Pakubuwono X (also transliterated Pakubuwana X, sometimes abbreviated PB X;

Surakarta Surakarta (Javanese script, Javanese: , Pegon script, Pegon: ), known colloquially as Solo (Javanese script, Javanese: ; ), is a major List of regencies and cities of Indonesia, city in Central Java, Indonesia. The city adjoins Karanganyar Reg ...

, 29 November 1866 – Surakarta, 22 February 1939) was, despite his regnal name, the ninth Susuhunan (

Monarch A monarch () is a head of stateWebster's II New College Dictionary. "Monarch". Houghton Mifflin. Boston. 2001. p. 707. Life tenure, for life or until abdication, and therefore the head of state of a monarchy. A monarch may exercise the highest ...

) of

. He reigned from the 1893 to 1939, making him the longest reigning Sunan in the history of Surakarta. He officially succeeded his father, the eighth Sunan, as monarch two weeks after his death on March 30, 1893. He was designated a National Hero of Indonesia for his role in the independence movement.

Birth

His birth name () was Raden Mas Sayyidin Malikul Kusna, son of Pakubuwono IX and his wife Kanjeng Raden Ayu Kustiyah.

Politics

His reign corresponded with the political changes happening in the

Dutch East Indies The Dutch East Indies, also known as the Netherlands East Indies (; ), was a Dutch Empire, Dutch colony with territory mostly comprising the modern state of Indonesia, which Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, declared independence on 17 Au ...

at the time, in particular the growth of local indigenous political organizations such as Budi Utomo and Sarekat Islam of which he and the royal family were patrons.

Family

Pakubuwono X was known to have many concubines, but his main

consort __NOTOC__ Consort may refer to: Music * "The Consort" (Rufus Wainwright song), from the 2000 album ''Poses'' * Consort of instruments, term for instrumental ensembles * Consort song (musical), a characteristic English song form, late 16th–earl ...

was GKR Hemas, the daughter of Sultan Hamengkubuwono VII of

Yogyakarta Yogyakarta is the capital city of the Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by Hamengkubuwono, a monarchy, Yogyakarta is regarded as an importan ...

. He was also known major contributor to improvements at the Royal Graveyard of Imogiri, where he is buried.

Royal consorts

# Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Pakubuwana
born as Gusti Bendara Raden Ajeng Sumarti, daughter of Mangkunegara IV by his principal consort, Kanjeng Bendara Raden Ayu Mangkunegara IV (Bendara Raden Ajeng Dunuk). # Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Hemas
born as Gusti Raden Ajeng Mursudariyah, daughter of Hamengkubuwana VII by his principal consort, Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Kencana.

Notable royal concubines

# Kanjeng Raden Ayu Adipati Sedahmirah # Kanjeng Raden Ayu Himbarukmi # Kanjeng Raden Ayu Riya Suwanda I # Kanjeng Raden Ayu Mandayaratna # Kanjeng Raden Ayu Ratnapurnama # Kanjeng Raden Ayu Riya Mandayarana # Kanjeng Raden Ayu Kiranarukmi I # Kanjeng Raden Ayu Pradaparukmi # Kanjeng Raden Ayu Kiranarukmi II # Kanjeng Raden Ayu Riya Suwanda II # Kanjeng Raden Ayu Riya Ruyastuti # Kanjeng Raden Ayu Suprabhurukmi # Kanjeng Raden Ayu Widiastuti # Kanjeng Raden Ayu Adipati Tasik Wulan

Notable Sons

# Bendara Raden Mas Antasena
son of KRAy. Mandayaratna, styled as Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Harya Hangabehi, then Pakubuwana XI. # Bendara Raden Mas Abimanyu
son of KRAy. Ratnapurnama, styled as Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Harya Kusumayudha. Married to Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Hangger, daughter of Hamengkubuwana VII by his principal consort, Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Hemas. # Bendara Raden Mas Sudhira
son of KRAy. Pradaparukmi, styled as Gusti Pangeran Harya Suryahamijaya. # Bendara Raden Mas Subandana
son of KRAy. Kiranarukmi II, styled as Gusti Pangeran Harya Jatikusuma. He was the first Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army.

Notable Daughter

# Gusti Bendara Raden Ajeng Menuk Kinasih
daughter of KRAy. Ratnapurnama, styled as Gusti Bendara Raden Ayu Ratna Purwasa then Gusti Bendara Raden Ayu Adipati Paku Alam. Married to Paku Alam VII of Yogyakarta. # Gusti Raden Ajeng Kustiyah
daughter of GKR. Hemas, styled as Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Pembayun.

Motorcar

The monarch loved motorcars. In 1894 His Majesty purchased a Benz Victoria Phaeton for a staggering 10,000 guilders, which for comparison purpose, the same amount of money was at the time, could only be obtained by a common manual labourer in three centuries time of labor. This, while proving himself as one of the richest monarch of the land at the time, made him the first person to own a car within the territory of Dutch East Indies, preceding by two years from the first car ownership in the Netherlands mainland. the first public sight of the car is said, due to the car's ability to move by itself without being drawn by horses, left the general mass in such state of fear and awe, that it was nicknamed Kereta Setan ''(literal translation demonic carriage)''. The iconic benz still survives to this day, but was taken out of the country for Amsterdam Motor Show in 1924, presumably after the monarch relinquished the ownership, where it remains in the country to this day as part of an exhibition in Louwman Museum. This in effect made the monarch regarded as a pioneer of the automobile industry in Indonesia. All the while His Majesty continued to expand the growing collection of motorcars, often luxury limousines with big seating capacities to accommodate his big families and entourages while travelling, with some cars is said to still survive in the royal garages in Surakarta, though the condition remains to be a mystery.

Death and funeral train

After PB X's death, his coffin was transported between Surakarta and Yogyakarta by a NIS train. The remaining journey between Yogyakarta and Imogiri was by royal carriage. His coffin's trip to Imogiri was one of the most photographed royal funeral processions of rulers of his era.