Panama is a cryptographic primitive which can be used both as a

hash function A hash function is any function that can be used to map data of arbitrary size to fixed-size values. The values returned by a hash function are called ''hash values'', ''hash codes'', ''digests'', or simply ''hashes''. The values are usually ...

and a

stream cipher stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream ( keystream). In a stream cipher, each plaintext digit is encrypted one at a time with the corresponding digit of the keystream ...

, but its hash function mode of operation has been broken and is not suitable for cryptographic use. Based on StepRightUp, it was designed by

Joan Daemen Joan Daemen (; born 1965) is a Belgian cryptographer who co-designed with Vincent Rijmen the Rijndael cipher, which was selected as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in 2001. More recently, he co-designed the Keccak cryptographic hash, wh ...

and Craig Clapp and presented in the paper ''Fast Hashing and Stream Encryption with PANAMA'' on the Fast Software Encryption (FSE) conference 1998. The cipher has influenced several other designs, for example

MUGI In cryptography, MUGI is a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) designed for use as a stream cipher. It was among the cryptographic techniques recommended for Japanese government use by CRYPTREC in 2003, however, has been dropped to "candidat ...

and

SHA-3 SHA-3 (Secure Hash Algorithm 3) is the latest member of the Secure Hash Algorithm family of standards, released by NIST on August 5, 2015. Although part of the same series of standards, SHA-3 is internally different from the MD5-like stru ...

.http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/hash/sha-3/documents/Keccak-slides-at-NIST.pdf On slide 5, it states the "starting point: fixing Panama" The primitive can be used both as a

and a

. The stream cipher uses a 256-bit key and the performance of the cipher is very good reaching 2

cycles per byte Encryption software is software that uses cryptography to prevent unauthorized access to digital information. Cryptography is used to protect digital information on computers as well as the digital information that is sent to other computers over ...

Hash function

As a hash function, collisions have been shown by

Vincent Rijmen Vincent Rijmen (; born 16 October 1970) is a Belgian cryptographer and one of the two designers of the Rijndael, the Advanced Encryption Standard. Rijmen is also the co-designer of the WHIRLPOOL cryptographic hash function, and the block cip ...

et al. in the paper ''Producing Collisions for PANAMA'' presented at FSE 2001. The attack shows a

computational complexity In computer science, the computational complexity or simply complexity of an algorithm is the amount of resources required to run it. Particular focus is given to computation time (generally measured by the number of needed elementary operations) ...

of 2⁸² and with negligible memory requirements. At FSE 2007, Joan Daemen and Gilles Van Assche presented a practical attack on the Panama hash function that generates a collision in 2⁶ evaluations of the state updating function. Guido Bertoni,

, Michaël Peeters, and Gilles Van Assche, at

NIST The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is an agency of the United States Department of Commerce whose mission is to promote American innovation and industrial competitiveness. NIST's activities are organized into physical sc ...

's 2006 Second Cryptographic Hash Workshop, unveiled a Panama variant called RadioGatún. The hash function workings of RadioGatún does not have the known weaknesses that Panama's hash function has. In turn, RadioGatún inspired the new cryptographic standard

References

External links

John Savard's page on Panama
{{Cryptography navbox , hash , stream Stream ciphers Broken hash functions Extendable-output functions

Hash function

See also

References

External links