In
Russian phonology
This article discusses the phonology, phonological system of standard language, standard Russian language, Russian based on the Moscow dialect (unless otherwise noted). For an overview of dialects in the Russian language, see Russian dialects. Mo ...
and in some other languages, a phonetic word (, ) is a sequence of
morpheme
A morpheme is any of the smallest meaningful constituents within a linguistic expression and particularly within a word. Many words are themselves standalone morphemes, while other words contain multiple morphemes; in linguistic terminology, this ...
s clustered around one
nuclear stress. A phonetic word may contain more than one
lexical item
In lexicography, a lexical item is a single word, a part of a word, or a chain of words (catena (linguistics), catena) that forms the basic elements of a language's lexicon (≈ vocabulary). Examples are ''cat'', ''traffic light'', ''take ca ...
.
[Paul Cubberley, ''Russian: A Linguistic Introduction'']
p. 67
/ref>
Russian language
It may consist of a single content word Content words, in linguistics, are words that possess semantic content and contribute to the meaning of the sentence in which they occur. In a traditional approach, nouns were said to name objects and other entities, lexical verbs to indicate acti ...
and adjacent clitic
In morphology and syntax, a clitic ( , backformed from Greek "leaning" or "enclitic"Crystal, David. ''A First Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics''. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1980. Print.) is a morpheme that has syntactic characteristics of a ...
s (function word
In linguistics, function words (also called functors) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning and express grammatical relationships among other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speak ...
s). It may include a proclitic (''на диване'', on the sofa), an enclitic (''читал бы'', "whether would read"), or even both: ''у нас бы'', ''по Москве ли''.[В.Б. Касевич, Е.В. Ягунов]
Ударение и фонетическое слово в русском языке
/ref>
In most cases an accent falls on a syllable of the content word, never on the enclitic, and in rare cases it may fall on the proclitic leaving the content word unstressed:[ на горе́ (on a hill) vs. на́ гору (onto a hill). In modern standard Russian there is a tendency to abandon putting accent on the proclitic.][ Still, this is preserved in phraseologisms, such as ''поверить на́ слово'' ("take the word") or ''схватиться за́ голову'' ("to become puzzled, scared", "to repent or become sorry belatedly", literally "to clutch one's own head").
The unstressed content words are the vestige of the ]Old East Slavic
Old East Slavic (traditionally also Old Russian) was a language (or a group of dialects) used by the East Slavs from the 7th or 8th century to the 13th or 14th century, until it diverged into the Russian language, Russian and Ruthenian language ...
/protoslavic
Proto-Slavic (abbreviated PSl., PS.; also called Common Slavic or Common Slavonic) is the unattested, reconstructed proto-language of all Slavic languages. It represents Slavic speech approximately from the 2nd millennium BC through the 6th ...
prosodic
In linguistics, prosody () is the study of elements of speech, including intonation (linguistics), intonation, stress (linguistics), stress, Rhythm (linguistics), rhythm and loudness, that occur simultaneously with individual phonetic segments: v ...
feature called enclinomenon ( w:ru:энклиномен), a word or group of words without stress.[
The concept of the phonetic word is important because quality, intensity and duration of vowels in unstressed syllables (]vowel reduction
In phonetics, vowel reduction is any of various changes in the acoustic ''quality'' of vowels as a result of changes in stress, sonority, duration, loudness, articulation, or position in the word (e.g. for the Muscogee language), and which ar ...
) depend on their location in relation to this stressed syllable.
The concept of phonetic word should not be confused with loss of stress in rhythmic speech, e.g., in poetry, in trisyllabic metrical feet
The foot is the basic repeating rhythmic unit that forms part of a line of verse in most Indo-European traditions of poetry, including English accentual-syllabic verse and the quantitative meter of classical ancient Greek and Latin poetry. Th ...
:
*Не спеши́ написа́ть ''мне не то́''
*''Есть прокля́тье'' заве́тов свяще́нных
French language
In French language the concept of ''mot phonétique'' (also translated as phonological phrase['Natural Phonology: The State of the Art'']
p.282
/ref>) was introduced by François Wioland in 2005.[Michel Billières]
Le « mot phonétique »
/ref>[WIOLAND, F. 2005. La vie sociale des sons du français Paris, L’Harmattan, 216 p][MOOC « Sons, communication & parole » EN FRANÇAIS, ON PARLE PAR MOTS PHONETIQUES]
Université Toulouse – Jean Jaurès, 19 January 2018
Les mots phonétiques sont des unités minimales de production et de perception qui signifient, que l’on peut observer dans les communications verbales, sans référence consciente à l’écrit, comme le sont les échanges et dialogues spontanés, soit présentiels, soit téléphoniques[
(Phonetic words are minimal units of production and perception which have a definite meaning, which can be observed in verbal communications, without conscious reference in writing, as are spontaneous exchanges and dialogues, either face-to-face or by telephone.
]
A phonemic word has the following characteristics:[
*It contains a small number of syllables
*Internal syllables are less important for understanding and the meaning is clear from the context
*The last syllable is pronounced stressed (accented and prolonged)
Examples:][
*Single-syllable: oui; vous
*Two-syllable: bonjour; sans blague! - Stress: da daaa
*Three-syllable tout a fait; au retour - Stress: da da daaa
*Four-syllable: sans aucun doute - Stress: da da da daaa
*Six-syllable: il est américain - Stress: da da da da da daaaDie Laute im Französischen]
/ref>
Examples of phrases that consist of two three-syllable phonetic words: "ces enfants sont petits"; "il est bon en français"; "vous avez entendu?"[
''Mots phonétiques'' can have secondary accents. However the syllable preceding the main accent completely loses its accent. Also, accents tend to alternate, i.e., there will be a sequence of unaccented sylables, rather than a sequence of accented syllables. This principle is called "accent clash avoidance." According to this principle, if an utterance is grammatically split into, e.g., two ''mots phonétiques'', then if the second one is monosyllable, the two are pronounced as one ''mot phonétique''.][
''Mots phonétiques'' should be distinguished from rhythmic groups (groupes rythmiques).
]
See also
*
*Syntagma (linguistics)
In linguistics, a syntagma is an elementary constituent segment within a text. Such a segment can be a phoneme, a word, a grammatical phrase, a sentence, or an event within a larger narrative structure, depending on the level of analysis. Synta ...
*Phonological word
The phonological word or prosodic word (also called pword, PrWd; symbolised as ω) is a constituent in the phonological hierarchy. It is higher than the syllable and the foot but lower than intonational phrase and the phonological phrase. It i ...
References
{{reflist
Phonetics
Russian language
French language