12 4775.jpg, '' Phyllidiopsis xishaensis'' Image:Phyllidiopsis sp1.jpg, ''Phyllidiopsis sp.'' 1 File:2016, wakatobi, spiral corner, conversations (31350525771).jpg, Phyllidiopsis unknown species at

Wakatobi National Park Wakatobi National Park is a marine national park in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. It was established in 2002. The name of Wakatobi is a portmanteau of the four main Tukangbesi Islands: Wangi-wangi, Kaledupa, Tomia, and Binongko. Since 2005 t ...

, 2016

References

Bibliography

*Bergh, L. S. R. (1889). Malacologische Untersuchungen. In: Reisen im Archipel der Philippinen von Dr. Carl Gottfried Semper. Zweiter Theil. Wissenschaftliche Resultate. Band 2, Theil 3, Heft 16, 2 Hälfte, pp. 815–872, pls. 82–84.; p. 859 *Bergh, L. S. R. (1890). Report on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico (1877–1878), and in the Caribbean Sea (1879–1880), by the U.S. Coast Survey steamer “Blake”, Lieut.-Commander C. D. Sigsbee, U.S.N., and Commander J. R. Bartlett, U.S.N., commanding. Report on the nudibranchs. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 19(3):155-181, pls. 1–3. ; p. 175 *Bergh, L. S. R. (1892). Die Nudibranchiata holohepatica porostomata. Verhandlungen der königlich-kaiserlich Zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien Abhandlungen) 42:1-16. ; p. 16 *Bergh, L. S. R. 1897. Opisthobranchiaten. Ergebnisse einer Forschungsreise in den Molukken und Borneo, im Aufträge der Senckenbergischen naturforshenden Gesellschaft ausgeführt von Dr. Willy Kukenthal. Abhandlungen Herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 24(1):95-130, pls. 12–13. ; p. 112 * Eliot, C. N. E. (1906). Nudibranchiata, with some remarks on the families and genera and description of a new genus, ''Doridomorpha'', pp. 540–573, pl. 32. In: J. Stanley Gardiner (Ed.) The fauna and geography of the Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagoes, being the account of the work carried on and of the collections made by an expedition during the years 1899 and 1900, vol. 2. ; p. 563 *Marcus, Ev., & Er. Marcus. (1962). Opisthobranchs from Florida and the Virgin Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science Gulf & Caribbean 12(3):450-488. ; p. 478 *Pruvot-Fol, A. (1954). Mollusques Opisthobranches. Faune de France, Paris 58:1-460, pl. 1; p. 329 *Vayssière, A. J. B. M. (1913). Mollusques de la France et des régions voisines, tome premier, amphineures, gasteropodes opisthobranches, heteropodes, marseniades et oncidiides. Encyclopedie Scientifique, publiee sous la direction du Dr. Toulouse, Bibliothèque de Zoologie Doin, Paris, pp. 1–420, I-XII, pls. 1-37. udibranchia pp. 243–365; p. 364 *Yonow N. (2012
Opisthobranchs from the western Indian Ocean, with descriptions of two new species and ten new records (Mollusca, Gastropoda).
ZooKeys 197: 1–129. [22 May 2012]. {{Taxonbar, from=Q2784851 Phyllidiidae Gastropod genera