The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to human anatomy: Human anatomy – scientific study of the morphology of the adult

human Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, cultu ...

. It is subdivided into

gross anatomy Gross anatomy is the study of anatomy at the visible or macroscopic level. The counterpart to gross anatomy is the field of histology, which studies microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy of the human body or other animals seeks to understand the rela ...

and

microscopic anatomy Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures vi ...

. Gross anatomy (also called topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy) is the study of anatomical structures that can be seen by unaided vision. Microscopic anatomy is the study of minute anatomical structures assisted with

microscope A microscope () is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of investigating small objects and structures using a microscope. Microscopic means being invisi ...

s, and includes

histology Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology which studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues. Histology is the microscopic counterpart to gross anatomy, which looks at larger structures v ...

(the study of the organization of tissues), and

cytology Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells. All living organisms are made of cells. A cell is the basic unit of life that is responsible for the living an ...

(the study of cells).

Essence of human anatomy

Human body The human body is the structure of a human being. It is composed of many different types of cells that together create tissues and subsequently organ systems. They ensure homeostasis and the viability of the human body. It comprises a hea ...

Anatomy Anatomy () is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having i ...

]

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Branches of human anatomy

* Gross anatomy- systemic or region-wise study of human body parts and organs. Gross anatomy encompasses cadaveric anatomy and osteology * Microscopic anatomy/histology * Cell biology (Cytology) & cytogenetics * Surface anatomy * Radiological anatomy * Developmental anatomy/embryology

Anatomy of the human body

The following list of human anatomical structures is based on the

Terminologia Anatomica ''Terminologia Anatomica'' is the international standard for human anatomical terminology. It is developed by the Federative International Programme on Anatomical Terminology, a program of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomi ...

, the international standard for anatomical nomenclature. While the order is standardized, the hierarchical relationships in the TA are somewhat vague, and thus are open to interpretation. ----

General anatomy

*Parts of human body **

Head A head is the part of an organism which usually includes the ears, brain, forehead, cheeks, chin, eyes, nose, and mouth, each of which aid in various sensory functions such as sight, hearing, smell, and taste. Some very simple animals ...

*** Ear ***

Face The face is the front of an animal's head that features the eyes, nose and mouth, and through which animals express many of their emotions. The face is crucial for human identity, and damage such as scarring or developmental deformities may aff ...

***

Forehead In human anatomy, the forehead is an area of the head bounded by three features, two of the skull and one of the scalp. The top of the forehead is marked by the hairline, the edge of the area where hair on the scalp grows. The bottom of the fo ...

***

Cheek The cheeks ( la, buccae) constitute the area of the face below the eyes and between the nose and the left or right ear. "Buccal" means relating to the cheek. In humans, the region is innervated by the buccal nerve. The area between the insi ...

***

Chin The chin is the forward pointed part of the anterior mandible ( mental region) below the lower lip. A fully developed human skull has a chin of between 0.7 cm and 1.1 cm. Evolution The presence of a well-developed chin is considered to be one ...

*** Eye ***

Nose A nose is a protuberance in vertebrates that houses the nostrils, or nares, which receive and expel air for respiration alongside the mouth. Behind the nose are the olfactory mucosa and the sinuses. Behind the nasal cavity, air next passe ...

***

Nostril A nostril (or naris , plural ''nares'' ) is either of the two orifices of the nose. They enable the entry and exit of air and other gasses through the nasal cavities. In birds and mammals, they contain branched bones or cartilages called turbi ...

***

Mouth In animal anatomy, the mouth, also known as the oral cavity, or in Latin cavum oris, is the opening through which many animals take in food and issue vocal sounds. It is also the cavity lying at the upper end of the alimentary canal, bounded on ...

***

Lip The lips are the visible body part at the mouth of many animals, including humans. Lips are soft, movable, and serve as the opening for food intake and in the articulation of sound and speech. Human lips are a tactile sensory organ, and can be ...

***

Tongue The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of a typical tetrapod. It manipulates food for mastication and swallowing as part of the digestive process, and is the primary organ of taste. The tongue's upper surface (dorsum) is covered by taste ...

***

Tooth A tooth ( : teeth) is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates and used to break down food. Some animals, particularly carnivores and omnivores, also use teeth to help with capturing or wounding prey, ...

Neck The neck is the part of the body on many vertebrates that connects the head with the torso. The neck supports the weight of the head and protects the nerves that carry sensory and motor information from the brain down to the rest of the body. In ...

Trunk Trunk may refer to: Biology * Trunk (anatomy), synonym for torso * Trunk (botany), a tree's central superstructure * Trunk of corpus callosum, in neuroanatomy * Elephant trunk, the proboscis of an elephant Computing * Trunk (software), in rev ...

***

Thorax The thorax or chest is a part of the anatomy of humans, mammals, and other tetrapod animals located between the neck and the abdomen. In insects, crustaceans, and the extinct trilobites, the thorax is one of the three main divisions of the c ...

***

Abdomen The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the front part of the abdominal segment of the to ...

***

Pelvis The pelvis (plural pelves or pelvises) is the lower part of the trunk, between the abdomen and the thighs (sometimes also called pelvic region), together with its embedded skeleton (sometimes also called bony pelvis, or pelvic skeleton). The ...

*** Back **

Upper limb The upper limbs or upper extremities are the forelimbs of an upright-postured tetrapod vertebrate, extending from the scapulae and clavicles down to and including the digits, including all the musculatures and ligaments involved with the shou ...

***

Pectoral girdle The shoulder girdle or pectoral girdle is the set of bones in the appendicular skeleton which connects to the arm on each side. In humans it consists of the clavicle and scapula; in those species with three bones in the shoulder, it consists of ...

***

Shoulder The human shoulder is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and tendons. The articulations between the bones of the shoulder mak ...

*** Arm ***

Axilla The axilla (also, armpit, underarm or oxter) is the area on the human body directly under the shoulder joint. It includes the axillary space, an anatomical space within the shoulder girdle between the arm and the thoracic cage, bounded superior ...

***

Elbow The elbow is the region between the arm and the forearm that surrounds the elbow joint. The elbow includes prominent landmarks such as the olecranon, the cubital fossa (also called the chelidon, or the elbow pit), and the lateral and the me ...

***

Forearm The forearm is the region of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist. The term forearm is used in anatomy to distinguish it from the arm, a word which is most often used to describe the entire appendage of the upper limb, but which in ...

***

Wrist In human anatomy, the wrist is variously defined as (1) the carpus or carpal bones, the complex of eight bones forming the proximal skeletal segment of the hand; "The wrist contains eight bones, roughly aligned in two rows, known as the carp ...

***

Hand A hand is a prehensile, multi-fingered appendage located at the end of the forearm or forelimb of primates such as humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs. A few other vertebrates such as the koala (which has two opposable thumbs on each "h ...

***

Finger A finger is a limb of the body and a type of digit, an organ of manipulation and sensation found in the hands of most of the Tetrapods, so also with humans and other primates. Most land vertebrates have five fingers ( Pentadactyly). Chamber ...

***

Thumb The thumb is the first digit of the hand, next to the index finger. When a person is standing in the medical anatomical position (where the palm is facing to the front), the thumb is the outermost digit. The Medical Latin English noun for thumb ...

** Lower limb *** Pelvic girdle *** Leg ***

Buttocks The buttocks (singular: buttock) are two rounded portions of the exterior anatomy of most mammals, located on the posterior of the pelvic region. In humans, the buttocks are located between the lower back and the perineum. They are composed ...

*** Hip ***

Thigh In human anatomy, the thigh is the area between the hip ( pelvis) and the knee. Anatomically, it is part of the lower limb. The single bone in the thigh is called the femur. This bone is very thick and strong (due to the high proportion of ...

***

Knee In humans and other primates, the knee joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two joints: one between the femur and tibia (tibiofemoral joint), and one between the femur and patella (patellofemoral joint). It is the largest joint in the ...

***

Calf Calf most often refers to: * Calf (animal), the young of domestic cattle. * Calf (leg), in humans (and other primates), the back portion of the lower leg Calf or calves may also refer to: Biology and animal byproducts *Veal, meat from calves *C ...

***

Foot The foot ( : feet) is an anatomical structure found in many vertebrates. It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows locomotion. In many animals with feet, the foot is a separate organ at the terminal part of the leg mad ...

***

Ankle The ankle, or the talocrural region, or the jumping bone (informal) is the area where the foot and the leg meet. The ankle includes three joints: the ankle joint proper or talocrural joint, the subtalar joint, and the inferior tibiofibular joi ...

***

Heel The heel is the prominence at the posterior end of the foot. It is based on the projection of one bone, the calcaneus or heel bone, behind the articulation of the bones of the lower leg. Structure To distribute the compressive forces exer ...

*** Toe *** Sole **Cavities ***

Cranial cavity The cranial cavity, also known as intracranial space, is the space within the skull that accommodates the brain. The skull minus the mandible In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the hu ...

*** Spinal cavity ***

Thoracic cavity The thoracic cavity (or chest cavity) is the chamber of the body of vertebrates that is protected by the thoracic wall (rib cage and associated skin, muscle, and fascia). The central compartment of the thoracic cavity is the mediastinum. There ...

***Abdominopelvic cavity ****

Abdominal cavity The abdominal cavity is a large body cavity in humans and many other animals that contains many organs. It is a part of the abdominopelvic cavity. It is located below the thoracic cavity, and above the pelvic cavity. Its dome-shaped roof is th ...

****

Pelvic cavity The pelvic cavity is a body cavity that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis. Its oblique roof is the pelvic inlet (the superior opening of the pelvis). Its lower boundary is the pelvic floor. The pelvic cavity primarily contains the reproduc ...

Planes Plane(s) most often refers to: * Aero- or airplane, a powered, fixed-wing aircraft * Plane (geometry), a flat, 2-dimensional surface Plane or planes may also refer to: Biology * Plane (tree) or ''Platanus'', wetland native plant * ''Planes' ...

, lines, and regions **Regions of head **Regions of neck **Anterior and lateral thoracic regions **Abdominal regions **Regions of back **Perineal regions **Regions of upper limb **Regions of lower limb ----

Bones

*General terms **Bony part *** Cortical bone *** Compact bone *** Spongy bone **Cartilaginous part **Membranous part ***

Periosteum The periosteum is a membrane that covers the outer surface of all bones, except at the articular surfaces (i.e. the parts within a joint space) of long bones. Endosteum lines the inner surface of the medullary cavity of all long bones. Structu ...

***

Perichondrium The perichondrium (from Greek el, περί, peri, around, label=none and el, χόνδρος, chondros, cartilage, label=none) is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage of developing bone. It consists of two s ...

Axial skeleton The axial skeleton is the part of the skeleton that consists of the bones of the head and trunk of a vertebrate. In the human skeleton, it consists of 80 bones and is composed of six parts; the skull (22 bones), also the ossicles of the middle ...

Appendicular skeleton The appendicular skeleton is the portion of the skeleton of vertebrates consisting of the bones that support the appendages. There are 126 bones. The appendicular skeleton includes the skeletal elements within the limbs, as well as supporting sh ...

Long bone The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide. They are one of five types of bones: long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid. Long bones, especially the femur and tibia, are subjected to most of the load during daily activities ...

** Short bone ** Flat bone ** Irregular bone ** Pneumatized bone **

Sesamoid bone In anatomy, a sesamoid bone () is a bone embedded within a tendon or a muscle. Its name is derived from the Arabic word for 'sesame seed', indicating the small size of most sesamoids. Often, these bones form in response to strain, or can be prese ...

** Diaphysis **

Epiphysis The epiphysis () is the rounded end of a long bone, at its joint with adjacent bone(s). Between the epiphysis and diaphysis (the long midsection of the long bone) lies the metaphysis, including the epiphyseal plate (growth plate). At the jo ...

*** Epiphysial plate (Growth plate) ** Metaphysis ** Apophysis **

Tuber Tubers are a type of enlarged structure used as storage organs for nutrients in some plants. They are used for the plant's perennation (survival of the winter or dry months), to provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing ...

Tubercle In anatomy, a tubercle (literally 'small tuber', Latin for 'lump') is any round nodule, small eminence, or warty outgrowth found on external or internal organs of a plant or an animal. In plants A tubercle is generally a wart-like projection ...

** Tuberosity ** Eminence (anatomy) ** Process **

Condyle A condyle (;Entry "condyle"
in
Epicondyle An epicondyle () is a rounded eminence on a bone that lies upon a condyle ('' epi-'', "upon" + ''condyle'', from a root meaning "knuckle" or "rounded articular area"). There are various epicondyles in the human skeleton, each named by its anatomic ...

** Fossa ** Medullary cavity **

Endosteum The endosteum (plural endostea) is a thin vascular membrane of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the bony tissue that forms the medullary cavity of long bones. This endosteal surface is usually resorbed during long periods of ma ...

** Yellow bone marrow **

Red bone marrow Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue found within the spongy (also known as cancellous) portions of bones. In birds and mammals, bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production (or haematopoiesis). It is composed of hematopoietic c ...

Nutrient foramen All bones possess larger or smaller foramina (openings) for the entrance of blood-vessels; these are known as the nutrient foramina, and are particularly large in the shafts of the larger long bones, where they lead into a nutrient canal, which ex ...

Nutrient canal All bones possess larger or smaller foramina (openings) for the entrance of blood-vessels; these are known as the nutrient foramina, and are particularly large in the shafts of the larger long bones, where they lead into a nutrient canal, which ex ...

Ossification center An ossification center is a point where ossification of the cartilage begins. The first step in ossification is that the cartilage cells at this point enlarge and arrange themselves in rows.Gray and Spitzka (1910), page 44. The matrix in which t ...

Cranium The skull is a bone protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of four types of bone i.e., cranial bones, facial bones, ear ossicles and hyoid bone. However two parts are more prominent: the cranium and the mandible. In humans, th ...

Neurocranium In human anatomy, the neurocranium, also known as the braincase, brainpan, or brain-pan is the upper and back part of the skull, which forms a protective case around the brain. In the human skull, the neurocranium includes the calvaria or skul ...

** Viscerocranium **

** Occiput **

Nasion The nasion () is the most anterior point of the frontonasal suture that joins the nasal part of the frontal bone and the nasal bones. It marks the midpoint at the intersection of the frontonasal suture with the internasal suture joining the nasa ...

** Bregma **

Lambda Lambda (}, ''lám(b)da'') is the 11th letter of the Greek alphabet, representing the voiced alveolar lateral approximant . In the system of Greek numerals, lambda has a value of 30. Lambda is derived from the Phoenician Lamed . Lambda gave ri ...

** Inion ** Pterion ** Asterion ** Gonion **

Temporal fossa The temporal fossa is a fossa (shallow depression) on the side of the skull bounded by the temporal lines and terminating below the level of the zygomatic arch. Boundaries * Medial: frontal bone, parietal bone, temporal bone, and sphenoid bon ...

Zygomatic arch In anatomy, the zygomatic arch, or cheek bone, is a part of the skull formed by the zygomatic process of the temporal bone (a bone extending forward from the side of the skull, over the opening of the ear) and the temporal process of the zygo ...

** Infratemporal fossa **

Pterygopalatine fossa In human anatomy, the pterygopalatine fossa (sphenopalatine fossa) is a fossa in the skull. A human skull contains two pterygopalatine fossae—one on the left side, and another on the right side. Each fossa is a cone-shaped paired depression deep ...

** Pterygomaxillary fissure **

Fontanelles A fontanelle (or fontanel) (colloquially, soft spot) is an anatomical feature of the infant human skull comprising soft membranous gaps ( sutures) between the cranial bones that make up the calvaria of a fetus or an infant. Fontanelles allow f ...

*** Anterior fontanelle *** Posterior fontanelle ***

Sphenoidal fontanelle The pterion is the region where the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones join. It is located on the side of the skull, just behind the temple. Structure The pterion is located in the temporal fossa, approximately 2.6 cm be ...

***

Mastoid fontanelle The asterion is a meeting point between three sutures between bones of the skull. It is an important surgical landmark. Structure In human anatomy, the asterion is a visible (craniometric) point on the exposed skull. It is just posterior to t ...

** Calvaria ***

Vertex Vertex, vertices or vertexes may refer to: Science and technology Mathematics and computer science *Vertex (geometry), a point where two or more curves, lines, or edges meet *Vertex (computer graphics), a data structure that describes the position ...

*** Diploe **Cranial base ***Internal surface of cranial base **** Petrosphenoidal fissure **** Petro-occipital fissure ****

Anterior cranial fossa The anterior cranial fossa is a depression in the floor of the cranial base which houses the projecting frontal lobes of the brain. It is formed by the orbital plates of the frontal, the cribriform plate of the ethmoid, and the small wings and fr ...

**** Middle cranial fossa ****

Posterior cranial fossa The posterior cranial fossa is part of the cranial cavity, located between the foramen magnum and tentorium cerebelli. It contains the brainstem and cerebellum. This is the most inferior of the fossae. It houses the cerebellum, medulla and pons. ...

***** Clivus ***External surface of cranial base ****

Jugular foramen A jugular foramen is one of the two (left and right) large foramina (openings) in the base of the skull, located behind the carotid canal. It is formed by the temporal bone and the occipital bone. It allows many structures to pass, including the ...

**** Foramen lacerum **** Bony palate ****

Greater palatine canal The greater palatine canal (or pterygopalatine canal) is a passage in the skull that transmits the descending palatine artery, vein, and greater and lesser palatine nerves between the pterygopalatine fossa and the oral cavity. Structure The gr ...

****

Greater palatine foramen At either posterior angle of the hard palate is the greater palatine foramen, for the transmission of the descending palatine vessels and greater palatine nerve; and running anteriorly (forward) and medially (towards the center-line) from it is a g ...

****

Lesser palatine foramina Behind the greater palatine foramen is the pyramidal process of the palatine bone, perforated by one or more lesser palatine foramina which carry the lesser palatine nerve, and marked by the commencement of a transverse ridge, for the attachment of ...

**** Incisive fossa **** Incisive canals ****

Incisive foramina In the human mouth, the incisive foramen (also known as: "''anterior palatine foramen''", or "''nasopalatine foramen''") is the opening of the incisive canals on the hard palate immediately behind the incisor teeth. It gives passage to blood vesse ...

**Orbit ***

Orbital cavity In anatomy, the orbit is the cavity or socket of the skull in which the eye and its appendages are situated. "Orbit" can refer to the bony socket, or it can also be used to imply the contents. In the adult human, the volume of the orbit is , ...

***Medial wall **** Anterior ethmoidal foramen **** Posterior ethmoidal foramen ***

Superior orbital fissure The superior orbital fissure is a foramen or cleft of the skull between the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid bone. It gives passage to multiple structures, including the oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, ophthalmic nerve, abducens ne ...

*** Inferior orbital fissure ** Nasolacrimal canal **Bony nasal cavity ***

Piriform aperture The piriform aperture, pyriform aperture, or anterior nasal aperture, is a pear-shaped opening in the human skull. Its long axis is vertical, and narrow end upward; in the recent state it is much contracted by the lateral nasal cartilage and the ...

***

Superior nasal meatus In anatomy, the term nasal meatus can refer to any of the three meatuses (passages) through the skulls nasal cavity: the superior meatus (''meatus nasi superior''), middle meatus (''meatus nasi medius''), and inferior meatus (''meatus nasi inferi ...

*** Middle nasal meatus *** Inferior nasal meatus *** Spheno-ethmoidal recess ***

Choana The choanae (singular choana), posterior nasal apertures or internal nostrils are two openings found at the back of the nasal passage between the nasal cavity and the throat in tetrapods, including humans and other mammals (as well as crocodili ...

*** Sphenopalatine foramen **Bones of cranium ***

Parietal bone The parietal bones () are two bones in the skull which, when joined at a fibrous joint, form the sides and roof of the cranium. In humans, each bone is roughly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, and four angles. It is n ...

***

Frontal bone The frontal bone is a bone in the human skull. The bone consists of two portions.'' Gray's Anatomy'' (1918) These are the vertically oriented squamous part, and the horizontally oriented orbital part, making up the bony part of the forehead, ...

****Squamous part *****External surface ******

Glabella The glabella, in humans, is the area of skin between the eyebrows and above the nose. The term also refers to the underlying bone that is slightly depressed, and joins the two brow ridges. It is a cephalometric landmark that is just superior t ...

****** Frontal suture ******Supra-orbital margin ******* Supra-orbital notch (Supra-orbital foramen) *****Internal surface ****** Foramen cecum **** Frontal sinus ***

Occipital bone The occipital bone () is a cranial dermal bone and the main bone of the occiput (back and lower part of the skull). It is trapezoidal in shape and curved on itself like a shallow dish. The occipital bone overlies the occipital lobes of the cer ...

****

Foramen magnum The foramen magnum ( la, great hole) is a large, oval-shaped opening in the occipital bone of the skull. It is one of the several oval or circular openings (foramina) in the base of the skull. The spinal cord, an extension of the medulla oblon ...

**** Occipital condyle **** Condylar canal **** Hypoglossal canal **** Condylar fossa **** Jugular tubercle **** Jugular notch **** Jugular process **** External occipital protuberance **** Superior nuchal line ****

Inferior nuchal line Inferior may refer to: * Inferiority complex * An anatomical term of location * Inferior angle of the scapula, in the human skeleton * ''Inferior'' (book), by Angela Saini * ''The Inferior'', a 2007 novel by Peadar Ó Guilín See also *Junior (d ...

**** Internal occipital protuberance *** Sphenoid ****Body *****

Sella turcica The sella turcica ( Latin for 'Turkish saddle') is a saddle-shaped depression in the body of the sphenoid bone of the human skull and of the skulls of other hominids including chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans. It serves as a cephalometr ...

******

Tuberculum sellae The tuberculum sellae (or the tubercle of the sella turcica) is a part of the sphenoid bone that is an elevation behind the chiasmatic groove The superior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone is bounded behind by a ridge, which forms the ante ...

****** Hypophysial fossa ******

Dorsum sellae The dorsum sellae is part of the sphenoid bone in the skull. Together with the basilar part of the occipital bone it forms the clivus. In the sphenoid bone, the anterior boundary of the sella turcica is completed by two small eminences, one o ...

******

Posterior clinoid process In the sphenoid bone, the anterior boundary of the sella turcica is completed by two small eminences, one on either side, called the anterior clinoid processes, while the posterior boundary is formed by a square-shaped plate of bone, the dorsum s ...

***** Sphenoidal sinus ****Lesser wing ***** Optic canal *****

Anterior clinoid process In the sphenoid bone, the posterior border, smooth and rounded, is received into the lateral fissure of the brain; the medial end of this border forms the anterior clinoid process, which gives attachment to the tentorium cerebelli; it is sometimes ...

*****

****Greater wing ***** Foramen rotundum ***** Foramen ovale ***** Sphenoidal emissary foramen ***** Foramen spinosum ***** Foramen petrosum *****

Pterygoid process The pterygoid processes of the sphenoid (from Greek ''pteryx'', ''pterygos'', "wing"), one on either side, descend perpendicularly from the regions where the body and the greater wings of the sphenoid bone unite. Each process consists of a me ...

***** Pterygoid notch ***** Pterygoid fossa ***** Scaphoid fossa ***** Pterygoid hamulus ***** Pterygoid canal ***

Temporal bone The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. The temporal bones are overlaid by the sides of the head known as the temples, and house the structures of the ears. ...

****Petrous part *****

Mastoid process The mastoid part of the temporal bone is the posterior (back) part of the temporal bone, one of the bones of the skull. Its rough surface gives attachment to various muscles (via tendons) and it has openings for blood vessels. From its borde ...

***** Occipital groove ***** Mastoid foramen ***** Facial canal *****Inferior surface of petrous part ****** Styloid process ****** Stylomastoid foramen *****

Tympanic cavity The tympanic cavity is a small cavity surrounding the bones of the middle ear. Within it sit the ossicles, three small bones that transmit vibrations used in the detection of sound. Structure On its lateral surface, it abuts the external auditor ...

****

Mandibular fossa The mandibular fossa, also known as the glenoid fossa in some dental literature, is the depression in the temporal bone that articulates with the mandible. Structure In the temporal bone, the mandibular fossa is bounded anteriorly by the art ...

****

Articular tubercle The articular tubercle (eminentia articularis) is a bony eminence on the temporal bone in the skull. It is a rounded eminence of the anterior root of the posterior end of the outer surface of the squama temporalis. This tubercle forms the front bou ...

***** Petrotympanic fissure ***** Petrosquamous fissure ***

Ethmoid The ethmoid bone (; from grc, ἡθμός, hēthmós, sieve) is an unpaired bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. It is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a ...

****

Cribriform plate In mammalian anatomy, the cribriform plate (Latin for lit. ''sieve-shaped''), horizontal lamina or lamina cribrosa is part of the ethmoid bone. It is received into the ethmoidal notch of the frontal bone and roofs in the nasal cavities. It supp ...

**** Cribriform foramina ****

Crista galli The crista galli (Latin: "crest of the rooster") is the upper part of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone of the skull. It rises above the cribriform plate. The falx cerebri (a fold of the dura mater surrounding the brain) attaches to th ...

****

Ethmoidal labyrinth The ethmoidal labyrinth or lateral mass of the ethmoid bone consists of a number of thin-walled cellular cavities, the ethmoid air cells, arranged in three groups, anterior, middle, and posterior, and interposed between two vertical plates of bon ...

***** Ethmoidal bulla ***

Inferior nasal concha The inferior nasal concha (inferior turbinated bone or inferior turbinal/turbinate) is one of the three paired nasal conchae in the nose. It extends horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and consists of a lamina of spongy bone, c ...

***

Lacrimal bone The lacrimal bone is a small and fragile bone of the facial skeleton; it is roughly the size of the little fingernail. It is situated at the front part of the medial wall of the orbit. It has two surfaces and four borders. Several bony landmarks of ...

***

Nasal bone The nasal bones are two small oblong bones, varying in size and form in different individuals; they are placed side by side at the middle and upper part of the face and by their junction, form the bridge of the upper one third of the nose. Ea ...

***

Vomer The vomer (; lat, vomer, lit=ploughshare) is one of the unpaired facial bones of the skull. It is located in the midsagittal line, and articulates with the sphenoid, the ethmoid, the left and right palatine bones, and the left and right max ...

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Maxilla The maxilla (plural: ''maxillae'' ) in vertebrates is the upper fixed (not fixed in Neopterygii) bone of the jaw formed from the fusion of two maxillary bones. In humans, the upper jaw includes the hard palate in the front of the mouth. T ...

****Body of maxilla *****Orbital surface ****** Infra-orbital canal ****** Infra-orbital groove *****Anterior surface ****** Infra-orbital foramen *****

Maxillary sinus The pyramid-shaped maxillary sinus (or antrum of Highmore) is the largest of the paranasal sinuses, and drains into the middle meatus of the nose through the osteomeatal complex.Human Anatomy, Jacobs, Elsevier, 2008, page 209-210 Structure It i ...

****Palatine process ***** Incisive canals ****Alveolar process ***** Dental alveoli *****

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Palatine bone In anatomy, the palatine bones () are two irregular bones of the facial skeleton in many animal species, located above the uvula in the throat. Together with the maxillae, they comprise the hard palate. (''Palate'' is derived from the Latin ...

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Zygomatic bone In the human skull, the zygomatic bone (from grc, ζῠγόν, zugón, yoke), also called cheekbone or malar bone, is a paired irregular bone which articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. It is s ...

**** Zygomatico-orbital foramen ****

Zygomaticofacial foramen The zygomaticofacial foramen is a small aperture. It perforates the malar surface of the convex zygomatic bone near its center, for the passage of the zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels. Below this foramen In anatomy and osteology, a foramen ( ...

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Zygomaticotemporal foramen In the human skull, the zygomatic bone (from grc, ζῠγόν, zugón, yoke), also called cheekbone or malar bone, is a paired irregular bone which articulates with the maxilla, the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone and the frontal bone. It i ...

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Mandible In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the human facial skeleton. It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place. The mandible sits beneath the maxilla. It is the only movable bone ...

****Body of mandible *****

Mental protuberance The symphysis of the external surface of the mandible divides below and encloses a triangular eminence, the mental protuberance, the base of which is depressed in the center but raised on either side to form the ''mental tubercle The mandibular s ...

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Mental tubercle The mandibular symphysis In human anatomy, the facial skeleton of the skull the external surface of the mandible is marked in the median line by a faint ridge, indicating the mandibular symphysis (Latin: ''symphysis menti'') or line of junction wh ...

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Mental foramen The mental foramen is one of two foramina (openings) located on the anterior surface of the mandible. It is part of the mandibular canal. It transmits the terminal branches of the inferior alveolar nerve and the mental vessels. Structure The ...

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Oblique line The thyroid cartilage is the largest of the nine cartilages that make up the ''laryngeal skeleton'', the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx. It does not completely encircle the larynx (only the cricoid cartilage ...

***** Superior mental spine ***** Inferior mental spine ***** Mylohyoid line ***** Sublingual fossa ***** Submandibular fossa *****Alveolar part ****** Dental alveoli **** Ramus of mandible ***** Angle of mandible *****

Mandibular foramen The mandibular foramen is an opening on the internal surface of the ramus of the mandible. It allows for divisions of the mandibular nerve and blood vessels to pass through. Structure The mandibular foramen is an opening on the internal surfa ...

****** Mandibular canal ***** Mylohyoid groove ***** Coronoid process *****

Mandibular notch The mandibular notch, also known as the sigmoid notch, is a groove in the ramus of the mandible. It is the gap between the coronoid process anteriorly and the condyloid process posteriorly. Structure The mandibular notch is a concave groove ...

***** Condylar process ****** Pterygoid fovea ***

Hyoid bone The hyoid bone (lingual bone or tongue-bone) () is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. At rest, it lies between the base of the mandible and the third cervical verteb ...

***(Auditory ossicles - see sense organs) *

Vertebral column The vertebral column, also known as the backbone or spine, is part of the axial skeleton. The vertebral column is the defining characteristic of a vertebrate in which the notochord (a flexible rod of uniform composition) found in all chordate ...

Vertebral canal The spinal canal (or vertebral canal or spinal cavity) is the canal that contains the spinal cord within the vertebral column. The spinal canal is formed by the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes. It is a process of the dorsal body ...

Vertebra The spinal column, a defining synapomorphy shared by nearly all vertebrates, Hagfish are believed to have secondarily lost their spinal column is a moderately flexible series of vertebrae (singular vertebra), each constituting a characteristi ...

(this category contains parts of a vertebra) *** Vertebral body ***

Vertebral arch The spinal column, a defining synapomorphy shared by nearly all vertebrates, Hagfish are believed to have secondarily lost their spinal column is a moderately flexible series of vertebrae (singular vertebra), each constituting a characteristic ...

**** Pedicle **** Lamina ***

Intervertebral foramen The intervertebral foramen (also called neural foramen, and often abbreviated as IV foramen or IVF) is a foramen between two spinal vertebrae. Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae all have intervertebral foramina. The foramina, or openi ...

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Superior vertebral notch The spinal column, a defining synapomorphy shared by nearly all vertebrates,Hagfish are believed to have secondarily lost their spinal column is a moderately flexible series of vertebrae (singular vertebra), each constituting a characteristic i ...

*** Inferior vertebral notch ***

Vertebral foramen In a typical vertebra, the vertebral foramen is the foramen (opening) formed by the anterior segment (the body), and the posterior part, the vertebral arch. The vertebral foramen begins at cervical vertebra #1 (C1 or atlas) and continues inferio ...

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Spinous process The spinal column, a defining synapomorphy shared by nearly all vertebrates, Hagfish are believed to have secondarily lost their spinal column is a moderately flexible series of vertebrae (singular vertebra), each constituting a characteristic ...

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Transverse process The spinal column, a defining synapomorphy shared by nearly all vertebrates, Hagfish are believed to have secondarily lost their spinal column is a moderately flexible series of vertebrae (singular vertebra), each constituting a characteristic ...

**Cervical vertebrae *** Uncus of body *** Foramen transversarium ***

Carotid tubercle In tetrapods, cervical vertebrae (singular: vertebra) are the vertebrae of the neck, immediately below the skull. Truncal vertebrae (divided into thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in mammals) lie caudal (toward the tail) of cervical vertebrae. In sau ...

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Atlas (anatomy) In anatomy, the atlas (C1) is the most superior (first) cervical vertebra of the spine and is located in the neck. It is named for Atlas of Greek mythology because, just as Atlas supported the globe, it supports the entire head. The atlas is ...

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Axis (anatomy) In anatomy, the axis (from Latin ''axis'', "axle") or epistropheus is the second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine, immediately inferior to the atlas, upon which the head rests. The axis' defining feature is its strong odontoid process (bon ...

**** Dens *** Vertebra prominens (C7) **Thoracic vertebrae **Lumbar vertebrae **

Sacrum The sacrum (plural: ''sacra'' or ''sacrums''), in human anatomy, is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine that forms by the fusing of the sacral vertebrae (S1S5) between ages 18 and 30. The sacrum situates at the upper, back part o ...

***Dorsal surface **** Sacral cornu **** Sacral canal ***** Sacral hiatus **

Coccyx The coccyx ( : coccyges or coccyxes), commonly referred to as the tailbone, is the final segment of the vertebral column in all apes, and analogous structures in certain other mammals such as horses. In tailless primates (e.g. humans and othe ...

*Thoracic skeleton ** Ribs *** True ribs *** False ribs **** Floating ribs *** Costal cartilage **

Rib In vertebrate anatomy, ribs ( la, costae) are the long curved bones which form the rib cage, part of the axial skeleton. In most tetrapods, ribs surround the chest, enabling the lungs to expand and thus facilitate breathing by expanding the ches ...

***Body **** Costal groove ***

Cervical rib A cervical rib in humans is an extra rib which arises from the seventh cervical vertebra. Their presence is a congenital abnormality located above the normal first rib. A cervical rib is estimated to occur in 0.2% to 0.5% (1 in 200 to 500) of the ...

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First rib The rib cage, as an enclosure that comprises the ribs, vertebral column and sternum in the thorax of most vertebrates, protects vital organs such as the heart, lungs and great vessels. The sternum, together known as the thoracic cage, is a ...

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Scalene tubercle The scalene tubercle is a small projection that runs along the medial border of the first rib between two grooves, which travel anteriorly for the subclavian artery and posteriorly for the subclavian vein. It projects outward medially, and is the s ...

*** Lumbar rib **

Sternum The sternum or breastbone is a long flat bone located in the central part of the chest. It connects to the ribs via cartilage and forms the front of the rib cage, thus helping to protect the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels from injury. Sha ...

*** Manubrium of sternum **** Clavicular notch **** Jugular notch ***

Sternal angle The sternal angle (also known as the angle of Louis, angle of Ludovic or manubriosternal junction) is the synarthrotic joint formed by the articulation of the manubrium and the body of the sternum. The sternal angle is a palpable clinical landma ...

*** Xiphoid process **Thoracic cage ***

*** Superior thoracic aperture (thoracic inlet) *** Inferior thoracic aperture *** Intercostal space ***

Infrasternal angle The lower opening of the thorax is formed by the twelfth thoracic vertebra behind, by the eleventh and twelfth ribs at the sides, and in front by the cartilages of the tenth, ninth, eighth, and seventh ribs, which ascend on either side and form an ...

*Bones of upper limb **

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Scapula The scapula (plural scapulae or scapulas), also known as the shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone). Like their connected bones, the scapulae are paired, with each scapula on eith ...

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Acromion In human anatomy, the acromion (from Greek: ''akros'', "highest", ''ōmos'', "shoulder", plural: acromia) is a bony process on the scapula (shoulder blade). Together with the coracoid process it extends laterally over the shoulder joint. The ...

****Superior border ***** Suprascapular notch **** Glenoid cavity **** Supraglenoid tubercle **** Infraglenoid tubercle ****

Coracoid process The coracoid process (from Greek κόραξ, raven) is a small hook-like structure on the lateral edge of the superior anterior portion of the scapula (hence: coracoid, or "like a raven's beak"). Pointing laterally forward, it, together with t ...

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Clavicle The clavicle, or collarbone, is a slender, S-shaped long bone approximately 6 inches (15 cm) long that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum (breastbone). There are two clavicles, one on the left and one on the r ...

****Acromial end *****Tuberosity for coracoclavicular ligament ****** Conoid tubercle ****** Trapezoid line **Free part of upper limb ***

Humerus The humerus (; ) is a long bone in the arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow. It connects the scapula and the two bones of the lower arm, the radius and ulna, and consists of three sections. The humeral upper extremity consists of a r ...

**** Greater tubercle **** Lesser tubercle *****

Intertubercular sulcus The bicipital groove (intertubercular groove, sulcus intertubercularis) is a deep groove on the humerus that separates the greater tubercle from the lesser tubercle. It allows for the long tendon of the biceps brachii muscle to pass. Structure ...

****Shaft of humerus *****Posterior surface ****** Radial groove *****

Deltoid tuberosity In human anatomy, the deltoid tuberosity is a rough, triangular area on the anterolateral (front-side) surface of the middle of the humerus. It is a site of attachment of deltoid muscle. Structure Variation The deltoid tuberosity has been re ...

**** Condyle of humerus ***** Capitulum ***** Trochlea *****

Olecranon fossa The olecranon fossa is a deep triangular depression on the posterior side of the humerus, superior to the trochlea. It provides space for the olecranon of the ulna during extension of the forearm. Structure The olecranon fossa is located on ...

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Coronoid fossa Superior to the anterior portion of the trochlea is a small depression, the coronoid fossa, which receives the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion of the forearm. It is directly adjacent to the radial fossa of the humerus The humerus ...

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Radial fossa The radial fossa is a slight depression found on the humerus above the front part of the capitulum. It receives the anterior border of the head of the radius when the forearm is flexed. Structure The joint capsule of the elbow attaches to th ...

**** Medial epicondyle **** Lateral epicondyle ***

Radius In classical geometry, a radius (plural, : radii) of a circle or sphere is any of the line segments from its Centre (geometry), center to its perimeter, and in more modern usage, it is also their length. The name comes from the latin ''radius'', ...

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Radial styloid process The radial styloid process is a projection of bone on the lateral surface of the distal radius bone. Structure The radial styloid process is found on the lateral surface of the distal radius bone. It extends obliquely downward into a strong, ...

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Ulna The ulna (''pl''. ulnae or ulnas) is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the smallest finger, and when in anatomical position, is found on the medial side of the forearm. That is, the ulna is on the same side of t ...

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Olecranon The olecranon (, ), is a large, thick, curved bony eminence of the ulna, a long bone in the forearm that projects behind the elbow. It forms the most pointed portion of the elbow and is opposite to the cubital fossa or elbow pit. The olecranon ...

**** Coronoid process ****Head *****

Ulnar styloid process The styloid process of the ulna is a bony prominence found at distal end of the ulna in the forearm. Structure The styloid process of the ulna projects from the medial and back part of the ulna. It descends a little lower than the head. The head ...

**Bones of hand ***

Carpal bones The carpal bones are the eight small bones that make up the wrist (or carpus) that connects the hand to the forearm. The term "carpus" is derived from the Latin carpus and the Greek καρπός (karpós), meaning "wrist". In human anatomy, t ...

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Scaphoid The scaphoid bone is one of the carpal bones of the wrist. It is situated between the hand and forearm on the thumb side of the wrist (also called the lateral or radial side). It forms the radial border of the carpal tunnel. The scaphoid bone i ...

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Lunate Lunate is a crescent or moon-shaped microlith. In the specialized terminology of lithic reduction, a lunate flake is a small, crescent-shaped flake removed from a stone tool during the process of pressure flaking. In the Natufian period, a lu ...

**** Triquetrum ****

Pisiform The pisiform bone ( or ), also spelled pisiforme (from the Latin ''pisifomis'', pea-shaped), is a small knobbly, sesamoid bone that is found in the wrist. It forms the ulnar border of the carpal tunnel. Structure The pisiform is a sesamoid bone, ...

**** Trapezium ****

Trapezoid A quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides is called a trapezoid () in American and Canadian English. In British and other forms of English, it is called a trapezium (). A trapezoid is necessarily a convex quadrilateral in Eu ...

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Capitate The capitate bone is a bone in the human wrist found in the center of the carpal bone region, located at the distal end of the radius and ulna bones. It articulates with the third metacarpal bone (the middle finger) and forms the third carpomet ...

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Hamate The hamate bone (from Latin hamatus, "hooked"), or unciform bone (from Latin ''uncus'', "hook"), Latin os hamatum and occasionally abbreviated as just hamatum, is a bone in the human wrist readily distinguishable by its wedge shape and a hook-l ...

*** Metacarpals ***Phalanges (hand) *** Sesamoid bones (hand) *Bones of lower limb ** Pelvic girdle *** acrum - see vertebrae section***

Hip bone The hip bone (os coxae, innominate bone, pelvic bone or coxal bone) is a large flat bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below. In some vertebrates (including humans before puberty) it is composed of three parts: the ilium, isch ...

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Acetabulum The acetabulum (), also called the cotyloid cavity, is a concave surface of the pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at the acetabulum, forming the hip joint. Structure There are three bones of the ''os coxae'' (hip bone) that c ...

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Obturator foramen The obturator foramen (Latin foramen obturatum) is the large opening created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis through which nerves and blood vessels pass. Structure It is bounded by a thin, uneven margin, to which a strong membran ...

**** Greater sciatic notch **** Ilium ***** Arcuate line *****

Iliac crest The crest of the ilium (or iliac crest) is the superior border of the wing of ilium and the superiolateral margin of the greater pelvis. Structure The iliac crest stretches posteriorly from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the poster ...

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Anterior superior iliac spine The anterior superior iliac spine ( abbreviated: ASIS) is a bony projection of the iliac bone, and an important landmark of surface anatomy. It refers to the anterior extremity of the iliac crest of the pelvis. It provides attachment for the i ...

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Anterior inferior iliac spine Standard anatomical terms of location are used to unambiguously describe the anatomy of animals, including humans. The terms, typically derived from Latin or Greek roots, describe something in its standard anatomical position. This position pro ...

****** Posterior superior iliac spine ****** Posterior inferior iliac spine ****

Ischium The ischium () form ...

***** Lesser sciatic notch MN **** Pubis *****Body ******

Pubic tubercle The pubic tubercle is a prominent tubercle on the superior ramus of the pubis bone of the pelvis. Structure The pubic tubercle is a prominent forward-projecting tubercle on the upper border of the medial portion of the superior ramus of the ...

*****Superior pubic ramus ******

Pecten pubis The pectineal line of the pubis (also pecten pubis) is a ridge on the superior ramus of the pubic bone. It forms part of the pelvic brim. Lying across from the pectineal line are fibers of the pectineal ligament, and the proximal origin of th ...

***Pelvis (category contains general terms) ****

**** Pubic arch **** Subpubic angle **** Greater pelvis ****

Lesser pelvis The pelvic cavity is a body cavity that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis. Its oblique roof is the pelvic inlet (the superior opening of the pelvis). Its lower boundary is the pelvic floor. The pelvic cavity primarily contains the reprodu ...

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Linea terminalis The linea terminalis or innominate line consists of the pubic crest, pectineal line (pecten pubis), the arcuate line, the sacral ala, and the sacral promontory. It is the pelvic brim, which is the edge of the pelvic inlet. The pelvic inlet is t ...

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Pelvic inlet The pelvic inlet or superior aperture of the pelvis is a planar surface which defines the boundary between the pelvic cavity and the abdominal cavity (or, according to some authors, between two parts of the pelvic cavity, called lesser pelvis an ...

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Pelvic outlet The lower circumference of the lesser pelvis is very irregular; the space enclosed by it is named the inferior aperture or pelvic outlet. It is an important component of pelvimetry. Boundaries It has the following boundaries: * anteriorly: the pub ...

**Free part of lower limb ***

Femur The femur (; ), or thigh bone, is the proximal bone of the hindlimb in tetrapod vertebrates. The head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvic bone forming the hip joint, while the distal part of the femur articulates ...

**** Greater trochanter ****

Lesser trochanter The lesser trochanter is a conical posteromedial bony projection of the femoral shaft. it serves as the principal insertion site of the iliopsoas muscle. Structure The lesser trochanter is a conical posteromedial projection of the shaft of the fe ...

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Intertrochanteric line The intertrochanteric line (or ''spiral line of the femur''White (2005), p 256 ) is a line located on the anterior side of the proximal end of the femur. Structure The rough, variable ridge stretches between the lesser trochanter and the greater ...

**** Intertrochanteric crest ****Shaft of femur ***** Linea aspera ***** Pectineal line **** Intercondylar fossa ***

Patella The patella, also known as the kneecap, is a flat, rounded triangular bone which articulates with the femur (thigh bone) and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint. The patella is found in many tetrapods, such as ...

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Tibia The tibia (; ), also known as the shinbone or shankbone, is the larger, stronger, and anterior (frontal) of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates (the other being the fibula, behind and to the outside of the tibia); it conn ...

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Medial malleolus A malleolus is the bony prominence on each side of the human ankle. Each leg is supported by two bones, the tibia on the inner side (medial) of the leg and the fibula on the outer side (lateral) of the leg. The medial malleolus is the promi ...

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Fibula The fibula or calf bone is a leg bone on the lateral side of the tibia, to which it is connected above and below. It is the smaller of the two bones and, in proportion to its length, the most slender of all the long bones. Its upper extremity ...

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Lateral malleolus A malleolus is the bony prominence on each side of the human ankle. Each leg is supported by two bones, the tibia on the inner side (medial) of the leg and the fibula on the outer side (lateral) of the leg. The medial malleolus is the promine ...

**Bones of foot *** Tarsal bones **** Talus ****

Calcaneus In humans and many other primates, the calcaneus (; from the Latin ''calcaneus'' or ''calcaneum'', meaning heel) or heel bone is a bone of the tarsus of the foot which constitutes the heel. In some other animals, it is the point of the hock. ...

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Sustentaculum tali In humans and many other primates, the calcaneus (; from the Latin ''calcaneus'' or ''calcaneum'', meaning heel) or heel bone is a bone of the tarsus of the foot which constitutes the heel. In some other animals, it is the point of the hock. S ...

**** Navicular **** Medial cuneiform **** Intermediate cuneiform **** Lateral cuneiform ****

Cuboid In geometry, a cuboid is a hexahedron, a six-faced solid. Its faces are quadrilaterals. Cuboid means "like a cube", in the sense that by adjusting the length of the edges or the angles between edges and faces a cuboid can be transformed into a c ...

*** Metatarsals ***

Phalanges The phalanges (singular: ''phalanx'' ) are digital bones in the hands and feet of most vertebrates. In primates, the thumbs and big toes have two phalanges while the other digits have three phalanges. The phalanges are classed as long bones. ...

(foot) *** Sesamoid bones (foot) ----

Joints

*General terms **

Joint A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between bones, ossicles, or other hard structures in the body which link an animal's skeletal system into a functional whole.Saladin, Ken. Anatomy & Physiology. 7th ed. McGraw- ...

**Bony joints ***

Synarthrosis A synarthrosis is a type of joint which allows no movement under normal conditions. Sutures and gomphoses are both synarthroses. Joints which allow more movement are called amphiarthroses or diarthroses. Syndesmoses joints are considered to be a ...

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Fibrous joint In anatomy, fibrous joints are joints connected by fibrous tissue, consisting mainly of collagen. These are fixed joints where bones are united by a layer of white fibrous tissue of varying thickness. In the skull the joints between the bones ...

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Syndesmosis In anatomy, fibrous joints are joints connected by fibrous tissue, consisting mainly of collagen. These are fixed joints where bones are united by a layer of white fibrous tissue of varying thickness. In the skull the joints between the bones ar ...

****** Gomphosis *****

Interosseous membrane An interosseous membrane is a thick dense fibrous sheet of connective tissue that spans the space between two bones, forming a type of syndesmosis joint. Interosseous membranes in the human body: * Interosseous membrane of forearm * Interosseous ...

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Suture Suture, literally meaning "seam", may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media * ''Suture'' (album), a 2000 album by American Industrial rock band Chemlab * ''Suture'' (film), a 1993 film directed by Scott McGehee and David Siegel * Suture (ban ...

**** Cartilaginous joint ***** Synchondrosis ***** Symphysis ***** Epiphysial cartilage ***

Synovial joint A synovial joint, also known as diarthrosis, joins bones or cartilage with a fibrous joint capsule that is continuous with the periosteum of the joined bones, constitutes the outer boundary of a synovial cavity, and surrounds the bones' articul ...

**** Articular disc **** Meniscus ****

Synovial bursa Synovial () may refer to: * Synovial fluid * Synovial joint * Synovial membrane The synovial membrane (also known as the synovial stratum, synovium or stratum synoviale) is a specialized connective tissue that lines the inner surface of capsule ...

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Synovial sheath A synovial sheath is one of the two membranes of a tendon sheath which covers a tendon. The other membrane is the outer fibrous tendon sheath. The tendon invaginates the synovial sheath from one side so that the tendon is suspended from the membra ...

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Plane joint A plane joint (arthrodial joint, gliding joint, plane articulation) is a synovial joint which, under physiological conditions, allows only gliding movement. Plane joints permit sliding movements in the plane of articular surfaces. The opposed sur ...

****Cylindrical joint *****

Pivot joint In animal anatomy, a pivot joint (trochoid joint, rotary joint or lateral ginglymus) is a type of synovial joint whose movement axis is parallel to the long axis of the proximal bone, which typically has a convex articular surface. According t ...

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Hinge joint A hinge joint (ginglymus or ginglymoid) is a bone joint in which the articular surfaces are molded to each other in such a manner as to permit motion only in one plane. According to one classification system they are said to be uniaxial (having ...

**** Bicondylar joint **** Saddle joint **** Condylar joint ****

Ball and socket joint The ball-and-socket joint (or spheroid joint) is a type of synovial joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone. The distal bone is capable of motion around an indefinite number o ...

Abduction Abduction may refer to: Media Film and television * "Abduction" (''The Outer Limits''), a 2001 television episode * " Abduction" (''Death Note'') a Japanese animation television series * " Abductions" (''Totally Spies!''), a 2002 episode of an ...

** Adduction ** External rotation or Lateral rotation ** Internal rotation or

Medial rotation Motion, the process of movement, is described using specific anatomical terms. Motion includes movement of organs, joints, limbs, and specific sections of the body. The terminology used describes this motion according to its direction relativ ...

** Circumduction **

Flexion Motion, the process of movement, is described using specific anatomical terms. Motion includes movement of organs, joints, limbs, and specific sections of the body. The terminology used describes this motion according to its direction relativ ...

Extension Extension, extend or extended may refer to: Mathematics Logic or set theory * Axiom of extensionality * Extensible cardinal * Extension (model theory) * Extension (predicate logic), the set of tuples of values that satisfy the predicate * Ext ...

Pronation Motion, the process of movement, is described using specific anatomical terms. Motion includes movement of organs, joints, limbs, and specific sections of the body. The terminology used describes this motion according to its direction relati ...

Supination Motion, the process of movement, is described using specific anatomical terms. Motion includes movement of organs, joints, limbs, and specific sections of the body. The terminology used describes this motion according to its direction relati ...

Opposition Opposition may refer to: Arts and media * ''Opposition'' (Altars EP), 2011 EP by Christian metalcore band Altars * The Opposition (band), a London post-punk band * '' The Opposition with Jordan Klepper'', a late-night television series on Com ...

** Reposition *Joints of the skull **Cranial fibrous joints ***Cranial syndesmoses *** Cranial sutures ****

Coronal suture The coronal suture is a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint that separates the two parietal bones from the frontal bone of the skull. Structure The coronal suture lies between the paired parietal bones and the frontal bone of the skull ...

**** Sagittal suture **** Lambdoid suture *** Dento-alveolar syndesmosis (gomphosis) **Cranial cartilaginous joints ***Cranial synchondroses **Cranial synovial joints *** Temporomandibular joint **** Sphenomandibular ligament ****

Stylomandibular ligament The stylomandibular ligament is the thickened posterior portion of the investing cervical fascia around the neck. It extends from near the apex of the styloid process of the temporal bone to the angle and posterior border of the angle of the man ...

*** Atlanto-occipital joint *Vertebral joints **Syndesmoses of vertebral column *** Interspinous ligaments *** Ligamenta flava *** Intertransverse ligaments *** Supraspinous ligament ***

Ligamentum nuchae The nuchal ligament is a ligament at the back of the neck that is continuous with the supraspinous ligament. Structure The nuchal ligament extends from the external occipital protuberance on the skull and median nuchal line to the spinous proc ...

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Anterior longitudinal ligament The anterior longitudinal ligament is a ligament that runs down the anterior surface of the spine. It traverses all of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs on their ventral side. It may be partially cut to treat certain abnormal curvature ...

*** Posterior longitudinal ligament *** Transverse ligaments **Synchondroses of vertebral column *** Intervertebral joint ****

Intervertebral disc An intervertebral disc (or intervertebral fibrocartilage) lies between adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column. Each disc forms a fibrocartilaginous joint (a symphysis), to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, to act as a ligament to h ...

***** Anulus fibrosus ***** Nucleus pulposus **Vertebral synovial joints *** Median atlanto-axial joint ****

Alar ligaments In anatomy, the alar ligaments are ligaments which connect the dens (a bony protrusion on the second cervical vertebra) to tubercles on the medial side of the occipital condyle. They are short, tough, fibrous cords that attach on the skull and ...

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Apical ligament of dens The ligament of apex dentis (or apical odontoid ligament) is a ligament that spans between the second cervical vertebra in the neck and the skull. It lies as a fibrous cord in the triangular interval between the alar ligaments, which extends fro ...

**** Cruciate ligament of dens *** Lateral atlanto-axial joint ***

Zygapophysial joints The facet joints (or zygapophysial joints, zygapophyseal, apophyseal, or Z-joints) are a set of synovial, plane joints between the articular processes of two adjacent vertebrae. There are two facet joints in each spinal motion segment and eac ...

*** Lumbosacral joint *** Sacrococcygeal joint *Thoracic joints **Syndesmoses of thorax *** External intercostal membrane *** Internal intercostal membrane **Synchondroses of thorax *** Costosternal joint *** Synchondrosis of first rib ***Sternal synchondroses **** Xiphisternal joint **** Manubriosternal joint **Synovial joints of thorax *** Costovertebral joints ***

Sternocostal joints The sternocostal joints, also known as sternochondral joints or costosternal articulations, are synovial plane joints of the costal cartilages of the true ribs with the sternum. The only exception is the first rib, which has a synchondrosis joint ...

*** Costochondral joints *** Interchondral joints *Joints of upper limb **Joints of pectoral girdle ***Syndesmoses of pectoral girdle **** Coraco-acromial ligament ****

Superior transverse scapular ligament The superior transverse ligament (transverse or suprascapular ligament) converts the suprascapular notch into a foramen or opening. It is a thin and flat fascicle, narrower at the middle than at the extremities, attached by one end to the base of ...

***Synovial joints of pectoral girdle **** Acromioclavicular joint ***** Acromioclavicular ligament ***** Coracoclavicular ligament ****** Trapezoid ligament ****** Conoid ligament ****

Sternoclavicular joint The sternoclavicular joint or sternoclavicular articulation is a synovial saddle joint between the manubrium of the sternum, and the clavicle, as well as the first rib. The joint possesses a joint capsule, and an articular disk, and is reinfo ...

**Joints of free upper limb *** Radio-ulnar syndesmosis ****

Interosseous membrane of forearm The interosseous membrane of the forearm (rarely middle or intermediate radioulnar joint) is a fibrous sheet that connects the interosseous margins of the radius and the ulna. It is the main part of the radio-ulnar syndesmosis, a fibrous joint be ...

***Synovial joints of free upper limb ****

Glenohumeral joint The shoulder joint (or glenohumeral joint from Greek ''glene'', eyeball, + -''oid'', 'form of', + Latin ''humerus'', shoulder) is structurally classified as a synovial ball-and-socket joint and functionally as a diarthrosis and multiaxial joint ...

**** Elbow joint (since merged with

elbow The elbow is the region between the arm and the forearm that surrounds the elbow joint. The elbow includes prominent landmarks such as the olecranon, the cubital fossa (also called the chelidon, or the elbow pit), and the lateral and the me ...

article) ***** Humeroulnar joint ***** Humeroradial joint ***** Proximal radio-ulnar joint ***** Ulnar collateral ligament ***** Radial collateral ligament *****

Anular ligament of radius The annular ligament (orbicular ligament) is a strong band of fibers that encircles the head of the radius, and retains it in contact with the radial notch of the ulna.''Gray's Anatomy'' (1918), see infobox Per '' Terminologia Anatomica 1998'', ...

*****

Quadrate ligament In human anatomy, the quadrate ligament or ligament of Denucé is one of the ligaments of the proximal radioulnar joint in the upper forearm. Structure The quadrate ligament is a fibrous band attached to the inferior border of the radial notch on ...

**** Distal radio-ulnar joint ****Joints of hand *****

Wrist joint In human anatomy, the wrist is variously defined as (1) the carpus or carpal bones, the complex of eight bones forming the proximal skeletal segment of the hand; "The wrist contains eight bones, roughly aligned in two rows, known as the carpal ...

***** Carpal joints ******

Midcarpal joint The midcarpal joint is formed by the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones in the proximal row, and the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate bones in the distal row. The distal pole of the scaphoid articulates with two trapezial bones a ...

****** Radiate carpal ligament ****** Pisiform joint ******* Pisohamate ligament ******* Pisometacarpal ligament *****

Carpal tunnel In the human body, the carpal tunnel or carpal canal is the passageway on the palmar side of the wrist that connects the forearm to the hand. The tunnel is bounded by the bones of the wrist and flexor retinaculum from connective tissue. Normall ...

***** Ulnar canal ***** Carpometacarpal joints ****** Carpometacarpal joint of thumb ***** Intermetacarpal joints *****

Metacarpophalangeal joints The metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) are situated between the metacarpal bones and the proximal phalanges of the fingers. These joints are of the condyloid kind, formed by the reception of the rounded heads of the metacarpal bones into shallow ...

****** Deep transverse metacarpal ligament *****

Interphalangeal joints of hand The interphalangeal joints of the hand are the hinge joints between the phalanges of the fingers that provide flexion towards the palm of the hand. There are two sets in each finger (except in the thumb, which has only one joint): * "proximal ...

*Joints of lower limb **Joints of pelvic girdle ***Syndesmoses of pelvic girdle **** Obturator canal ****

Pubic symphysis The pubic symphysis is a secondary cartilaginous joint between the left and right superior rami of the pubis of the hip bones. It is in front of and below the urinary bladder. In males, the suspensory ligament of the penis attaches to the pubi ...

**** Sacro-iliac joint *****

Sacrotuberous ligament The sacrotuberous ligament (great or posterior sacrosciatic ligament) is situated at the lower and back part of the pelvis. It is flat, and triangular in form; narrower in the middle than at the ends. Structure It runs from the sacrum (the lowe ...

***** Sacrospinous ligament ***** Greater sciatic foramen ***** Lesser sciatic foramen **Joints of free lower limb ***

Tibiofibular syndesmosis In anatomy, fibrous joints are joints connected by fibrous tissue, consisting mainly of collagen. These are fixed joints where bones are united by a layer of white fibrous tissue of varying thickness. In the skull the joints between the bones a ...

****

Interosseous membrane of leg The interosseous membrane of the leg (middle tibiofibular ligament) extends between the interosseous crests of the tibia and fibula, helps stabilize the Tib-Fib relationship and separates the muscles on the front from those on the back of the leg. ...

***Synovial joints of free lower limb ****

Hip joint In vertebrate anatomy, hip (or "coxa"Latin ''coxa'' was used by Celsus in the sense "hip", but by Pliny the Elder in the sense "hip bone" (Diab, p 77) in medical terminology) refers to either an anatomical region or a joint. The hip region is ...

***** Iliofemoral ligament ***** Ischiofemoral ligament ***** Pubofemoral ligament ***** Transverse acetabular ligament *****

Ligament of head of femur In human anatomy, the ligament of the head of the femur (round ligament of the femur, ligamentum teres femoris, the foveal ligament, or Fillmore’s ligament) is a ligament located in the hip. It is triangular in shape and somewhat flattened. The ...

****

Knee joint In humans and other primates, the knee joins the thigh with the human leg, leg and consists of two joints: one between the femur and tibia (tibiofemoral joint), and one between the femur and patella (patellofemoral joint). It is the largest join ...

*****

Lateral meniscus The lateral meniscus (external semilunar fibrocartilage) is a fibrocartilaginous band that spans the lateral side of the interior of the knee joint. It is one of two menisci of the knee, the other being the medial meniscus. It is nearly circular ...

***** Medial meniscus ***** Transverse ligament of knee *****

Anterior cruciate ligament The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is one of a pair of cruciate ligaments (the other being the posterior cruciate ligament) in the human knee. The two ligaments are also called "cruciform" ligaments, as they are arranged in a crossed formati ...

*****

Posterior cruciate ligament The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is a ligament in each knee of humans and various other animals. It works as a counterpart to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). It connects the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the medial cond ...

*****

Fibular collateral ligament The lateral collateral ligament (LCL, long external lateral ligament or fibular collateral ligament) is a ligament located on the lateral (outer) side of the knee, and thus belongs to the extrinsic knee ligaments and posterolateral corner of the kn ...

***** Tibial collateral ligament *****

Oblique popliteal ligament The oblique popliteal ligament (posterior ligament) is a broad, flat, fibrous band on the posterior knee representing an expansion of the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle. It attaches onto the intercondylar fossa and lateral condyle of the fe ...

*****

Arcuate popliteal ligament The arcuate popliteal ligament is an Y-shaped extracapsular ligament of the knee. It is formed as a thickening of the posterior fibres of the joint capsule of the knee. It has its origin at the posterior aspect of the head of the fibula. It ha ...

***** Patellar ligament **** Tibiofibular joint ****Joints of foot ***** Ankle joint ****** Medial ligament (deltoid ligament) ****** Lateral ligaments ******* Anterior talofibular ligament *******

Posterior talofibular ligament The posterior talofibular ligament is a ligament that connects the fibula to the talus bone. It runs almost horizontally from the malleolar fossa of the lateral malleolus A malleolus is the bony prominence on each side of the human ankle. ...

*******

Calcaneofibular ligament The calcaneofibular ligament is a narrow, rounded cord, running from the tip of the lateral malleolus of the fibula downward and slightly backward to a tubercle on the lateral surface of the calcaneus. It is part of the lateral collateral ligamen ...

. ***** Subtalar joint *****

Transverse tarsal joint The transverse tarsal joint or midtarsal joint or Chopart's joint is formed by the articulation of the calcaneus with the Cuboid bone, cuboid (the calcaneocuboid joint), and the articulation of the talus bone, talus with the navicular (the talocalc ...

*****

Cuneonavicular joint The cuneonavicular joint is a joint (articulation) in the human foot. It is formed between the navicular bone and the three cuneiform bones. The navicular and cuneiform bones are connected by dorsal and plantar ligaments. Dorsal ligaments The d ...

*****

Intercuneiform joints The intercuneiform joints are the joints (articulations among) the cuneiform bones. The term "cuneocuboid joint" is sometimes used to describe the joint between the cuboid and lateral cuneiform, but this term is not recognized by Terminologia An ...

***** Tarsal ligaments ****** Tarsal interosseous ligaments ****** Dorsal tarsal ligaments ****** Dorsal cuneonavicular ligament ****** Plantar tarsal ligaments ******* Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (Spring ligament) ***** Tarsometatarsal joints ***** Intermetatarsal joints *****

Metatarsophalangeal joints The metatarsophalangeal joints (MTP joints), also informally known as toe knuckles, are the joints between the metatarsal bones of the foot and the proximal bones (proximal phalanges) of the toes. They are condyloid joints, meaning that an ellipti ...

*****

Interphalangeal joints of foot The interphalangeal joints of the foot are between the phalanx bones of the toes in the feet. Since the great toe only has two phalanx bones (proximal and distal phalanges), it only has one interphalangeal joint, which is often abbreviated as ...

Muscles

*General terms **

Muscle Skeletal muscles (commonly referred to as muscles) are organs of the vertebrate muscular system and typically are attached by tendons to bones of a skeleton. The muscle cells of skeletal muscles are much longer than in the other types of mus ...

*Muscles of head **Extra-ocular muscles (see sense organs) **Muscles of auditory ossicles (see sense organs) **Facial muscles *** Epicranius *** Procerus *** Nasalis *** Depressor septi nasi ***

Orbicularis oculi The orbicularis oculi is a muscle in the face that closes the eyelids. It arises from the nasal part of the frontal bone, from the frontal process of the maxilla in front of the lacrimal groove, and from the anterior surface and borders of a short ...

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Corrugator supercilii The corrugator supercilii muscle is a small, narrow, pyramidal muscle close to the eye. It arises from the medial end of the superciliary arch, and inserts into the deep surface of the skin of the eyebrow. It draws the eyebrow downward and medi ...

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Depressor supercilii The depressor supercilii is an eye muscle of the human body. The nature of this muscle is in some dispute. Few printed anatomies include it (Netter, et al.) and many authorities consider it to be part of the orbicularis oculi muscle. On the oth ...

*** Auricularis anterior *** Auricularis superior *** Auricularis posterior ***

Orbicularis oris In human anatomy, the orbicularis oris muscle is a complex of muscles in the lips that encircles the mouth. It is a sphincter, or circular muscle, but it is actually composed of four independent quadrants that interlace and give only an appearance ...

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Depressor anguli oris The depressor anguli oris muscle (triangularis muscle) is a facial muscle. It originates from the mandible and inserts into the angle of the mouth. It is associated with frowning, as it depresses the corner of the mouth. Structure The depres ...

*** Transversus menti ***

Risorius The risorius muscle is a muscle of facial expression. It arises from the fascia over the parotid gland, and inserts into the angle of the mouth. It is supplied by the facial nerve (CN VII). It may be absent or asymmetrical in some people. It retr ...

*** Zygomaticus major ***

Zygomaticus minor The zygomaticus minor muscle is a muscle of facial expression. It originates from the zygomatic bone, lateral to the rest of the levator labii superioris muscle, and inserts into the outer part of the upper lip. It draws the upper lip backward, ...

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Levator labii superioris The levator labii superioris (pl. ''levatores labii superioris'', also called quadratus labii superioris, pl. ''quadrati labii superioris'') is a muscle of the human body used in facial expression. It is a broad sheet, the origin of which extend ...

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Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi The levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscle is, translated from Latin, the "lifter of both the upper lip and of the wing of the nose". It has the longest name of any muscle in an animal. The muscle is attached to the upper frontal process o ...

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Depressor labii inferioris The depressor labii inferioris (or quadratus labii inferioris) is a facial muscle. It helps to lower the bottom lip. Structure The depressor labii inferioris muscle arises from the lateral surface of the mandible. This is below the mental fora ...

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Levator anguli oris The levator anguli oris (caninus) is a facial muscle of the mouth arising from the canine fossa, immediately below the infraorbital foramen. It elevates angle of mouth medially. Its fibers are inserted into the angle of the mouth, intermingli ...

*** Modiolus *** Buccinator ***

Mentalis The mentalis muscle is a paired central muscle of the lower lip, situated at the tip of the chin. It originates from the mentum of the mandible, and inserts into the soft tissue of the chin. It is sometimes referred to as the "pouting muscle" due ...

***Masticatory muscles ****

Masseter In human anatomy, the masseter is one of the muscles of mastication. Found only in mammals, it is particularly powerful in herbivores to facilitate chewing of plant matter. The most obvious muscle of mastication is the masseter muscle, since it ...

**** Temporalis **** Lateral pterygoid **** Medial pterygoid **Muscles of tongue - see alimentary system **Muscles of soft palate and fauces - see alimentary system *Muscles of neck **

Platysma The platysma muscle is a superficial muscle of the human neck that overlaps the sternocleidomastoid. It covers the anterior surface of the neck superficially. When it contracts, it produces a slight wrinkling of the neck, and a "bowstring" effec ...

** Longus colli ** Longus capitis ** Scalenus anterior **

Scalenus medius The scalene muscles are a group of three pairs of muscles in the lateral neck, namely the anterior scalene, middle scalene, and posterior scalene. They are innervated by the third to the eight cervical spinal nerves (C3-C8). The anterior and m ...

** Scalenus posterior **

Sternocleidomastoid The sternocleidomastoid muscle is one of the largest and most superficial cervical muscles. The primary actions of the muscle are rotation of the head to the opposite side and flexion of the neck. The sternocleidomastoid is innervated by the access ...

**Suboccipital muscles ***

Rectus capitis anterior The rectus capitis anterior (rectus capitis anticus minor) is a short, flat muscle, situated immediately behind the upper part of the Longus capitis. It arises from the anterior surface of the lateral mass of the atlas, and from the root of its t ...

*** Rectus capitis lateralis *** Rectus capitis posterior major ***

Rectus capitis posterior minor The rectus capitis posterior minor (or rectus capitis posticus minor, both being Latin for ''lesser posterior straight muscle of the head'') arises by a narrow pointed tendon from the tubercle on the posterior arch of the atlas, and, widening as i ...

*** Obliquus capitis superior ***

Obliquus capitis inferior The obliquus capitis inferior muscle () is the larger of the two oblique muscles of the neck. It arises from the apex of the spinous process of the axis and passes laterally and slightly upward, to be inserted into the lower and back part of the tr ...

**Suprahyoid muscles *** Digastric ***

Stylohyoid The stylohyoid muscle is a slender muscle, lying anterior and superior of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. It is one of the suprahyoid muscles. It shares this muscle's innervation by the facial nerve, and functions to draw the hyoid ...

*** Mylohyoid ***

Geniohyoid The geniohyoid muscle is a narrow muscle situated superior to the medial border of the mylohyoid muscle. It is named for its passage from the chin ("genio-" is a standard prefix for "chin") to the hyoid bone. Structure It arises from the infe ...

**Infrahyoid muscles *** Sternohyoid ***

Omohyoid The omohyoid muscle is a muscle that depresses the hyoid. It is located in the front of the neck, and consists of two bellies separated by an intermediate tendon. The omohyoid muscle is proximally attached to the scapula and distally attached to t ...

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Sternothyroid The sternothyroid muscle, or sternothyroideus, is an infrahyoid muscle in the neck. It acts to depress the hyoid bone. It is below the sternohyoid muscle. It is shorter and wider than the sternohyoid. Structure The sternothyroid arises from the ...

*** Thyrohyoid **Cervical fascia *Muscles of back **

Trapezius The trapezius is a large paired trapezoid-shaped surface muscle that extends longitudinally from the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae of the spine and laterally to the spine of the scapula. It moves the scapula and supports th ...

Latissimus dorsi The latissimus dorsi () is a large, flat muscle on the back that stretches to the sides, behind the arm, and is partly covered by the trapezius on the back near the midline. The word latissimus dorsi (plural: ''latissimi dorsorum'') comes from ...

** Rhomboid major ** Rhomboid minor **

Levator scapulae The levator scapulae is a slender skeletal muscle situated at the back and side of the neck. As the Latin name suggests, its main function is to lift the scapula. Anatomy Attachments The muscle descends diagonally from its origin to its inserti ...

** Serratus posterior inferior **

Serratus posterior superior The serratus posterior superior muscle is a thin, quadrilateral muscle. It is situated at the upper back part of the thorax, deep to the rhomboid muscles. Structure The serratus posterior superior muscle arises by an aponeurosis from the lo ...

**Anterior cervical intertransversarii **Lateral posterior cervical intertransversarii **Intertransversarii laterales lumborum **Muscles of back proper ***

Erector spinae The erector spinae ( ) or spinal erectors is a set of muscles that straighten and rotate the back. The spinal erectors work together with the glutes ( gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus) to maintain stable posture standing or ...

****Erector spinae aponeurosis ****

Iliocostalis Iliocostalis muscle is the muscle immediately lateral to the longissimus that is the nearest to the furrow that separates the epaxial muscles from the hypaxial. It lies very deep to the fleshy portion of the serratus posterior muscle. It latera ...

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Longissimus The longissimus ( la, the longest one) is the muscle lateral to the semispinalis muscles. It is the longest subdivision of the erector spinae muscles that extends forward into the transverse processes of the posterior cervical vertebrae. Structu ...

**** Spinalis ***Spinotransversales ****

Splenius The splenius muscles are: *Splenius capitis muscle *Splenius cervicis muscle Their origins are in the upper thoracic and lower cervical spinous process The spinal column, a defining synapomorphy shared by nearly all vertebrates, Hagfish are ...

***Transversospinales **** Multifidus **** Semispinalis **** Rotatores *** Interspinales ***

Intertransversarii The intertransversarii are small muscles placed between the transverse processes of the vertebrae. Structure Cervical In the cervical region they are best developed, consisting of rounded muscular and tendinous fasciculi, and are placed in pairs, ...

***Thoracolumbar fascia *Muscles of thorax **

Pectoralis major The pectoralis major () is a thick, fan-shaped or triangular convergent muscle, situated at the chest of the human body. It makes up the bulk of the chest muscles and lies under the breast. Beneath the pectoralis major is the pectoralis minor, ...

** Pectoralis minor ** Subclavius ** Serratus anterior ** Levatores costarum ** External intercostal muscle ** Internal intercostal muscle **

Innermost intercostal muscle The innermost intercostal muscle is a layer of intercostal muscles. It may also be called the intima of the internal intercostal muscles. It is the deepest muscular layer of the thorax, with muscle fibres running vertically (in parallel with the ...

** Subcostales ** Transversus thoracis **Pectoral fascia ** Clavipectoral fascia **Thoracic fascia **Endothoracic fascia **

Thoracic diaphragm The thoracic diaphragm, or simply the diaphragm ( grc, διάφραγμα, diáphragma, partition), is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle in humans and other mammals that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm is the m ...

***Lumbar part ****

Right crus of diaphragm The crus of diaphragm (pl. crura), refers to one of two tendinous structures that extends below the diaphragm to the vertebral column. There is a right crus and a left crus, which together form a tether for muscular contraction. They take their ...

****

Left crus of diaphragm The crus of diaphragm (pl. crura), refers to one of two tendinous structures that extends below the diaphragm to the vertebral column. There is a right crus and a left crus, which together form a tether for muscular contraction. They take their ...

**** Median arcuate ligament ****

Medial arcuate ligament The medial arcuate ligament (also medial lumbocostal arch and internal arcuate ligament) is a tendinous fascia that arches over the psoas major muscle as it passes posterior the diaphragm. Structure The medial arcuate ligament is an arch in the f ...

**** Lateral arcuate ligament *** Aortic hiatus *** Esophageal hiatus ***

Caval opening The thoracic diaphragm, or simply the diaphragm ( grc, διάφραγμα, diáphragma, partition), is a sheet of internal skeletal muscle in humans and other mammals that extends across the bottom of the thoracic cavity. The diaphragm is th ...

*Muscles of abdomen ** Rectus abdominis ** Pyramidalis **

External oblique The abdominal external oblique muscle (also external oblique muscle, or exterior oblique) is the largest and outermost of the three flat abdominal muscles of the lateral anterior abdomen. Structure The external oblique is situated on the lateral ...

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Inguinal ligament The inguinal ligament (), also known as Poupart's ligament or groin ligament, is a band running from the pubic tubercle to the anterior superior iliac spine. It forms the base of the inguinal canal through which an indirect inguinal hernia may ...

Superficial inguinal ring The inguinal canals are the two passages in the anterior abdominal wall of humans and animals which in males convey the spermatic cords and in females the round ligament of the uterus. The inguinal canals are larger and more prominent in males. Th ...

** Internal oblique *** Cremaster ** Transversus abdominis *** Inguinal falx *** Deep inguinal ring ** Linea alba ** Linea semilunaris **

Inguinal canal The inguinal canals are the two passages in the anterior abdominal wall of humans and animals which in males convey the spermatic cords and in females the round ligament of the uterus. The inguinal canals are larger and more prominent in males. ...

Quadratus lumborum The quadratus lumborum muscle, informally called the ''QL'', is a paired muscle of the left and right posterior abdominal wall. It is the deepest abdominal muscle, and commonly referred to as a back muscle. Each is irregular and quadrilateral in s ...

**Abdominal fascia **Pelvic fascia ** Pelvic diaphragm ***

Levator ani The levator ani is a broad, thin muscle group, situated on either side of the pelvis. It is formed from three muscle components: the pubococcygeus, the iliococcygeus, and the puborectalis. It is attached to the inner surface of each side of the ...

*** Ischiococcygeus ***

External anal sphincter The external anal sphincter (or sphincter ani externus ) is a flat plane of skeletal muscle fibers, elliptical in shape and intimately adherent to the skin surrounding the margin of the anus. Anatomy The external anal sphincter measures about 8 ...

**Perineal muscles - see genital systems *Muscles of upper limb **Compartments **Muscles ***

Deltoid Deltoid (delta-shaped) can refer to: * The deltoid muscle, a muscle in the shoulder * Kite (geometry), also known as a deltoid, a type of quadrilateral * A deltoid curve, a three-cusped hypocycloid * A leaf shape * The deltoid tuberosity, a part o ...

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Supraspinatus The supraspinatus (plural ''supraspinati'') is a relatively small muscle of the upper back that runs from the supraspinous fossa superior portion of the scapula (shoulder blade) to the greater tubercle of the humerus. It is one of the four rotat ...

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Infraspinatus In human anatomy, the infraspinatus muscle is a thick triangular muscle, which occupies the chief part of the infraspinatous fossa.''Gray's Anatomy'', see infobox. As one of the four muscles of the rotator cuff, the main function of the infraspin ...

*** Teres minor *** Teres major *** Subscapularis ***

Biceps brachii The biceps or biceps brachii ( la, musculus biceps brachii, "two-headed muscle of the arm") is a large muscle that lies on the front of the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow. Both heads of the muscle arise on the scapula and join ...

*** Coracobrachialis ***

Brachialis The brachialis (brachialis anticus), also known as the Teichmann muscle, is a muscle in the upper arm that flexes the elbow. It lies deeper than the biceps brachii, and makes up part of the floor of the region known as the cubital fossa (elbow ...

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Triceps brachii The triceps, or triceps brachii (Latin for "three-headed muscle of the arm"), is a large muscle on the back of the upper limb of many vertebrates. It consists of 3 parts: the medial, lateral, and long head. It is the muscle principally respon ...

*** Anconeus ***

Pronator teres The pronator teres is a muscle (located mainly in the forearm) that, along with the pronator quadratus, serves to pronate the forearm (turning it so that the palm faces posteriorly when from the anatomical position). It has two attachments, to t ...

*** Flexor carpi radialis ***

Palmaris longus The palmaris longus is a muscle Skeletal muscles (commonly referred to as muscles) are organs of the vertebrate muscular system and typically are attached by tendons to bones of a skeleton. The muscle cells of skeletal muscles are much long ...

***

Flexor digitorum superficialis Flexor digitorum superficialis (''flexor digitorum sublimis'') is an extrinsic flexor muscle of the fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joints. It is in the anterior compartment of the forearm. It is sometimes considered to be the deepest p ...

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Flexor digitorum profundus The flexor digitorum profundus is a muscle in the forearm of humans that flexes the fingers (also known as digits). It is considered an extrinsic hand muscle because it acts on the hand while its muscle belly is located in the forearm. Togeth ...

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Flexor pollicis longus The flexor pollicis longus (; FPL, Latin ''flexor'', bender; ''pollicis'', of the thumb; ''longus'', long) is a muscle in the forearm and hand that flexes the thumb. It lies in the same plane as the flexor digitorum profundus. This muscle is un ...

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Pronator quadratus Pronator quadratus is a square-shaped muscle on the distal forearm that acts to pronate (turn so the palm faces downwards) the hand. Structure Its fibres run perpendicular to the direction of the arm, running from the most distal quarter of the a ...

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Brachioradialis The brachioradialis is a muscle of the forearm that flexes the forearm at the elbow. It is also capable of both pronation and supination, depending on the position of the forearm. It is attached to the distal styloid process of the radius by way ...

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Extensor carpi radialis longus A hand is a prehensile, multi-fingered appendage located at the end of the forearm or forelimb of primates such as humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and lemurs. A few other vertebrates such as the koala (which has two opposable thumbs on each ...

*** Extensor carpi radialis brevis *** Extensor digitorum *** Extensor digiti minimi *** Extensor carpi ulnaris ***

Supinator In human anatomy, the supinator is a broad muscle in the posterior compartment of the forearm, curved around the upper third of the radius. Its function is to supinate the forearm. Structure Supinator consists of two planes of fibers, between whic ...

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Abductor pollicis longus In human anatomy, the abductor pollicis longus (APL) is one of the extrinsic muscles of the hand. Its major function is to abduct the thumb at the wrist. Its tendon forms the anterior border of the anatomical snuffbox. Structure The abductor ...

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Extensor pollicis brevis In human anatomy, the extensor pollicis brevis is a skeletal muscle on the dorsal side of the forearm. It lies on the medial side of, and is closely connected with, the abductor pollicis longus. The extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) belongs to the ...

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Extensor pollicis longus In human anatomy, the extensor pollicis longus muscle (EPL) is a skeletal muscle located dorsally on the forearm. It is much larger than the extensor pollicis brevis, the origin of which it partly covers and acts to stretch the thumb together ...

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Extensor indicis In human anatomy, the extensor indicis roprius'' is a narrow, elongated skeletal muscle in the deep layer of the dorsal forearm, placed medial to, and parallel with, the extensor pollicis longus. Its tendon goes to the index finger, which it exte ...

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Palmaris brevis Palmaris brevis muscle is a thin, quadrilateral muscle, placed beneath the integument of the ulnar side of the hand. It acts to fold the skin of the hypothenar eminence transversally. Structure Origin and insertion Palmaris brevis muscle is lo ...

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Abductor pollicis brevis The abductor pollicis brevis is a muscle in the hand that functions as an abductor of the thumb. Structure The abductor pollicis brevis is a flat, thin muscle located just under the skin. It is a thenar muscle, and therefore contributes to the ...

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Flexor pollicis brevis The flexor pollicis brevis is a muscle in the hand that flexes the thumb. It is one of three thenar muscles. It has both a superficial part and a deep part. Origin and insertion The muscle's superficial head arises from the distal edge of the fl ...

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Opponens pollicis The opponens pollicis is a small, triangular muscle in the hand, which functions to oppose the thumb. It is one of the three thenar muscles. It lies deep to the abductor pollicis brevis and lateral to the flexor pollicis brevis. Structure The op ...

*** Adductor pollicis *** Abductor digiti minimi *** Flexor digiti minimi brevis *** Opponens digiti minimi *** Lumbricals of hand *** Dorsal interossei (of hand) *** Palmar interossei (of hand) ***Fascia **** Flexor retinaculum *Muscles of lower limb **Compartments **Muscles *** Iliopsoas **** Iliacus ****

Psoas major The psoas major ( or ; from grc, ψόᾱ, psóā, muscles of the loins) is a long fusiform muscle located in the lateral lumbar region between the vertebral column and the brim of the lesser pelvis. It joins the iliacus muscle to form the ilio ...

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Gluteus maximus The gluteus maximus is the main extensor muscle of the hip. It is the largest and outermost of the three gluteal muscles and makes up a large part of the shape and appearance of each side of the hips. It is the single largest muscle in the huma ...

*** Gluteus medius *** Gluteus minimus ***

Tensor fasciae latae The tensor fasciae latae (or tensor fasciæ latæ or, formerly, tensor vaginae femoris) is a muscle of the thigh. Together with the gluteus maximus, it acts on the iliotibial band and is continuous with the iliotibial tract, which attaches to the ...

*** Piriformis *** Obturator internus *** Gemellus superior *** Gemellus inferior *** Quadriceps femoris **** Rectus femoris ****

Vastus lateralis The vastus lateralis (), also called the vastus externus, is the largest and most powerful part of the quadriceps femoris, a muscle in the thigh. Together with other muscles of the quadriceps group, it serves to extend the knee joint, moving the ...

**** Vastus intermedius ****

Vastus medialis The vastus medialis (vastus internus or teardrop muscle) is an extensor muscle located medially in the thigh that extends the knee. The vastus medialis is part of the quadriceps muscle group. Structure The vastus medialis is a muscle present ...

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Articularis genus The articularis genus (also known as the subcrureus muscle) is a small skeletal muscle located anteriorly on the thigh just above the knee. Structure It arises from the anterior surface of the lower part of the body of the femur, deep to the v ...

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Pectineus The pectineus muscle (, from the Latin word ''pecten'', meaning comb) is a flat, quadrangular muscle, situated at the anterior (front) part of the upper and medial (inner) aspect of the thigh. The pectineus muscle is the most anterior adductor ...

*** Adductor longus *** Adductor brevis ***

Adductor magnus Adductor may refer to: * One of the anatomical terms of motion Motion, the process of movement, is described using specific anatomical terms. Motion includes movement of organs, joints, limbs, and specific sections of the body. The terminolo ...

*** Gracilis *** Obturator externus ***

Biceps femoris The biceps femoris () is a muscle of the thigh located to the posterior, or back. As its name implies, it has two parts, one of which (the long head) forms part of the hamstrings muscle group. Structure It has two heads of origin: *the ''long ...

*** Semitendinosus *** Semimembranosus *** Tibialis anterior ***

Extensor digitorum longus The extensor digitorum longus is a pennate muscle, situated at the lateral part of the front of the leg. Origin and insertion It arises from the lateral condyle of the tibia; from the upper three-quarters of the anterior surface of the body of ...

*** Fibularis tertius *** Extensor hallucis longus *** Fibularis longus *** Fibularis brevis *** Triceps surae **** Gastrocnemius ****

Soleus In humans and some other mammals, the soleus is a powerful muscle in the back part of the lower leg (the calf). It runs from just below the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing and walking. It is closely connected to the gastrocnemius mu ...

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Calcaneal tendon The Achilles tendon or heel cord, also known as the calcaneal tendon, is a tendon at the back of the lower leg, and is the thickest in the human body. It serves to attach the plantaris, gastrocnemius (calf) and soleus muscles to the calcaneus (h ...

*** Plantaris *** Popliteus ***

Tibialis posterior The tibialis posterior muscle is the most central of all the leg muscles, and is located in the deep posterior compartment of the leg. It is the key stabilizing muscle of the lower leg. Structure The tibialis posterior muscle originates on the i ...

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Flexor digitorum longus The flexor digitorum longus muscle is situated on the tibial side of the leg. At its origin it is thin and pointed, but it gradually increases in size as it descends. It serves to flex the second, third, fourth, and fifth toes. Structure The fl ...

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Flexor hallucis longus The flexor hallucis longus muscle (FHL) is one of the three deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg that attaches to the plantar surface of the distal phalanx of the great toe. The other deep muscles are the flexor digitorum longus an ...

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Extensor hallucis brevis The extensor hallucis brevis is a muscle on the top of the foot that helps to extend the big toe. Structure The extensor hallucis brevis is essentially the medial part of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle. Some anatomists have debated whethe ...

*** Extensor digitorum brevis ***

Abductor hallucis The abductor hallucis muscle is an intrinsic muscle of the foot. It participates in the abduction and flexion of the great toe. Structure The abductor hallucis muscle is located in the medial border of the foot and contributes to form the promi ...

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Flexor hallucis brevis A flexor is a muscle that flexes a joint. In anatomy, flexion (from the Latin verb ''flectere'', to bend) is a joint movement that decreases the angle between the bones that converge at the joint. For example, one’s elbow joint flexes when on ...

*** Adductor hallucis *** Abductor digiti minimi *** Flexor digiti minimi brevis ***

Flexor digitorum brevis The flexor digitorum brevis is a muscle which lies in the middle of the sole of the foot, immediately above the central part of the plantar aponeurosis, with which it is firmly united. Its deep surface is separated from the lateral plantar ves ...

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Quadratus plantae The quadratus plantae (flexor accessorius) is separated from the muscles of the first layer by the lateral plantar vessels and nerve. It acts to aid in flexing the 2nd to 5th toes (offsetting the oblique pull of the flexor digitorum longus) and is ...

*** Lumbricals *** Dorsal interossei ***

Plantar interossei In human anatomy, plantar interossei muscles are three muscles located between the metatarsal bones in the foot. Structure The three plantar interosseous muscles are unipennate, as opposed to the bipennate structure of dorsal interosseous muscle ...

***Fascia ****

Fascia lata The fascia lata is the deep fascia of the thigh. It encloses the thigh muscles and forms the outer limit of the fascial compartments of thigh, which are internally separated by the medial intermuscular septum and the lateral intermuscular sep ...

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Iliotibial tract The iliotibial tract or iliotibial band (ITB; also known as Maissiat's band or the IT band) is a longitudinal fibrous reinforcement of the fascia lata. The action of the muscles associated with the ITB (tensor fasciae latae and some fibers of g ...

**** Adductor canal **** Femoral canal **** Femoral triangle **** Femoral ring ****Femoral septum *Tendon sheaths and bursae **Bursae of neck **Bursae of upper limb **Tendinous sheaths of upper limb **Bursae of lower limb **Tendinous sheaths of lower limb ----

Alimentary system

Human gastrointestinal tract The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and ...

*Mouth **

Oral cavity In animal anatomy, the mouth, also known as the oral cavity, or in Latin cavum oris, is the opening through which many animals take in food and issue vocal sounds. It is also the cavity lying at the upper end of the alimentary canal, bounded on t ...

*** Oral vestibule ***Oral cavity proper **Glands of mouth ***Major salivary glands ****

Parotid gland The parotid gland is a major salivary gland in many animals. In humans, the two parotid glands are present on either side of the mouth and in front of both ears. They are the largest of the salivary glands. Each parotid is wrapped around the ma ...

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Sublingual gland The paired sublingual glands are major salivary glands in the mouth. They are the smallest, most diffuse, and the only unencapsulated major salivary glands. They provide only 3-5% of the total salivary volume. There are also two other types of s ...

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Submandibular gland The paired submandibular glands (historically known as submaxillary glands) are major salivary glands located beneath the floor of the mouth. They each weigh about 15 grams and contribute some 60–67% of unstimulated saliva secretion; on stimul ...

***Minor salivary glands **

Teeth A tooth ( : teeth) is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates and used to break down food. Some animals, particularly carnivores and omnivores, also use teeth to help with capturing or wounding prey, ...

*** Incisor tooth **

***Muscles of tongue ****

Genioglossus The genioglossus is one of the paired extrinsic muscles of the tongue. The genioglossus is the major muscle responsible for protruding (or sticking out) the tongue. Structure Genioglossus is the fan-shaped extrinsic tongue muscle that forms the ma ...

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Hyoglossus The hyoglossus, thin and quadrilateral, arises from the side of the body and from the whole length of the greater cornu of the hyoid bone, and passes almost vertically upward to enter the side of the tongue, between the styloglossus and the in ...

**** Styloglossus **** Superior longitudinal muscle ****

Inferior longitudinal muscle The inferior longitudinal muscle of tongue is an intrinsic muscle of the tongue. It is situated on the under surface of the tongue between the genioglossus and hyoglossus. It helps to move the tongue. Structure The inferior longitudinal musc ...

**** Transverse muscle **** Vertical muscle **** Palatoglossus *Fauces (anatomy), Fauces **Muscles of soft palate and fauces ***Levator veli palatini ***Tensor veli palatini ***Musculus uvulae *** Palatoglossus ***Palatopharyngeus *human pharynx, Pharynx **Nasopharynx **Oropharynx **Laryngopharynx **Pharyngeal muscles ***Superior pharyngeal constrictor ***Middle pharyngeal constrictor ***Inferior pharyngeal constrictor ***Stylopharyngeus ***Salpingopharyngeus ***Palatopharyngeus - see 'Muscles of soft palate and fauces' *Esophagus *Stomach **Pylorus *Small intestine **Duodenum **Jejunum **Ileum *Large intestine **Cecum ***Vermiform appendix, Appendix **Colon (anatomy), Colon ***Ascending colon ***Transverse colon ***Descending colon ***Sigmoid colon **Rectum **Anal canal ***Pectinate line *Liver **Common hepatic duct *Gall bladder **Cystic duct **Bile duct *Pancreas **Pancreatic islets ----

Respiratory system

*Nose **Nasal cavity ***Nasal septum *** Spheno-ethmoidal recess ***

*** Middle nasal meatus *** Inferior nasal meatus **Paranasal sinuses ***

*Larynx **Laryngeal cartilages and joints ***Thyroid cartilage ***Cricoid cartilage ***Cricothyroid joint ***Arytenoid cartilage ***Crico-arytenoid joint ***Corniculate cartilage ***Cuneiform cartilage ***Epiglottis ***Laryngeal muscles ****Cricothyroid muscle, Cricothyroid ***Laryngeal cavity ****Glottis *Vertebrate trachea, Trachea **Carina of trachea *Bronchi *Lungs **Bronchopulmonary segments ***Bronchioles ----

Thoracic cavity

The thoracic cavity is the chamber of the body of vertebrates that is protected by the thoracic wall. The central compartment of the thoracic cavity is the mediastinum.

Urinary system

Urinary system *Kidney **Nephrons **Renal artery, Renal arteries **Renal veins **Renal pelvis *Ureter *Urinary bladder *Urethra#Female, Female urethra *Urethra#Male, Male urethra ----

Genital systems

Reproductive system * Female reproductive system (human), Female reproductive system **Female internal genitalia ***Ovary ****Ligament of ovary ****Suspensory ligament of ovary ***Uterine tube ***Uterus ****Cervix of uterus ****Round ligament of uterus ****Pubocervical ligament ****Cardinal ligament ****Uterosacral ligament ***Vagina ****Hymen ****Epoophoron ****Paroophoron **Female external genitalia ***Pudendum (vulva) ****Mons pubis ****Labium majus *****Pudendal cleft ****Labium minus ****Vestibule of vagina ****Bulb of vestibule ****Greater vestibular gland ****Clitoris ****Female urethra * Male reproductive system (human), Male reproductive system **Male internal genitalia ***Testis ****Tunica vaginalis ****Tunica albuginea (testicles), Tunica albuginea ****Seminiferous tubules ****Straight tubules ****Rete testis ***Epididymis ***Paradidymis ***Spermatic cord **** Cremaster ***Ductus deferens ***Seminal gland ****Ejaculatory duct ***Prostate ***Bulbo-urethral gland **Male external genitalia ***Human penis, Penis ****Glans penis ****Foreskin, Prepuce ****Corpus cavernosum penis ****Corpus spongiosum penis ****Helicine arteries of penis, Helicine arteries ****Fascia of penis *****Suspensory ligament of penis ***Male urethra ****Spongy urethra *****Navicular fossa of male urethra, Navicular fossa ***Scrotum ****Dartos fascia *****Dartos muscle **Perineum ***Perineal body ***Subcutaneous perineal pouch ***Superficial perineal pouch ***Deep perineal pouch ***Ischio-anal fossa ----

Abdominopelvic cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity *Extraperitoneal space *Peritoneum **Mesentery **Mesocolon ***Transverse mesocolon ***Sigmoid mesocolon ***Meso-appendix **Lesser omentum ***Hepatophrenic ligament ***Hepato-esophageal ligament ***Hepatogastric ligament ***Hepatoduodenal ligament **Greater omentum ***Gastrophrenic ligament ***Gastrosplenic ligament ***Phrenicosplenic ligament ***Splenorenal ligament ***Pancreaticosplenic ligament ***Pancreaticocolic ligament ***Splenocolic ligament ***Phrenicocolic ligament **Peritoneal attachments of liver ***Coronary ligament ****Falciform ligament ****Right triangular ligament ****Left triangular ligament **Recesses, fossae, and folds ***Omental bursa ***Paracolic gutters ***Median umbilical fold ***Medial umbilical fold ***Inguinal triangle ***Lateral umbilical fold **Urogenital peritoneum ***Vesico-uterine pouch ***Broad ligament of uterus ****Mesometrium ****Mesosalpinx ****Mesovarium ****Suspensory ligament of ovary - see genital systems ----

Endocrine glands

Endocrine system *Pituitary gland *Pineal gland *Thyroid gland *Suprarenal gland *Pancreatic islets - see alimentary system ----

Cardiovascular system

Cardiovascular system *General terms **Artery *Heart **Chordae tendinae **Right atrium **Right ventricle ***Tricuspid valve **Left atrium **Left ventricle ***Mitral valve **Endocardium **Myocardium **Pericardial cavity ***Transverse pericardial sinus **Pericardium *Arteries **Pulmonary trunk ***Right pulmonary artery ***Left pulmonary artery **Aorta ***Ascending aorta ****Right coronary artery ****Left coronary artery ***Aortic arch ***Brachiocephalic trunk ****Thyroid ima artery ***Common carotid artery ****Carotid sinus ***External carotid artery ****Superior thyroid artery ****Ascending pharyngeal artery ****Lingual artery ****Facial artery *****Ascending palatine artery *****Submental artery *****Angular artery ****Occipital artery ****Posterior auricular artery ****Superficial temporal artery *****Transverse facial artery *****Zygomatico-orbital artery *****Middle temporal artery ****Maxillary artery *****Deep auricular artery *****Anterior tympanic artery *****Inferior alveolar artery *****Middle meningeal artery ******Superior tympanic artery *****Pterygomandibular artery *****Masseteric artery *****Anterior deep temporal artery *****Posterior deep temporal artery *****Buccal artery *****Posterior superior alveolar artery *****Infra-orbital artery ******Anterior superior alveolar arteries *****Artery of pterygoid canal *****Descending palatine artery ******Greater palatine artery ******Lesser palatine arteries *****Sphenopalatine artery ***Internal carotid artery ****Ophthalmic artery *****Central retinal artery *****Lacrimal artery *****Short posterior ciliary arteries *****Long posterior ciliary arteries *****Supra-orbital artery *****Anterior ethmoidal artery *****Posterior ethmoidal artery *****Supratrochlear artery *****Dorsal nasal artery ***Arteries of brain ****Anterior choroidal artery ****Anterior cerebral artery *****Anterior communicating artery ****Middle cerebral artery ****Posterior communicating artery ****Cerebral arterial circle (Willis) ****Posterior cerebral artery ***Subclavian artery ****Vertebral artery *****Basilar artery ****Internal thoracic artery *****Pericardiophrenic artery *****Musculophrenic artery *****Superior epigastric artery ****Thyrocervical trunk *****Inferior thyroid artery *****Ascending cervical artery *****Suprascapular artery *****Transverse cervical artery ****Dorsal scapular artery ****Costocervical trunk *****Deep cervical artery *****Supreme intercostal artery ***Arteries of upper limb ****Axillary artery *****Superior thoracic artery *****Thoraco-acromial artery *****Lateral thoracic artery *****Subscapular artery ******Thoracodorsal artery ******Circumflex scapular artery *****Anterior circumflex humeral artery *****Posterior circumflex humeral artery ****Brachial artery *****Profunda brachii artery ****Radial artery *****Princeps pollicis artery *****Radialis indicis artery *****Deep palmar arch ****Ulnar artery *****Superficial palmar arch ***Thoracic aorta ****Posterior intercostal arteries ****Subcostal artery ***Abdominal aorta ****Inferior phrenic artery ****Lumbar arteries ****Median sacral artery ****Celiac trunk *****Left gastric artery *****Common hepatic artery ******Gastroduodenal artery *******Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery *******Right gastro-omental artery *******Anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery *****Right gastric artery *****Hepatic artery proper ******Right branch *******Cystic artery *****Splenic artery *****Left gastro-omental artery *****Short gastric arteries ****Superior mesenteric artery *****Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery *****Ileocolic artery *****Right colic artery *****Middle colic artery ****Inferior mesenteric artery *****Left colic artery *****Sigmoid arteries *****Superior rectal artery ****Middle suprarenal artery ****Renal artery ****Ovarian artery ****Testicular artery ***Common iliac artery ***Internal iliac artery ****Iliolumbar artery ****Lateral sacral arteries ****Obturator artery ****Superior gluteal artery ****Inferior gluteal artery ****Umbilical artery *****Superior vesical arteries ****Inferior vesical artery ****Uterine artery ****Vaginal artery ****Middle rectal artery ****Internal pudendal artery *****Inferior rectal artery *****Perineal artery ***Arteries of lower limb ****External iliac artery *****Inferior epigastric artery ******Cremasteric artery ******Artery of round ligament of uterus ****Femoral artery ****Deep artery of thigh ****Popliteal artery ****Anterior tibial artery ****Dorsalis pedis artery ****Posterior tibial artery ****Medial plantar artery ****Lateral plantar artery ****Fibular artery *Veins **Veins of heart ***Coronary sinus ****Great cardiac vein ****Oblique vein of left atrium ****Middle cardiac vein ****Small cardiac vein **Pulmonary veins **Superior vena cava ***Brachiocephalic vein ****Inferior thyroid vein ****Inferior laryngeal vein ****Pericardial veins ****Pericardiophrenic veins ****Bronchial veins ****Vertebral vein *****Occipital vein *****Anterior vertebral vein ****Deep cervical vein ****Internal thoracic veins *****Superior epigastric veins *****Musculophrenic veins *****Anterior intercostal veins ****Supreme intercostal vein ***Internal jugular vein ****Lingual vein *****Dorsal lingual veins *****Sublingual vein *****Deep lingual vein ****Superior thyroid vein ****Middle thyroid veins ****Sternocleidomastoid vein ****Superior laryngeal vein ****Facial vein *****Angular vein *****Supratrochlear veins *****Supra-orbital vein *****External nasal veins *****Deep facial vein *****External palatine vein *****Submental vein ****Retromandibular vein *****Superficial temporal veins *****Middle temporal vein *****Transverse facial vein *****Maxillary veins *****Pterygoid plexus ****External jugular vein *****Posterior auricular vein *****Anterior jugular vein *****Suprascapular vein *****Transverse cervical veins ****Dural venous sinuses *****Transverse sinus *****Confluence of sinuses *****Marginal sinus *****Occipital sinus *****Petrosquamous sinus *****Sigmoid sinus *****Superior sagittal sinus *****Inferior sagittal sinus *****Straight sinus *****Inferior petrosal sinus *****Superior petrosal sinus *****Cavernous sinus *****Sphenoparietal sinus ****Diploic veins ****Emissary veins ***Cerebral veins ****Superficial cerebral veins ****Deep cerebral veins *****Basal vein *****Great cerebral vein ****Veins of brainstem ****Cerebellar veins ***Orbital veins ****Superior ophthalmic vein *****Nasofrontal vein *****Ethmoidal veins *****Lacrimal vein *****Vorticose veins *****Ciliary veins *****Central retinal vein *****Episcleral vein ****Inferior ophthalmic vein ***Azygos vein ****Posterior intercostal veins *****Intervertebral vein ****Veins of vertebral column *****Anterior internal vertebral venous plexus ******Basivertebral veins ******Anterior spinal veins ******Posterior spinal veins ***Veins of upper limb ****Subclavian vein ****Axillary vein *****Subscapular vein *****Circumflex scapular vein ******Thoracodorsal vein ******Posterior circumflex humeral vein ******Anterior circumflex humeral vein *****Lateral thoracic vein ****Superficial veins of upper limb *****Cephalic vein *****Basilic vein *****Median cubital vein *****Dorsal venous network of hand ****Deep veins of upper limb *****Brachial veins *****Ulnar veins *****Radial veins **Inferior vena cava ***Inferior phrenic veins ***Lumbar veins ***Ascending lumbar vein ***Hepatic veins ***Renal veins ****Left suprarenal vein ****Left ovarian vein ****Left testicular vein ***Right suprarenal vein ***Right ovarian vein ***Right testicular vein ****Pampiniform plexus ***Common iliac vein ****Median sacral vein ****Iliolumbar vein ***Internal iliac vein ****Superior gluteal veins ****Inferior gluteal veins ****Obturator veins ****Lateral sacral veins ****Vesical veins ****Middle rectal veins ****Internal pudendal vein *****Deep veins of clitoris *****Deep veins of penis *****Inferior rectal veins ****Posterior labial veins ****Posterior scrotal veins ***External iliac vein ****Inferior epigastric vein ****Deep circumflex iliac vein ***Veins of lower limb ****Superficial veins of lower limb *****Great saphenous vein ******External pudendal veins *****Small saphenous vein ****Deep veins of lower limb *****Femoral vein *****Profunda femoris vein *****Popliteal vein ******Sural veins ******Anterior tibial veins ******Posterior tibial veins *******Fibular veins **Hepatic portal vein ***Cystic vein ***Para-umbilical veins ***Left gastric vein ***Right gastric vein ***Superior mesenteric vein ****Right gastro-omental vein ****Ileocolic vein *****Appendicular vein ****Right colic vein ****Middle colic vein ***Splenic vein ****Left gastro-omental vein ****Inferior mesenteric vein *****Left colic vein *****Sigmoid veins *****Superior rectal vein *Lymphatic trunks and ducts **Thoracic duct **Cisterna chyli ----

Lymphoid system

Lymphatic system *Primary lymphoid organs **Bone marrow **Thymus *Secondary lymphoid organs **Spleen **Waldeyer's tonsillar ring, Pharyngeal lymphoid ring **Lymph node *Regional lymph nodes **Lymph nodes of head and neck **Lymph nodes of upper limb **Thoracic lymph nodes **Abdominal lymph nodes **Pelvic lymph nodes **Lymph nodes of lower limb ----

Nervous system

Outline of the human nervous system, Human nervous system *Central nervous system **Meninges **Spinal cord ***Gray columns ***White substance **Brain ***Brainstem ***Cerebellum ***Diencephalon ***Telencephalon ****Cerebral hemisphere *Peripheral nervous system **Cranial nerves ***Olfactory nerve ***Optic nerve ***Oculomotor nerve ***Trochlear nerve ***Trigeminal nerve ****Sensory root *****Trigeminal ganglion ****Ophthalmic nerve *****Lacrimal nerve *****Frontal nerve ******Supra-orbital nerve ******Supratrochlear nerve *****Nasociliary nerve *****Posterior ethmoidal nerve *****Anterior ethmoidal nerve ******External nasal nerve *****Infratrochlear nerve ****Maxillary nerve *****Nasopalatine nerve *****Pharyngeal nerve *****Greater palatine nerve *****Lesser palatine nerves *****Superior alveolar nerves *****Zygomatic nerve *****Infra-orbital nerve ****Mandibular nerve *****Masseteric nerve *****Deep temporal nerves *****Buccal nerve *****Auriculotemporal nerve *****Lingual nerve ******Chorda tympani ******Sublingual nerve ******Inferior alveolar nerve *******Nerve to mylohyoid ******Mental nerve ***Abducent nerve ***Facial nerve ****Posterior auricular nerve ****Intermediate nerve *****Greater petrosal nerve *****Chorda tympani (also in trigeminal? redundancy?) ***Vestibulocochlear nerve ****Vestibular nerve ****Cochlear nerve ***Glossopharyngeal nerve ****Tympanic nerve *****Tympanic plexus ****Lesser petrosal nerve ***Vagus nerve ****Superior laryngeal nerve ****Recurrent laryngeal nerve ***Accessory nerve ***Hypoglossal nerve **Spinal nerves ***Cervical nerves ****Suboccipital nerve ****Greater occipital nerve ****Third occipital nerve ****Cervical plexus *****Ansa cervicalis *****Lesser occipital nerve *****Great auricular nerve *****Transverse cervical nerve *****Supraclavicular nerves *****Phrenic nerve ****Brachial plexus *****Supraclavicular part ******Dorsal scapular nerve ******Long thoracic nerve ******Subclavian nerve ******Suprascapular nerve ******Subscapular nerves *******Lower subscapular nerve *******Upper subscapular nerve ******Thoracodorsal nerve ******Medial pectoral nerve ******Lateral pectoral nerve *****Infraclavicular part ******Musculocutaneous nerve ******Medial cutaneous nerve of arm ******Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm ******Median nerve ******Ulnar nerve ******Radial nerve ******Axillary nerve ***Thoracic nerves ***Lumbar nerves ****Medial clunial nerves ***Sacral nerves and coccygeal nerve ****Lumbar plexus *****Iliohypogastric nerve *****Ilio-inguinal nerve ******Anterior labial nerves ******Anterior scrotal nerves *****Genitofemoral nerve *****Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh *****Obturator nerve *****Accessory obturator nerve *****Femoral nerve ******Saphenous nerve *******Medial cutaneous nerve of leg *****Lumbosacral trunk ****Sacral plexus *****Nerve to obturator internus *****Nerve to piriformis *****Nerve to quadratus femoris *****Superior gluteal nerve *****Inferior gluteal nerve *****Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh ******Inferior clunial nerves *****Perforating cutaneous nerve *****Pudendal nerve ******Inferior anal nerves ******Perineal nerves *******Posterior labial nerves *******Posterior scrotal nerves *******Dorsal nerve of clitoris *******Dorsal nerve of penis *****Coccygeal nerve ******Anococcygeal nerve ****Sciatic nerve *****Common fibular nerve ******Lateral sural cutaneous nerve ******Superficial fibular nerve ******Deep fibular nerve *****Tibial nerve ******Interosseous nerve of leg ******Medial sural cutaneous nerve ******Sural nerve ******Medial plantar nerve ******Lateral plantar nerve **Autonomic division (Autonomic nervous system) ***Sympathetic part ****Sympathetic trunk *****Rami communicantes ****Superior cervical ganglion ****Middle cervical ganglion ****Cervicothoracic ganglion (Stellate - should prob. include inferior cerv. ganglion) ****Thoracic ganglia *****Greater splanchnic nerve *****Lesser splanchnic nerve *****Least splanchnic nerve ****Lumbar ganglia *****Lumbar splanchnic nerves ****Sacral ganglia *****Sacral splanchnic nerves *****Ganglion impar ***Parasympathetic part ****Cranial part *****Ciliary ganglion ******Short ciliary nerves *****Pterygopalatine ganglion ******Nerve of pterygoid canal *****Submandibular ganglion *****Sublingual ganglion *****Otic ganglion ****Pelvic part *****Pelvic ganglia ******Parasympathetic root of pelvic ganglia = Pelvic splanchnic nerves ***Peripheral autonomic plexuses and ganglia ****Craniocervical part *****Internal carotid plexus ****Thoracic part *****Cardiac plexus *****Esophageal plexus *****Pulmonary plexus ****Abdominal part *****Celiac plexus *****Aorticorenal ganglia *****Superior mesenteric plexus *****Inferior mesenteric plexus ****Pelvic part *****Superior hypogastric plexus *****Inferior hypogastric plexus ----

Sense organs

*Olfactory organ *Eye and related structures **Eyeball ***Fibrous layer of eyeball ****Sclera ****Cornea ***Vascular layer of eyeball ****Choroid ****Ciliary body *****Ciliary processes *****Ciliary muscle ****Iris (anatomy), Iris *****Pupil ***Inner layer of eyeball ****Retina *****Ora serrata *****Optic disc *****Macula ******Fovea centralis ****Optic nerve (see nervous system) ****Retinal blood vessels (see cardiovascular system) ***lens (anatomy), Lens ***Chambers of eyeball ****Aqueous humor ****Vitreous humor **Accessory visual structures ***Extra-ocular muscles ****Orbitalis ****Superior rectus ****Inferior rectus ****Medial rectus ****Lateral rectus ****Common tendinous ring ****Superior oblique ****Inferior oblique ****Levator palpebrae superioris ***Eyebrow ***Eyelids ****Palpebral fissure ****Eyelash ****Superior tarsus ****Inferior tarsus ****Tarsal glands ****Ciliary glands ***Conjunctiva ****Lacrimal caruncle ***Lacrimal apparatus ****Lacrimal gland ****Lacus lacrimalis ****Lacrimal papilla ****Lacrimal punctum ****Lacrimal canaliculus ****Lacrimal sac ****Nasolacrimal duct * Ear **External ear ***Pinna (anatomy), Auricle ****Antitragus ****Tragus ***Ligaments of auricle ***Auricular muscles ****Helicis major ****Helicis minor ****Tragicus ****Pyramidal muscle of auricle ****Antitragicus ****Transverse muscle of auricle ****Oblique muscle of auricle ***External acoustic meatus ***Tympanic membrane ****Umbo of tympanic membrane **Middle ear ***

****Labyrinthine wall (medial wall) *****Oval window *****Sinus tympani *****Round window ****Mastoid wall (posterior wall) *****Aditus to mastoid antrum *****Pyramidal eminence ****Mastoid antrum ***Auditory ossicles ****Stapes ****Incus ****Malleus ***Articulations of auditory ossicles ****Ligaments of auditory ossicles ***Muscles of auditory ossicles ****Tensor tympani ****Stapedius ***Pharyngotympanic tube **Inner ear ***Bony labyrinth ****Semicircular canals ****Cochlea ***** Modiolus *****Scala vestibuli *****Helicotrema *****Scala tympani ****Internal acoustic meatus - see bones ****Perilymphatic space ***Membranous labyrinth ****Endolymphatic space ***Vestibular labyrinth ****Utricle (ear), Utricle ****Saccule ****Semicircular ducts ****Utriculosaccular duct ****Endolymphatic duct ***Cochlear labyrinth ****Cochlear duct *****Spiral organ *****Spiral ganglion ***Vessels of inner ear * Taste, Gustatory organ **Taste bud ----

The integument

Integumentary system *Skin **Epidermis (skin), Epidermis **Dermis ***Hairs ***Downy hair (Lanugo) ***Skin glands ****Sweat gland ****Sebaceous gland **Nail (anatomy), Nail ***Lunule **Breast ***Nipple ***Mammary gland ****Lactiferous duct ****Lactiferous duct#Structure, Lactiferous sinus ****Areola ***Suspensory ligaments of breast *Subcutaneous tissue

History of human anatomy

* History of anatomy * Edwin Smith Papyrus - earliest known treatise on anatomy, from ancient Egypt circa 1600 BCE.

Organizations

* American Association of Anatomists * American Association of Clinical Anatomists * British Association of Clinical Anatomists * International Federation of Associations of Anatomists * Anatomical Society of India * Society of Clinical Anatomists, India * Australia and New Zealand Association of Clinical Anatomists

Anatomists

* Benjamin Alcock * Jean Astruc * Patricia Bergquist * Vincent Bochdalek * James Dixon Boyd * Philipp Bozzini * Geoffrey Bourne (anatomist), Geoffrey Bourne * John Browne (anatomist), John Browne * Charaka * Johann Conrad Brunner * William Cheselden * William Cowper (anatomist), William Cowper * Max Fürbringer * Antoni de Gimbernat * Friedrich Goll * Leonardo da Vinci * Edwin Stephen Goodrich * Gaspard Goyrand * George Gulliver * Gunther von Hagens * Arthur Ham * Hippocrates * Wilhelm His Sr. * John Hunter (surgeon), John Hunter * William Hunter (anatomist), William Hunter * Jean Baptiste Paulin Trolard * Juan Valverde de Amusco * Jeffrey Laitman * Eber Landau * Joseph Lieutaud * Amato Lusitano * Niko Miljanić * Keith L. Moore * Leo Testut * Henri Rouvière * Lennart Olsson * Bronislaw Onuf-Onufrowicz * William Charles Osman Hill * Johann Conrad Peyer * Prosector * Santiago Ramón y Cajal * Anders Retzius * Luigi Rolando * Olaus Rudbeck * William Shippen Sr., William Shippen * Adriaan van den Spiegel * Edward Charles Spitzka * Ludwik Teichmann * Andreas Vesalius * Johann Gottlieb Walter * Thomas Wharton (anatomist), Thomas Wharton * Johann Winter von Andernach * Henry Gray * Madhusudan Gupta

External links

*
"Anatomy of the Human Body". 20th edition. 1918. Henry Gray.
In public domain.
Terminologia Anatomica on FIPAT site
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