psychology Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans, both consciousness, conscious and Unconscious mind, unconscious phenomena, and mental processes such as thoughts, feel ...

, ownership is the feeling that something is yours. Psychological ownership is distinct from legal ownership: for example, one may feel that one's cubicle at work is theirs and no one else's, even though legal ownership of the cubicle is actually conferred on the organization.

Overview

People can feel ownership about a variety of things: products, workspaces, ideas, and roles. An example of ownership is the feeling that a product that you developed is yours and no one else's. For instance, the

IKEA effect The IKEA effect is a cognitive bias in which consumers place a disproportionately high value on products they partially created. The name refers to Sweden, Swedish manufacturer and furniture retailer IKEA, which sells many Ready-to-assemble furn ...

reveals that those who create a particular item value that item more than identical alternatives that they did not develop. At its core, ownership is about possession, stewardship, and the need to have control over something. Since psychological ownership can be experienced for diverse targets such as concrete objects and abstract concepts (e.g., jobs, investments, brands, ideas), the construct of ownership as a psychological phenomenon has been researched within various fields. These fields include

organizational behavior Organizational behavior or organisational behaviour (see American and British English spelling differences, spelling differences) is the "study of human behavior in organizational settings, the interface between human behavior and the organiza ...

consumer behavior Consumer behaviour is the study of individuals, groups, or organisations and all activities associated with the purchase, use and disposal of goods and services. It encompasses how the consumer's emotions, attitudes, and preferences affe ...

environmentalism Environmentalism is a broad philosophy, ideology, and social movement about supporting life, habitats, and surroundings. While environmentalism focuses more on the environmental and nature-related aspects of green ideology and politics, ecolog ...

sustainability Sustainability is a social goal for people to co-exist on Earth over a long period of time. Definitions of this term are disputed and have varied with literature, context, and time. Sustainability usually has three dimensions (or pillars): env ...

, and

public health Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals". Analyzing the de ...

Causes and Mechanisms

Why does psychological ownership prevail? The causes of psychological ownership are the following fundamental human motivations: *

Efficacy Efficacy is the ability to perform a task to a satisfactory or expected degree. The word comes from the same roots as '' effectiveness'', and it has often been used synonymously, although in pharmacology a distinction is now often made betwee ...

– Humans’ motivation to control their surroundings lead to efficacy, i.e., the ability to generate a preferred or intended outcome. They can control their environment by owning various possessions, which induces psychological ownership. *

Self-identity In the psychology of self, one's self-concept (also called self-construction, self-identity, self-perspective or self-structure) is a collection of beliefs about oneself. Generally, self-concept embodies the answer to the question ''"Who am ...

– The target of ownership tied to self-identity can be emblematic representations of the self. Their possessions aid people to establish their self-identity, both to themselves and to others. * Belonging – People have a motivation to possess a “home”. In order to fulfill this desire, people spend significant resources for potential targets of ownership. These targets eventually get to be a part of ourselves. How does psychological ownership emerge? Psychological ownership emerges in three ways: * Control – Having control over a target can result in psychological ownership due to enhanced feelings of self-determination and responsibility. * Intimate knowledge – The more we know something, the more likely we are to feel it belongs to us. A sense of fusion with the target of ownership occurs after intimately knowing that target. * Self-investment – By expending physical and mental energies, time, ideas, and skills in something, we begin to feel greater ownership.

Consequences

Positive outcomes

Ownership can lead to several positive outcomes: # Citizenship behavior, discretionary effort, and personal sacrifice # Experienced responsibility and stewardship

Negative outcomes

Ownership can also lead to negative outcomes, especially when that sense of ownership is challenged (either legitimately, by a higher authority asserting their ownership of an entity, or illegitimately, by a subordinate or co-equal entity usurping one's own ownership): # Feelings of personal loss # Interpersonal conflict # Unwillingness to accept advice # Resistance to change

Measuring Psychological Ownership

Since psychological ownership has been studied by multiple disciplines such as organizational behavior and consumer behavior, there are multiple scales in which the target of ownership is different (e.g., company, product). In organizational behavior, the following scale is used to measure psychological ownership: # This is MY organization. # I sense that this organization is OUR company. # I feel a very high degree of personal ownership for this organization. # I sense that this is MY company. In consumer research, the following scale or scales adapted from it are used to measure psychological ownership of products that are the target of ownership: # I feel like this is MY (target). # I feel a very high degree of personal ownership for this (target). # I feel like I own this (target).

Ownership in Organizational Settings

Ownership is distinctly related to psychological concepts such as organizational identification and

organizational commitment In organizational behavior and industrial and organizational psychology, organizational commitment is an individual's Psychology, psychological attachment to the organization. Organizational scientists have also developed many nuanced definition ...

. Organizational identification is the sense of belongingness to an organization and using the organization to define oneself. An example of organizational identification could be proudly stating for which organization you work in a casual conversation with a new acquaintance.

Organizational commitment In organizational behavior and industrial and organizational psychology, organizational commitment is an individual's Psychology, psychological attachment to the organization. Organizational scientists have also developed many nuanced definition ...

is defined as accepting the organization's goals, exerting effort, and a desire to maintain membership. An example of

could be deciding to stay at an organization despite receiving an attractive job offer from another organization. Psychological ownership answers the question, ‘What is mine?’ Organizational identification answers the question, ‘Who am I?’

answers the question, ‘Should I stay?’ Employee ownership is an effective managerial practice to strengthen commitment and emotional connection to the organization's vision and employee motivation at an individual level. Employee ownership can be generated through the following four factors: * Independence – Offering instances in which the workers can have leadership and control over an aspect in the organization, e.g., self-managed projects, can produce psychological ownership. * Shared information – Sharing information about the project, position, team, or organization that the employee is partaking in can increase psychological ownership. Therefore, workers gathering and knowing more information about certain aspects of the organization is essential. * Investing self and contributing to the organization – Employees often invest their time, abilities, and ideas into their jobs. Increasing the sense of personal investment can be also possible through self-managed tasks. *

Accountability In ethics and governance, accountability is equated with answerability, culpability, liability, and the expectation of account-giving. As in an aspect of governance, it has been central to discussions related to problems in the public secto ...

– Giving employees certain responsibilities that will evoke a sense of shared burden and authority can enhance psychological ownership.

Ownership of Physical Objects

Ownership consists of the relationship between an individual and an object. This relationship can be very strong such that the individual considers their possessions as extensions of themselves. One may claim to own an object by (1) paying attention to it, (2) being in physical contact with it, (3) linking it with an experience or a memory, (4) labeling or marking it, hence, constructing a unique relationship, (5) legally owning. Furthermore, one might extend themselves to objects by creating both physical and digital collections such as books and music records.

Ownership in Personal Finances

Ownership can exist in decisions that involve financial programs and services, such as the

Social Security Welfare spending is a type of government support intended to ensure that members of a society can meet basic human needs such as food and shelter. Social security may either be synonymous with welfare, or refer specifically to social insurance ...

program and investments. The American Social Security Administration program was set up by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1935. The way it was structured was such that the workers’ contributions, exclusively, would fund it. It was a revolutionary idea at the time, since most social programs in other countries were funded by a composite of government and worker contributions. Even though the US social security system finances current retirees mainly through the contributions of the current employees, instead of what they individually contributed when they were working. These worker-only contributions were intended to install psychological ownership of benefits in workers, since each employee would be actively engaging in the program and have a sense of duty. The research has shown that their goals were met: people feel like the benefits they receive are coming from their own contributions. Similarly,

endowment effect In psychology and behavioral economics, the endowment effect, also known as divestiture aversion, is the finding that people are more likely to retain an object they own than acquire that same object when they do not own it. The endowment theory ca ...

supports that investment decisions such as home purchases and stock ownership instantly increase the appraisal of that particular item. This increase in valuation is, at least partially, caused by increased psychological ownership. This effect can be seen when investors prefer to stay with the

status quo is a Latin phrase meaning the existing state of affairs, particularly with regard to social, economic, legal, environmental, political, religious, scientific or military issues. In the sociological sense, the ''status quo'' refers to the curren ...

, i.e., their current particular investment assets more than other assets and when individuals do not want to swap their current inferior bank for a superior bank.

References

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