''Phalium'',
common name
In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often con ...
the bonnet shells, is a
genus
Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...
of large
sea snail
Sea snails are slow-moving marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusca, molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the Taxonomic classification, taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguishe ...
s,
marine gastropod
Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda ().
This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...
mollusc
Mollusca is a phylum of protostome, protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant taxon, extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum ...
s in the subfamily
Phaliinae of the
family
Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...
Cassidae
The Cassidae are a taxonomic family of medium-sized, large, and sometimes very large sea snails commonly called helmet snails or bonnet snails. These are marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Tonnoidea and the clade Littorinimorpha.Gofas ...
, the helmet shells, bonnet shells and their allies.
[MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Phalium Link, 1807. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=137749 on 2022-01-02]
Taxonomy
Abbott (1968) held a very comprehensive concept of the genus ''Phalium'', to include all the species of the subfamily Phaliinae except those included in ''Casmaria'' H.& A. Adams, 1853. Current authors (Alf, 1997; Beu, 2008) would include in ''Phalium'' only those species which have
varix
A varix (: varices) is an abnormally dilated blood vessel with a tortuous course. Varices usually occur in the venous system, but may also occur in arterial or lymphatic vessels.
Examples of varices include:
* Varicose veins, large tortuous veins ...
es all along the
spire
A spire is a tall, slender, pointed structure on top of a roof of a building or tower, especially at the summit of church steeples. A spire may have a square, circular, or polygonal plan, with a roughly conical or pyramidal shape. Spire ...
and have spines around the outer edge of the terminal varix as in ''Casmaria''. Species with predominantly spiral
sculpture
Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. Sculpture is the three-dimensional art work which is physically presented in the dimensions of height, width and depth. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sc ...
and with only a terminal varix without spines are currently classified in ''Semicassis''
Mörch, 1852 but often cited under ''Phalium''.
Species
According to the
World Register of Marine Species
The World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) is a taxonomic database that aims to provide an authoritative and comprehensive catalogue and list of names of marine organisms.
Content
The content of the registry is edited and maintained by scien ...
(WoRMS), the following species with valid names are included within the genus ''Phalium'' :
* ''
Phalium areola''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''
Phalium bandatum''
(Perry, 1811)
* ''
Phalium decussatum''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''
Phalium evdoxiae''
H. Morrison, 2016
* ''
Phalium exaratum''
(Reeve, 1848)
* ''
Phalium fimbria''
(Gmelin, 1791)
* ''
Phalium flammiferum''
(Röding, 1798)
* ''
Phalium glaucum
''Phalium glaucum'', common name the grey bonnet or glaucus bonnet, is a species of large sea snail, a marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusk in the family (biology), family Cassidae, the helmet snails and bonnet snails.
Distribution
This spec ...
''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* † ''
Phalium menkrawitense''
Beets, 1941
* ''
Phalium muangmani''
Raybaudi Massilia & Prati Musetti, 1995
;Species brought into synonymy:
* ''Phalium adcocki''
(G. B. Sowerby III, 1896): synonym of ''
Semicassis adcocki''
(G. B. Sowerby III, 1896)
* ''Phalium agnitum''
Iredale, 1927: synonym of ''Phalium areola''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Phalium andersoni''
Abbott, 1968: synonym of ''
Echinophoria hadra'' (Woodring & Olsson, 1957)
* ''Phalium bisulcatum''
(Schubert & J. A. Wagner, 1829): synonym of ''
Semicassis bisulcata''
(Schubert & J. A. Wagner, 1829)
* ''Phalium breviculum''
Tsi & Ma, 1980: synonym of ''Phalium flammiferum''
(Röding, 1798)
* ''Phalium cicatricosum''
(Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''
Semicassis granulata''
(Born, 1778)
* ''Phalium clathratum''
Link, 1807: synonym of ''Phalium areola''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Phalium coronadoi''
(Crosse, 1867): synonym of ''
Echinophoria coronadoi''
(Crosse, 1867)
* ''Phalium craticulatum''
(Euthyme, 1885): synonym of ''
Semicassis craticulata''
(Euthyme, 1885)
* ''Phalium decipiens''
Kilburn, 1980: synonym of ''
Semicassis decipiens''
(Kilburn, 1980) (original combination)
* ''Phalium denisi''
Salmon, 1948: synonym of ''
Semicassis angasi''
(Iredale, 1927)
* ''Phalium edentulum''
Link, 1807: synonym of ''
Casmaria erinaceus''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Phalium extinctum''
Link, 1807: synonym of ''Phalium areola''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Phalium faurotis''
(Jousseaume, 1888): synonym of ''
Semicassis faurotis''
(Jousseaume, 1888)
* ''Phalium fibratum''
P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1920 †: synonym of ''
Semicassis fibrata''
(P. Marshall & Murdoch, 1920) †
* ''Phalium fimbriata''
(Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''
Phalium fimbria''
(Gmelin, 1791) (misspelling)
* ''Phalium glabratum''
(Dunker, 1852): synonym of ''
Semicassis glabrata''
(Dunker, 1852)
* ''Phalium grangei''
Marwick, 1926 †: synonym of ''
Echinophoria grangei''
(Marwick, 1926) †
* ''Phalium granulatum''
(Von Born, 1778): synonym of ''
Semicassis granulata''
(Born, 1778)
* ''Phalium hectori''
Abbott, 1968 †: synonym of ''
Echinophoria pollens''
(Finlay, 1926) †
* ''Phalium iheringi''
Carcelles, 1953: synonym of ''
Semicassis zeylanica''
(Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Phalium inornatum'' Pilsbry, 1895 : synonym of ''
Semicassis inornata'' (Pilsbry, 1895)
* ''Phalium kurodai'' Abbott, 1968 : synonym of ''
Echinophoria wyvillei'' (Watson, 1886)
* ''Phalium labiatum''
(Perry, 1811): synonym of ''
Semicassis labiata''
(Perry, 1811)
* ''Phalium microstoma''
(E. von Martens, 1904): synonym of ''
Semicassis microstoma''
(E. von Martens, 1904)
* ''Phalium pila''
(Reeve, 1848): synonym of ''
Semicassis bisulcata''
(Schubert & J. A. Wagner, 1829)
* ''Phalium ponderosa''
ic synonym of Phalium ponderosum (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''
Casmaria ponderosa''
(Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Phalium ponderosum''
(Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''
Casmaria ponderosa''
(Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Phalium pseudobandatum''
S. K. Tan, H. E. Ng & Nguang, 2013: synonym of ''Phalium bandatum''
(Perry, 1811)
* ''Phalium pyrum''
(Lamarck, 1822): synonym of ''
Semicassis pyrum''
(Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Phalium quadratum''
Link, 1807: synonym of ''
Casmaria ponderosa''
(Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Phalium saburon'' (Bruguière, 1792) : synonym of ''
Semicassis saburon''
(Bruguière, 1792)
* ''Phalium semigranosum''
(Lamarck, 1822): synonym of ''
Semicassis semigranosa''
(Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Phalium skinneri''
Marwick, 1928 †: synonym of ''
Semicassis skinneri''
(Marwick, 1928) †
* ''Phalium stadiale''
(Hedley, 1914): synonym of ''
Semicassis pyrum''
(Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Phalium strigatum''
(Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''Phalium flammiferum''
(Röding, 1798)
* ''Phalium sulcatum''
Link, 1807: synonym of ''Phalium areola''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Phalium torquatum''
Reeve, 1848: synonym of ''
Casmaria ponderosa''
(Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Phalium undulatum''
(Gmelin, 1791): synonym of ''
Semicassis granulata''
(Born, 1778)
* ''Phalium vibex''
Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''
Casmaria erinaceus''
(Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Phalium whitworthi''
Abbott, 1968: synonym of ''
Semicassis whitworthi''
(Abbott, 1968)
References
* Abbott, R.T. (1968). ''The Helmet shells of the world (Cassidae) Part 1. Indo-pacific Mollusca 2(9): 7-201''
* Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). ''European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification''. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213
* Beu A.G. 2008: ''Recent deep-water Cassidae of the world. A revision of Galeodea, Oocorys, Sconsia, Echinophoria and related taxa, with new genera and species (Mollusca, Gastropoda)''. In Héros V., Cowie R.H. & Bouchet P. (eds), Tropical Deep-Sea Benthos 25. Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle 196: 269-387
* Kreipl K. 1997. ''Recent Cassidae''. Christa Hemmen, Wiesbaden, 151 p
Cassidae
{{Cassidae-stub