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Pakistani English (Paklish, Pinglish, PakEng, en-PK) is a group of
English-language English is a West Germanic language that developed in early medieval England and has since become a English as a lingua franca, global lingua franca. The namesake of the language is the Angles (tribe), Angles, one of the Germanic peoples th ...
varieties spoken in
Pakistan Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...
and among the
Pakistani diaspora Overseas Pakistanis (), or the Pakistani diaspora, refer to Pakistanis who live outside of Pakistan. These include citizens who have migrated to another country as well as people born abroad of Pakistani descent. According to a December 20 ...
. English is the primary language used by the
government of Pakistan The Government of Pakistan () (abbreviated as GoP), constitutionally known as the Federal Government, commonly known as the Centre, is the national authority of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, a federal republic located in South Asia, con ...
, alongside
Urdu Urdu (; , , ) is an Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia. It is the Languages of Pakistan, national language and ''lingua franca'' of Pakistan. In India, it is an Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of Indi ...
, on the national level. While being spoken natively by only a small percentage of the population, it is the primary language used in education, commerce, administration, and the legal and judicial systems. It was first recognised as a distinct variety of South Asian English and designated in the 1970s and 1980s. Pakistani English, similar and related to
Indian English Indian English (IndE, IE) or English (India) is a group of English dialects spoken in the Republic of India and among the Indian diaspora and native to India. English is used by the Government of India for communication, and is enshrined ...
, is slightly different from other varieties of English in respect to vocabulary, accent, and other features.


History

Although British rule in the Subcontinent lasted for almost two hundred years, the areas which lie in what is now Pakistan were amongst the last to be annexed:
Sindh Sindh ( ; ; , ; abbr. SD, historically romanized as Sind (caliphal province), Sind or Scinde) is a Administrative units of Pakistan, province of Pakistan. Located in the Geography of Pakistan, southeastern region of the country, Sindh is t ...
in 1842, Punjab (which initially included the North-West Frontier Province) in 1849, and parts of Baluchistan, including Quetta and the outer regions in 1879, while the rest of the Baluchistan region became a princely state within the
British Empire The British Empire comprised the dominions, Crown colony, colonies, protectorates, League of Nations mandate, mandates, and other Dependent territory, territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It bega ...
. As a result, British English had less time to become part of local culture though it did become part of elite culture as it was used in elite schools and in higher education, as in the rest of Subcontinent. The colonial policies which made English a marker of elite status and the language of power—being used in such domains of power as the civil service, the officer corps of the armed forces, the higher judiciary, universities, prestigious newspapers, radio and entertainment—were due to British policies and the continuation of these policies by Pakistani Governments. The roots of Pinglish in Pakistan can be traced back to the 19th century, when Sir Syed Ahmad Khan encouraged the Muslims to learn English and utilize it as a medium of resistance against the British. In 1947 upon Pakistan's establishment, English became the de facto
official language An official language is defined by the Cambridge English Dictionary as, "the language or one of the languages that is accepted by a country's government, is taught in schools, used in the courts of law, etc." Depending on the decree, establishmen ...
, a position which was formalised in the
Constitution of Pakistan The Constitution of Pakistan ( ; ISO 15919, ISO: '' Āīn-ē-Pākistān''), also known as the 1973 Constitution, is the supreme law of Pakistan. The document guides Pakistan's law, political culture, and system. It sets out the state's outlin ...
of 1973. Together with
Urdu Urdu (; , , ) is an Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia. It is the Languages of Pakistan, national language and ''lingua franca'' of Pakistan. In India, it is an Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of Indi ...
, the two languages are concurrently the official languages of the country. English language continues as the language of power and is also the language with the maximum
cultural capital In the field of sociology, cultural capital comprises the social assets of a person (education, intellect, style of speech, style of dress, social capital, etc.) that promote social mobility in a stratified society. Cultural capital functions as ...
of any language used in Pakistan. It remains much in demand in higher education in
Pakistan Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the Islam by country# ...
. The term ''Pinglish'' was first recorded in 1999, being a blend of the words
Pakistani Pakistanis (, ) are the citizens and nationals of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Pakistan is the fifth-most populous country, with a population of over 241.5 million, having the second-largest Muslim population as of 2023. As much as ...
and English, with the 'e' changed to 'i' to better represent pronunciation. Another colloquial
portmanteau word In linguistics, a blend—also known as a blend word, lexical blend, or portmanteau—is a word formed by combining the meanings, and parts of the sounds, of two or more words together.) Israeli שלט ''shalát'' 'remote control', an ellipsis ...
is ''Paklish'' (recorded from 1997).


Relationship with Indian English

Pakistani English (PE) shares many similarities with
Indian English Indian English (IndE, IE) or English (India) is a group of English dialects spoken in the Republic of India and among the Indian diaspora and native to India. English is used by the Government of India for communication, and is enshrined ...
, but since the
Partition of India The partition of India in 1947 was the division of British India into two independent dominion states, the Dominion of India, Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. The Union of India is today the Republic of India, and the Dominion of Paki ...
, there have been some very obvious differences. Rahman argues that PE is an interference variety of English created by the use of the features of Punjabi, Pashto, Saraiki, Sindhi and other languages spoken in Pakistan. He further divides PE into Anglicised English, which is very similar to the speech and writing of the speakers of British Standard English (BSE), acrolect PE, which is used by Pakistanis educated in English-medium schools, mesolectal PE, which is used by ordinary, Urdu-educated Pakistanis and basilect PE, which is used by people of little formal education, such as guides and waiters. Words and expressions of PE have been noted by a number of scholars, including unique idioms and colloquial expressions as well as accents. Also, like Indian English, Pakistani English has preserved many phrases that are now considered antiquated in Britain.


Use in Pakistan

Urdu and English are Pakistan's official languages. Many street signs, shop signs, business contracts and other activities use English. All documents used by government and court also include English, despite a 2015 order by Pakistan's Supreme Court to replace English at an official level with Urdu. English is most taught to Pakistani students in private schools, and in many cases the medium of instruction is also in English. Although there are also many public schools that teach in the local languages and Urdu, there is a huge emphasis on English as a second language especially in standardised testing. At college and university level, all instructions are typically in English. Pakistan boasts a large English language press and media. All of Pakistan's major dailies are published in or have an edition in English. State-run PTV World is a major English Language News Channel in the country, while previously Dawn News and Tribune 24/7 were other English language news channels with one later switching its language to
Urdu Urdu (; , , ) is an Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia. It is the Languages of Pakistan, national language and ''lingua franca'' of Pakistan. In India, it is an Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of Indi ...
and the other was shut down. Indus News is now another major English language news channel in Pakistan.
Code-switching In linguistics, code-switching or language alternation occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation or situation. These alternations are generally intended to ...
(the concurrent use of more than one language, or language variety, in conversation) is common in urban areas of Pakistan and almost all conversations in whatever language have a present English component. The language of pleading in all courts of Pakistan is also English.


Literature


Grammar

The role of English within the complex multilingual society of Pakistan is far from straightforward: it is used across the country by speakers with various degrees of proficiency; the grammar and phraseology may mimic that of the speaker's first language. While Pakistani speakers of English use idioms peculiar to their homeland (often literal translations of words and phrases from their native languages), this is far less common in proficient speakers, and grammar tends to be quite close to that of
Standard English In an English-speaking country, Standard English (SE) is the variety of English that has undergone codification to the point of being socially perceived as the standard language, associated with formal schooling, language assessment, and off ...
but exhibiting some features of
American English American English, sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of variety (linguistics), varieties of the English language native to the United States. English is the Languages of the United States, most widely spoken lang ...
.


Phonology

Pakistani English
phonology Phonology (formerly also phonemics or phonematics: "phonemics ''n.'' 'obsolescent''1. Any procedure for identifying the phonemes of a language from a corpus of data. 2. (formerly also phonematics) A former synonym for phonology, often pre ...
follows that of
British English British English is the set of Variety (linguistics), varieties of the English language native to the United Kingdom, especially Great Britain. More narrowly, it can refer specifically to the English language in England, or, more broadly, to ...
. It may be rhotic or non-rhotic. Rahman provides a broad introduction to the phonology of Pakistani English. Some common features of PE are:


Consonants

* in almost all regions of Pakistan is realised as and is realised as . * Most PE speakers can not distinguish well between and , pronouncing them both as . * The quality of sound in PE is usually . * Most, if not all, PE speakers do not aspirate their voiceless plosives . * PE does not have ( velarised L) * PE speakers use before vowels in some words where standard Englishes (GenAmE and SSBE) would use , for example, ''"singer"'' is pronounced * PE speakers use after consonants in words where standard Englishes would use , so ''"English"'' is pronounced rather than . * The dental fricatives and are realised as dental stops i.e. and respectively.


Vowels and diphthongs

* The vowel quality of is something closer to * in PE is realised as * The BATH vowel is realised as or * is realised as * The vowel in THOUGHT group (J. C. Wells Lexical sets) is realised by virtually all PE speakers as


Influences

Pakistani English is heavily influenced by Pakistan's languages as well as the English of other nations. In addition the area which is now Pakistan was home to the largest garrisons of the British Indian Army (such as Rawalpindi and Peshawar) and this, combined with the post-partition influence of the Pakistan Military, has ensured that many military terms have entered the local jargon. The type of English taught (and preferred) is
British English British English is the set of Variety (linguistics), varieties of the English language native to the United Kingdom, especially Great Britain. More narrowly, it can refer specifically to the English language in England, or, more broadly, to ...
. The heavy influence and penetration of American culture through television, films and other media has brought in great influences of American English.


Vocabulary and colloquialisms

Pakistani English contains many unique terms, as well as terms which are utilised somewhat differently in Pakistan. For instance, "" is used for
potato chip Potato chips (North American English and Australian English; often just chip) or crisp (British English and Hiberno-English) are thin slices of potato (or a thin deposit of potato paste) that has been deep frying, deep fried, baking, baked, ...
s as well as for French fries (usage of these terms is common in the UK) and "" is used for both lime and lemon. * "" – Respectful way of addressing anyone who is significantly older than oneself: "Uncle, please give way". * Use of ''double'' and ''triple'' for numbers occurring twice or three times in succession (this is also in usage in the UK), especially for a phone number: for example, a phone number 2233344 would be pronounced as "double two, triple three, double four"; however the phone number 2222555 would be pronounced as "double two, double two, triple five". * ''Shopper'' means a shopping bag, rather than a person who is shopping, the latter is referred to as a customer. * ''Petrol pump'' — This term used to refer to a petrol station (gas station). * ''Opening/closing an object'' refers to turning something on or off; this is due to the verbs for to open and to close being the same as the verbs for to turn on and to turn off in Pakistani languages. * ''"Alphabet"'' - can be used to refer to a single letter and ''"alphabets"'' can refer to a group of two or more letters. * The use of "''much''" to emphasize the extent/magnitude of something. e.g. ''very much true'' instead of that's very true and ''too much difficult'' instead of very difficult. * ''Light'' – The term "light" has an additional meaning, referring to electricity. When the power goes out or comes back after an outage, one might say "Light has gone" or "Light's back." * ''Numbers'' – Often used in place of "marks" in an exam. * ''His/her meter has turned'' or ''-is high'' means that the person has lost his/her temper. Usually used for a sudden outburst, one which is construed as unreasonable. * ''Got no lift'' – received no attention or assistance from someone. * ''In-Charge'' – a casual as well as formal title given to unit, group or division heads. * ''Same to same'' – an expression to indicate something is exactly the same as some other thing. * ''On parade'' – being at work or at a set activity. Usually (though not always) in the context of starting something for the first time. For example, ''I have been hired by the company, on parade from next Monday''. * ''Become a direct Sergeant'' – be promoted out of turn/ given responsibility and authority very early. Often in the context that a person is out of his/her depth. For example, ''no wonder that team has failed so badly, leader was a direct Sergeant''. Usually "Sergeant" is replaced by "Havildar" the equivalent rank in the
Pakistan Army The Pakistan Army (, ), commonly known as the Pak Army (), is the Land warfare, land service branch and the largest component of the Pakistan Armed Forces. The president of Pakistan is the Commander-in-chief, supreme commander of the army. The ...
. Also used for upwardly mobile, ambitious or nouveau riche. * ''Miss'' is used to address or refer to female teachers, whatever their marital status, e.g. ''Yes, I have done my homework, Miss.'' Less commonly used to refer to women colleagues or subordinates. (Usage is also common in the UK) * ''Madam'' is used to address and refer to females in positions of authority, usually a superior, e.g. ''Madam has ordered me to get the figures for last year's sales.'' Can also be used as a noun, e.g. ''She is the madam of that department'' meaning she is the head of the department, without it being derogatory. * ''Sir'' is used for a male superior, often combined with their name or used as a noun. E.g. ''Is Sir in?'' or ''Sir Raza wants to see you in his office as soon as possible''. * ''Well left'' – avoided artfully, often a tricky situation; from
cricket Cricket is a Bat-and-ball games, bat-and-ball game played between two Sports team, teams of eleven players on a cricket field, field, at the centre of which is a cricket pitch, pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two Bail (cr ...
, the term "well left" is applied when a batsman chose not to play a potentially dangerous delivery, e.g. ''I well left that offer, it could have caused many problems.'' * ''Threw/Received a googly'' – an unexpected situation arose, a person was surprised, often unpleasantly, e.g. ''had just settled down and then got the googly about the transfer''. From googly, a delivery in cricket. * ''Yorker'' – a sudden, dangerous and potentially devastating situation; similar use to googly, but usually has a certain amount of danger attached to it. ''My mother's heart attack while we were hiking in the mountains hit like a yorker, we were far from any medical help''. Also used in a similar manner; '' bouncer''. All three terms are derived from actual
cricket Cricket is a Bat-and-ball games, bat-and-ball game played between two Sports team, teams of eleven players on a cricket field, field, at the centre of which is a cricket pitch, pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two Bail (cr ...
deliveries, cricket being a popular sport in the country. * ''Hit middle stump'' – did an action in such a manner that there is little room for further action, or a decisive blow, e.g. ''Really hit middle stump last year on that contract''. Also derived from cricket. * ''Master Sahib'', contracted to ''Ma'Sahib'' – used to refer to a master craftsman. The term is now used more frequently to refer to tailors and carpenters. * ''Drinking a cigarette/cigar'' – smoking a cigarette. This is due to the verbs for smoking being the same as the verbs for drinking in Pakistani languages. * ''Elder'' – used as a comparative adjective in the sense of ''older''. For example, "I am elder to you", instead of "I am older than you." * ''Even'' – ''as well/also/too'': "Even I didn't know how to do it." This usage of ''even'' is borrowed from native grammatical structure. * ''Graduation'' – completion of a bachelor's degree (as in the UK): "I did my graduation at Presidency College" ("I earned my
bachelor's degree A bachelor's degree (from Medieval Latin ''baccalaureus'') or baccalaureate (from Modern Latin ''baccalaureatus'') is an undergraduate degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to six years ...
at Presidency College"), whereas in the United States it refers to completion of Highschool, Master's or PhD as well. * ''Paining'' – ''hurting'' would be correct in Standard American and British: "My head is paining." * ''Shirtings and suitings'' – the process of making such garments; a suffix in names of shops specialising in men's formal/business wear. * ''Timings'' – hours of operation; scheduled time, such as ''office timings'' or ''train timings'', as opposed to the standard usage such as "The timing of his ball delivery is very good." * ''
Gentry Gentry (from Old French , from ) are "well-born, genteel and well-bred people" of high social class, especially in the past. ''Gentry'', in its widest connotation, refers to people of good social position connected to Landed property, landed es ...
'' – generalised term for social class – not specifically 'high social class'. The use of 'good', 'bad', 'high' and 'low' prefixed to 'gentry' is common. * '' mutton'' –
goat meat Goat meat is the meat of the domestic goat (''Capra hircus''). The term 'goat meat' denotes meat of older animals, while meat from young goats is called 'kid meat'. In South Asian cuisine, goat meat is called mutton, along with sheep meat.''O ...
instead of sheep meat. Words unique to (i.e. not generally well known outside South Asia) and/or popular in Pakistan include those in the following by no means exhaustive list: * ''straight fire'' to describe shooting a firearm aimed directly at someone as opposed to warning shots aimed away from the target. * ''batchmate'' or ''batch-mate'' (not classmate, but a schoolmate of the same grade) * ''compass box'' for a box holding mathematical instruments like compasses, divider, scale, protractor etc.; also widely referred to as a "geometry box" * ''cousin-brother'' (male
first cousin A cousin is a relative who is the child of a parent's sibling; this is more specifically referred to as a first cousin. A parent of a first cousin is an aunt or uncle. More generally, in the lineal kinship, kinship system used in the English-s ...
) and ''cousin-sister'' (female first cousin) * ''overhead bridge'' (bridge meant for pedestrians) * ''flyover'' (overpass or an over-bridge over a section of road or train tracks) * ''godown'' (warehouse) * ''godman'' somewhat pejorative word for a person who claims to be divine or who claims to have supernatural powers * ''gully'' to mean a narrow lane or alley (from the Hindi word "gali" meaning the same). * ''long-cut'' (the opposite of "short-cut", in other words, taking the longest route). * ''mugging/cramming'' or ''mugging up'' (memorising, usually referring to learning "by rote", as used in British English and having nothing to do with street crime, that the expression might also mean in British/American English). * ''nose-screw'' (woman's nose-ring) * '' prepone'' (The "opposite" of postpone, that is to change a meeting to be earlier). Many dictionaries have added this word. * '' tiffin box'' for lunch box. The word is also commonly used to mean a between-meal snack. * ''BHK'' is real-estate terminology for "Bedroom, Hall and Kitchen", used almost exclusively in housing size categorisation. "Hall" refers to the living room, which is highlighted separately from other rooms. For instance, a 2BHK apartment has a total of three rooms – two bedrooms and a living room. * ''co-brother'' indicates relationship between two men who are married to sisters, as in "He is my co-brother" * ''co-inlaws'' indicates relationship between two sets of parents whose son and daughter are married, as in "Our co-inlaws live in Karachi." * ''co-sister'' indicates relationship between two women who are married to brothers, as in "She is my co-sister" * ''boss'' is a term used to refer to a male stranger such as shopkeeper: "Boss, what is the cost of that pen?" * '' vote-bank'' is a term commonly used during the elections in Pakistan, implying a particular bloc or community of people inclined to cast their votes for a political party that promises to deliver policies favouring them. * ''pant'' – Trousers * ''Mess'' – A dining hall, especially used by students at a dormitory. "Mess" is also used in reference to eateries catering primarily to a working class population. Originated from the military term of similar meaning. * ''
Eve teasing In India, eve teasing is a euphemism, primarily occurring in Indian English, used for public sexual harassment or sexual assault of women by men. The name "Eve" alludes to the Bible's Creation myth, creation story concerning Adam and Eve. Consi ...
'' – Verbal sexual harassment of women. * ''"Where are you put up?"'' means 'Where are you currently staying?". * "''Out of station''": "out of town". This phrase has its origins in the posting of army officers to particular "stations" during the days of the
East India Company The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company that was founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to Indian Ocean trade, trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (South A ...
. * "''acting pricey''": playing "hard to get", being snobbish. * "'' pass out''" is meant to graduate, as in "''I passed out of the university in 1995''". In American/British English, this usage is limited to graduating out of military academies. * "''tight slap''" to mean "hard slap". * ''Time-pass'' – Doing something for leisure but with no intention or target/satisfaction, procrastination, pastime. * ''Time-waste '' – Something that is a waste of time; procrastination. Presumably not even useful for leisure. * ''Pindrop silence'' – Extreme silence (quiet enough to hear a pin drop). * ''chargesheet:'' n. formal charges filed in a court; v. to file charges against someone in court * redressal: n. redress, remedy, reparation * "Hill Station" – mountain resort. * "stepney" refers to a spare tyre. The word is a genericised trademark originating from the ''Stepney Spare Motor Wheel'', itself named after Stepney Street, in
Llanelli ; ) is a market town and community (Wales), community in Carmarthenshire and the Preserved counties of Wales, preserved county of Dyfed, Wales. It is on the estuary of the River Loughor and is the largest town in the Principal areas of Wales, ...
, Wales. * Cooling glasses – sunglasses * "cent per cent", "cent percent" – "100 percent/100 per cent" as in "He got cent per cent in math/maths". * "loose motion" – diarrhoea * "''papers''" – Examination or tests in any educational institution. * "''expire''" – To die, especially in reference to one's family member. * "''bunking''" – To skip class without permission, compare UK ''bunking off'' * "''carrying''" – to be pregnant, as in "She is carrying". * "pressurise" – to put pressure on someone, to influence. * "club" or "clubbing" – To merge or put two things together. "Just club it together." * "cantonment" – permanent military installation. * "taking an exam/test" as opposed to "taking/writing an exam", a phrase more commonly used in the US and Canada. ("giving a test" is used to refer to a person who is going to conduct the test) * "register" as opposed to "notebook", a phrase more commonly used in the US. * "copy" is used for notebook. * "lady finger" is used for okra. Words which are considered archaic in some varieties of English, but are still in use in Pakistani English: * ''Curd'' – ''yogurt'' * ''Dicky/Dickey/Digy'' – the trunk of a car (also ''obs'' "dicky seat" UK). * ''In tension'' – being concerned or nervous. Phrased another way, "He is taking too much tension". Found in eighteenth-century British English. * ''Into'' – ''multiplied by'', as in ''2 into 2 equals 4'', rather than ''2 times 2 is 4'', which is more common in other varieties of English. The use of ''into'' dates back to the fifteenth century, when it had been common in British English.multiply, v., Oxford English Dictionary, 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009 * '' ragging'' – also used in public schools in the UK, hazing (US). * Use of ''thrice'', meaning "three times", is common in Pakistani English. * Use of the phrases ''like nothing'' or ''like anything'' to express intensity. For example, "These people will cheat you like anything". Such usage was part of colloquial English language in seventeenth century Britain and America.like, a., adv. (conj.), and n.2, Oxford English Dictionary, 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=like%20anything Reference.com. Retrieved 1 July 2009 * Word pairs "up to" and "in spite" compounded to "upto" and "inspite" respectively. * ''Over'' – to speak frankly. "Don't be too over with me." * ''Weeping'' – crying.


Numbering system

The
Indian numbering system The Indian numbering system is used in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh to express large numbers, which differs from the International System of Units. Commonly used quantities include ''lakh'' (one hundred thousand) and ''crore' ...
is preferred for digit grouping, although the Western grouping system is far more widely used in Pakistan. When written in words, or when spoken, numbers less than 100,000 are expressed just as they are in Standard English. Numbers including and beyond 100,000 are expressed in a subset of the Pakistani numbering system. Thus, the following scale is used: Larger numbers are generally expressed as multiples of the above."Back Corporate chiefs getting crores in salaries: 100 and counting!"
SmartInvestor.in


Medical terms

Often the cause of undesirable confusion. * ''Viral Fever'':
Influenza Influenza, commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. Symptoms range from mild to severe and often include fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pain, headache, coughing, and fatigue. These sympto ...
*''Flu:'' Common Cold * ''Sugar'': Diabetes * ''Jaundice'': Acute Hepatitis. While standard medical terminology uses jaundice for a symptom (yellow discolouration of skin), in Pakistan the term is used to refer to the illness in which this symptom is most common. * '' Allopathy'', used by homoeopaths to refer to conventional medicine.


Food

* '' Brinjal'': aubergines /
eggplant Eggplant (American English, US, Canadian English, CA, Australian English, AU, Philippine English, PH), aubergine (British English, UK, Hiberno English, IE, New Zealand English, NZ), brinjal (Indian English, IN, Singapore English, SG, Malays ...
* ''
Capsicum ''Capsicum'' () is a genus of flowering plants in the Solanum, nightshade family Solanaceae, native to the Americas, cultivated worldwide for their edible fruit, which are generally known as "peppers" or "capsicum". Chili peppers grow on five s ...
'': called chili pepper, red or green pepper, or sweet pepper in the UK and US; capsicum in Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and India;
bell pepper The bell pepper (also known as sweet pepper, paprika, pepper, capsicum or, in some parts of the US midwest, mango) is the fruit of plants in the Grossum Group of the species ''Capsicum annuum''. Cultivars of the plant produce fruits in diff ...
in the US, Canada, and the Bahamas; and paprika in the US and some other countries. * ''Curds'':
Yogurt Yogurt (; , from , ; also spelled yoghurt, yogourt or yoghourt) is a food produced by bacterial Fermentation (food), fermentation of milk. Fermentation of sugars in the milk by these bacteria produces lactic acid, which acts on milk protein to ...
* ''Sooji'': Semolina * ''Pulses'', '' dal'': pulses, e.g. lentils * '' Karahi'', ''kadai'': wok * ''
Sago Sago () is a starch extracted from the pith, or spongy core tissue, of various tropical palm stems, especially those of ''Metroxylon sagu''. It is a major staple food for the lowland peoples of New Guinea and the Maluku Islands, where it is c ...
'': tapioca, Yuca in US * ''Ladyfinger, bhindi'': okra * ''Sabzi'': greens, green vegetables


See also

* Urdish *
Bangladeshi English Bangladeshi English is an English accent heavily influenced by the Bengali language and its dialects in Bangladesh. This variety is very common among Bengalis from Bangladesh. The code-mixed usage of Bengali/Bangla and English is known as B ...
* Sri Lankan English *
Indian English Indian English (IndE, IE) or English (India) is a group of English dialects spoken in the Republic of India and among the Indian diaspora and native to India. English is used by the Government of India for communication, and is enshrined ...
*
Commonwealth English The use of the English language in current and former Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations, countries of Commonwealth of Nations, the Commonwealth was largely inherited from British Empire, British colonisation, with some exceptions. Eng ...


References


Further reading

* Hashmi, A. (1989). "Prolegomena to the Study of Pakistani English and Pakistani Literature in English". ''Pakistani Literature'' (Islamabad), 2:1 1993. * * * * Mahboob, A. (2009). English as an Islamic Language: a case study of Pakistani English. World Englishes, 28(2):175–189
Link to abstract
* Mahboob, A. (2008). Pakistani English: morphology and syntax. In R. Mesthrie, B. Kortmann, & E. Schneider (Eds), A Handbook of Varieties of English: Africa, South and Southeast Asia (Vol. 4). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
Link to abstract
* Mahboob, A. & Ahmar, N. (2008). Pakistani English: phonology. In R. Mesthrie, B. Kortmann, & E. Schneider (Eds), A Handbook of Varieties of English: Africa, South and Southeast Asia (Vol. 4). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
Link to abstract
* Hartford, B. & Mahboob, A. (2004). Models of discourse in the letter of complaint. ''World Englishes'', 23(4): 585 – 600
Link to abstract
*


External links


The Urdu-English Relationship and Its Impact on Pakistan's Social Development
Claims "the current portion of the population that is functional in verbal and written English is less than two percent." {{Navboxes , title =Articles Related to Pakistani English , list = {{English dialects by continent {{English official language clickable map {{Languages of Pakistan Languages attested from the 1970s Languages of Pakistan Dialects of English Languages of the Pakistani diaspora