The Imperial Order of the Iron Crown (german: Kaiserlicher Orden der Eisernen Krone; it, Ordine imperiale della Corona ferrea) was one of the highest orders of merit in the

Austrian Empire The Austrian Empire (german: link=no, Kaiserthum Oesterreich, modern spelling , ) was a Central-Eastern European multinational great power from 1804 to 1867, created by proclamation out of the realms of the Habsburgs. During its existence, ...

and

Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire,, the Dual Monarchy, or Austria, was a constitutional monarchy and great power in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918. It was formed with the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1 ...

until 1918. It was founded in 1815 by

Emperor An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife ( empress consort), mother (emp ...

Franz I of Austria as a re-establishment of the original

Order of the Iron Crown The Order of the Iron Crown ( it, link=no, Ordine della Corona Ferrea) was an order of merit that was established on 5 June 1805 in the Kingdom of Italy by Napoleon Bonaparte under his title of Napoleon I, King of Italy. The order took its name ...

, which previously had been an order of the Napoleonic

Kingdom of Italy The Kingdom of Italy ( it, Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 1946, when civil discontent led to an institutional referendum to abandon the monarchy and f ...

. The order had three classes and, until 1884, all classes conferred automatic hereditary

ennoblement Ennoblement is the conferring of nobility—the induction of an individual into the noble class. Currently only a few kingdoms still grant nobility to people; among them Spain, the United Kingdom, Belgium and the Vatican. Depending on time and re ...

. The third class conferred the rank of ''

Ritter Ritter (German for "knight") is a designation used as a title of nobility in German-speaking areas. Traditionally it denotes the second-lowest rank within the nobility, standing above "Edler" and below "Freiherr" (Baron). As with most titles an ...

'', the second class conferred the rank of ''

Baron Baron is a rank of nobility or title of honour, often hereditary, in various European countries, either current or historical. The female equivalent is baroness. Typically, the title denotes an aristocrat who ranks higher than a lord or knigh ...

'', and the first class conferred the title of

Privy Councillor A privy council is a body that advises the head of state of a state, typically, but not always, in the context of a monarchic government. The word "privy" means "private" or "secret"; thus, a privy council was originally a committee A com ...

, the style of

Excellency Excellency is an honorific style given to certain high-level officers of a sovereign state, officials of an international organization, or members of an aristocracy. Once entitled to the title "Excellency", the holder usually retains the right ...

and the right to attend court. According to the order's statutes, only a limited number of members throughout the empire were allowed at any given time. The maximum number of 1st class knights was 20, for the 2nd class it was 30 and for the 3rd class 50, limiting the total number of members to 100 at any given time.

History

The Holy Roman Empire, ruled by the

Habsburg dynasty The House of Habsburg (), alternatively spelled Hapsburg in Englishgerman: Haus Habsburg, ; es, Casa de Habsburgo; hu, Habsburg család, it, Casa di Asburgo, nl, Huis van Habsburg, pl, dom Habsburgów, pt, Casa de Habsburgo, la, Domus Hab ...

, gave way to the Empire of Austria between 1804 and 1806. The last

Holy Roman Emperor The Holy Roman Emperor, originally and officially the Emperor of the Romans ( la, Imperator Romanorum, german: Kaiser der Römer) during the Middle Ages, and also known as the Roman-German Emperor since the early modern period ( la, Imperator ...

, Franz II, was proclaimed Emperor Franz I of Austria. His daughter, the Archduchess Maria Louise, was Napoleon’s second wife and Empress Consort, and the mother of Napoleon’s only legitimate son and heir, Napoleon, Duke of Reichstadt. With the collapse of Napoleon’s empire, Imperial Austria regained its traditional control of Lombardy as the

Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia ( la, links=no, Regnum Langobardiae et Venetiae), commonly called the "Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom" ( it, links=no, Regno Lombardo-Veneto, german: links=no, Königreich Lombardo-Venetien), was a constituent land ...

. The Austrian order was also divided into three distinct classes of knighthood, recognized as the First, Second, and Third Classes. Investment of this order carried an Imperial patent of nobility. With the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, in 1918, all but one (the

Order of the Golden Fleece The Distinguished Order of the Golden Fleece ( es, Insigne Orden del Toisón de Oro, german: Orden vom Goldenen Vlies) is a Catholic order of chivalry founded in Bruges by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, in 1430, to celebrate his marriage ...

) of the chivalric orders of its monarchy were formally abolished.

Insignia

While the ribbon colors changed from the Imperial French gold and green to the Imperial Austrian gold and royal blue, the general look of the medal remained largely the same – an imperial eagle set within a representation of the Iron Crown of Lombardy. Grand Cross (French) and First Class (Austrian) knights wore a sash and badge over the right shoulder, with an eight-pointed star (that featured the Iron Crown at its center) on the left breast. Imperial French knight commanders wore a traditional military style medal on the left chest, with the addition of a bow in the center of the ribbon to delineate them from ordinary knights. Imperial Austrian Second Class knights wore the medal suspended from a ribbon about the neck. French ordinary knights and Austrian Third Class knights wore a traditional military medal on the left chest. From 1908 for First Class knights, and from 1917 for Second Class knights, the Imperial Austrian order allowed for an undress version to be worn with service dress. First Class knights were authorized to wear a Third Class military medal on the left breast, with an addition of a device known as a "Kleine Dekoration". The pin device was a miniature version of the First Class breast star, and was worn on the center of the ribbon to delineate the wearer as a knight of the First Class. Variations in the star matched the details of the knight's specific award: including the war decoration wreath and the crossed swords. The Second Class Kleine Dekoration was a miniature depiction of the Iron Crown of Lombardy (copied from the lower part of the actual medal). As with the First Class knights, the Kleine Dekoration for the Second Class knights matched the award to the knights: crown only for peacetime award, crown encircled by a wreath for the war decoration, and topped with swords for those awards "with swords", and was worn in the same fashion as that of the First Class knights. During World War I, awards "with swords" were given to symbolize personal valour of the knight that led to his award. Hence, ordinary knights medals were also frequently adorned with crossed swords, pinned to the tri-fold ribbon.

Notable recipients

Masters of the Order

* Franz I, Emperor of Austria, 1816–1835 * Ferdinand I, Emperor of Austria, 1835-1848 *

Franz Josef I Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I (german: Franz Joseph Karl, hu, Ferenc József Károly, 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and the other states of the Habsburg monarchy from 2 December 1848 until his ...

, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, 1848–1916 * Karl I, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, 1916–1918

Knights

James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn (24 August 1838 – 3 January 1913), styled Viscount Hamilton until 1868 and Marquess of Hamilton from 1868 to 1885, was a British nobleman, groom of the stool, and diplomat. He was the son of James Hamilto ...

Giuseppe Acerbi Giuseppe Acerbi (May 3, 1773August 25, 1846) was an Italian naturalist, explorer and composer. Biography Giuseppe Acerbi was born on May 3, 1773, in Castel Goffredo, in Lombardy. He was an Italian naturalist, explorer and composer. In 1798, Ac ...

* Alois Lexa von Aehrenthal * Hasan bey Agalarov *

Archduke Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen Albert Franz Josef Karl Friedrich Georg Hubert Maria, Archduke of Austria, Prince Royal of Hungary and Bohemia, Duke of Teschen (In German: ''Erzherzog Albrecht Franz Josef Karl Friedrich Georg Hubert Maria von Österreich, Herzog von Teschen'') ...

Alfred, 2nd Prince of Montenuovo Alfred, 2nd Prince of Montenuovo and Grandee of Spain (16 September 18546 September 1927) was one of the highest court officials of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. Among his ancestors were members of the House of Habsburg and the Medici family. ...

Augusto Carlos Teixeira de Aragão Augusto Carlos Teixeira de Aragão • • • (15 June 1823 – 29 April 1903) was a Portuguese officer, doctor, numismatist, archaeologist and historian. As an officer of the Portuguese army, he retired with the rank of general. Teixeira de ...

Count Kasimir Felix Badeni Count Kasimir Felix Badeni (German: ''Kasimir Felix Graf von Badeni'', Polish: ''Kazimierz Feliks hrabia Badeni''; 14 October 1846 – 9 July 1909), a member of the Polish noble House of Badeni, was an Austrian statesman, who served as Minister- ...

* Ferdinand von Bauer * Heinrich von Bellegarde * Johannes Benk * Leon Biliński * Josef Bílý * Friedrich Wilhelm von Bismarck *

Herbert von Bismarck Nikolaus Heinrich Ferdinand Herbert, Prince of Bismarck (born Nikolaus Heinrich Ferdinand Herbert Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen; 28 December 1849 – 18 September 1904) was a German politician, who served as Foreign Secretary from 1886 to 1890. H ...

Otto von Bismarck Otto, Prince of Bismarck, Count of Bismarck-Schönhausen, Duke of Lauenburg (, ; 1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898), born Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck, was a conservative German statesman and diplomat. From his origins in the upper class of ...

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Fedor von Bock Moritz Albrecht Franz Friedrich Fedor von Bock (3 December 1880 – 4 May 1945) was a German who served in the German Army during the Second World War. Bock served as the commander of Army Group North during the Invasion of Poland in ...

Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli Eduard Freiherr von Böhm-Ermolli (12 February 1856 – 9 December 1941) was an Austrian general during World War I who rose to the rank of field marshal in the Austro-Hungarian Army. He was the head of the Second Army and fought mainly on the f ...

* Walther Bronsart von Schellendorff *

Bruno, Prince of Ysenburg and Büdingen ''Bruno'' Casimir Albert Emil Ferdinand of Ysenburg and Büdingen (14 June 1837 – 26 January 1906) was the third Prince of Ysenburg and Büdingen. Bruno was the eldest son of Ernst Casimir II, 2nd Prince of Ysenburg and Büdingen and his wife ...

* Adolf von Brudermann *

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Bernhard von Bülow Bernhard Heinrich Karl Martin, Prince of Bülow (german: Bernhard Heinrich Karl Martin Fürst von Bülow ; 3 May 1849 – 28 October 1929) was a German statesman who served as the foreign minister for three years and then as the chancellor of th ...

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* Artur Maximilian von Bylandt-Rheidt *

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* Eduard Clam-Gallas * Count Manfred von Clary-Aldringen * Prince Siegfried von Clary-Aldringen * Cevat Çobanlı *

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* Anton Csorich * Karl von Czyhlarz *

Maximilian Daublebsky von Sterneck Maximilian Daublebsky Freiherr von Sterneck zu Ehrenstein (14 February 1829 – 5 December 1897) was an Austrian admiral who served as the chief administrator of the Austro-Hungarian Navy from 1883 until his death. Biography He was born at Klagen ...

Adolf von Deines Johann Georg Adolf Ritter von Deines (May 30, 1845–November 17, 1911) was a Prussian soldier, diplomat, and educator, as well as a member of the lower nobility. As a member of the Prussian Army, Deines rose to the rank of Cavalry Gene ...

Rudolf von Delbrück Martin Friedrich Rudolf von Delbrück (; 16 April 1817 – 1 February 1903) was a Prussian statesman at the time of Otto von Bismarck. Early life Delbrück was born at Berlin, Province of Brandenburg. He came of a distinguished family, his fath ...

* Georg Dragičević * Ludwig Draxler * Carl August Ehrensvärd (1858–1944) * Josef Fanderlik *

Géza Fejérváry Baron Géza Fejérváry de Komlóskeresztes (15 March 1833 – 25 April 1914) was a Hungarian general who served as the prime minister in a government of bureaucrats appointed by King Franz Joseph during the Hungarian Constitutional Crisis of ...

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* Emanuel Salomon Friedberg-Mírohorský * Ventura García-Sancho, Marquess of Aguilar de Campoo * Agenor Maria Gołuchowski *

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* Wilhelm von Hahnke *

Anton Haus Anton Johann Haus (13 June 1851 – 8 February 1917) was an Austrian naval officer. Despite his German surname, he was born to a Slovenian-speaking family in Tolmein (now Tolmin, Slovenia). Haus was fleet commander of the Austro-Hungarian Navy ...

Alajos Hauszmann Alajos Hauszmann (also called as ''Alois'', June 9, 1847 – July 31, 1926) was a Hungarian architect, professor, and member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Life Hauszmann was born in Buda in 1847 into a family of Bavarian origin as ...

* Karl Eberhard Herwarth von Bittenfeld *

Miklós Horthy Miklós Horthy de Nagybánya ( hu, Vitéz nagybányai Horthy Miklós; ; English: Nicholas Horthy; german: Nikolaus Horthy Ritter von Nagybánya; 18 June 1868 – 9 February 1957), was a Hungarian admiral and dictator who served as the regent ...

* Archduke Hubert Salvator of Austria *

Dietrich von Hülsen-Haeseler Dietrich Graf von Hülsen-Haeseler (February 13, 1852 – November 14, 1908) was an infantry general of the German Empire. He attended the War College and was attached to the German General Staff in 1882. In 1889 he was made aide de camp to Ka ...

* Karl Georg Huyn *

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Georg von Kameke Arnold Karl Georg von Kameke (14 April 1817, in Pasewalk – 12 October 1893, in Berlin) was a Prussian General of the Infantry and Minister of War. Life Arnold Karl Georg von Kameke was a son of Prussian army officer Georg Christian Friedric ...

* Gustav von Kessel * Karl Graf von Kirchbach auf Lauterbach * Anton Klodič von Sabladoski *

Eduard von Knorr Ernst Wilhelm Eduard von Knorr (8 March 1840 – 17 February 1920) was a German admiral of the Kaiserliche Marine who helped establish the German colonial empire. Life Born in Saarlouis, Rhenish Prussia, Knorr entered the Prussian Navy in ...

* Hans von Koester * Alexander von Koller * Prince Konrad of Bavaria *

Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza Hermann Albin Josef Freiherr Kövess von Kövessháza ( hu, kövessházi báró Kövess Hermann; 30 March 1854 – 22 September 1924) was the final, and completely ceremonial, Commander-in-Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Army. He served as a genera ...

* Franz Kuhn von Kuhnenfeld * Auguste, Baron Lambermont * Franciszek Latinik *

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Joseph Maximilian von Maillinger Joseph Maximilian Fridolin Ritter von Maillinger (4 October 1820 – 6 October 1901) was a Bavarian General der Infanterie and War Minister under Ludwig II of Bavaria. Biography Von Maillinger was born in Passau. After passing his company offi ...

Ferdinand von Malaisé Ferdinand Malaisé, after 1862 Ritter Ferdinand von Malaisé (23 February 1806, Linz on the Rhine, Germany – 29 June 1892, Munich, Germany). Knight of the Order of St. Joseph of Tuscany (III Class), the Iron Crown of Austria (II Class with ...

Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel Edwin Karl Rochus Freiherr von Manteuffel (24 February 180917 June 1885) was a Prussian ''Generalfeldmarschall'' noted for his victories in the Franco-Prussian War, and the first Imperial Lieutenant (german: Reichsstatthalter) of Alsace–Lorrai ...

Jan Matejko Jan Alojzy Matejko (; also known as Jan Mateyko; 24 June 1838 – 1 November 1893) was a Polish painter, a leading 19th-century exponent of history painting, known for depicting nodal events from Polish history. His works include large scale oil ...

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Helmuth von Moltke the Younger Graf Helmuth Johannes Ludwig von Moltke (; 25 May 1848 – 18 June 1916), also known as Moltke the Younger, was a German general and Chief of the Great German General Staff. He was also the nephew of ''Generalfeldmarschall'' ''Graf'' Helmuth Ka ...

Rudolf Montecuccoli Rudolf Graf Montecuccoli degli Erri (22 February 1843-16 May 1922) was chief of the Austro-Hungarian Navy from 1904 to 1913 and largely responsible for the modernization of the fleet before the First World War. Overview Montecuccoli was born i ...

* Georg Alexander von Müller *

Miroslav Navratil Miroslav (Friedrich) Navratil (19 July 1893 – 7 June 1947) was a Croatian soldier, pilot, and general who served in the armies of Austria-Hungary, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the Independent State of Croatia. Until the end of World War I ...

Nicholas I of Montenegro Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš ( sr-cyr, Никола I Петровић-Његош; – 1 March 1921) was the last monarch of Montenegro from 1860 to 1918, reigning as prince from 1860 to 1910 and as the country's first and only king from 1910 to 19 ...

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* Laval Nugent von Westmeath *

Alexander August Wilhelm von Pape Alexander August Wilhelm von Pape (2 February 1813 – 7 May 1895) was a Royal Prussian infantry Colonel-General with the special rank of Generalfeldmarschall. Biography Pape was born in Berlin. He started his military career in 1830 as Fah ...

* Thorleif Paus * Archduke Peter Ferdinand of Austria *

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Hans von Plessen Hans Georg Hermann von Plessen (26 November 1841 – 28 January 1929) was a Prussian Colonel General with the rank of Generalfeldmarschall and Canon of Brandenburg. He held the office of His Majesty's Orderly Adjutant General (german: SM diensttue ...

* Ferdinand von Quast *

Joseph Radetzky von Radetz Johann Josef Wenzel Anton Franz Karl, Graf Radetzky von Radetz ( en, John Joseph Wenceslaus Anthony Francis Charles, Count Radetzky of Radetz; cz, Jan Josef Václav Antonín František Karel hrabě Radecký z Radče; sl, Janez Jožef Vencelj ...

* Antoni Wilhelm Radziwiłł *

Wilhelm von Ramming Wilhelm Freiherr von Ramming von Riedkirchen (30 June 1815 - 1 July 1876) was an Austrian ''Feldzeugmeister'' who commanded an army corps during the Austro-Prussian War. Biography After attending the Wiener Neustadt Military Academy, Wilhelm Ram ...

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Sándor Farkas de Boldogfa Vitéz Sándor Farkas de Boldogfa (16 September 1880 – 11 January 1946) was a Hungarian nobleman, colonel of the Kingdom of Hungary, captain of the Order of Vitéz of the county of Zala. He was knight of the Order of the Austrian Iron Crown ...

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Alfred von Schlieffen Graf Alfred von Schlieffen, generally called Count Schlieffen (; 28 February 1833 – 4 January 1913) was a German field marshal and strategist who served as chief of the Imperial German General Staff from 1891 to 1906. His name lived on in th ...

* Emil von Schlitz * Eberhard Graf von Schmettow * Friedrich von Scholl * August Schwendenwein von Lanauberg *

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* Gustav von Senden-Bibran * Stanisław Smolka *

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Philipp von Stadion und Thannhausen Philipp Franz Emerich Karl von Stadion und Thannhausen (9 May 1799 – 19 March 1868 in Vienna) was an Austrian ''feldmarschall-leutnant'' ( lieutenant field marshal) and '' Landkomtur'' (National Commander) of the Teutonic Order in Austria. Bio ...

Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten Rudolf Stöger-Steiner Freiherr von Steinstätten (26 April 1861 – 12 May 1921) was a colonel general in the Austro-Hungarian army and served as the last Imperial Minister for War not only to the Austro-Hungarian Empire but also to the an ...

Stanisław Szeptycki Count Stanisław Maria Jan Teofil Szeptycki (3 November 1867 – 9 October 1950) was a Polish count, general and military commander. Biography Born in 1867 in Galicia, Austria-Hungary to the aristocratic Szeptycki family, he was the grandson of ...

Sándor Szurmay Vitéz Baron Sándor Szurmay de Uzsok (19 December 1860 – 26 February 1945) was a Hungarian military officer and politician, who served as Minister of Defence for the Hungarian portion of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary between 1917 and 1 ...

Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen Ludwig Samson Heinrich Arthur Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen (18 June 181526 April 1881) was a Bavarian general. Early life Born in Darmstadt, on the day of Waterloo, Ludwig was a descendant from the old family of von der Tann, whi ...

* Myron Tarnavsky *

Karl Tersztyánszky von Nádas Karl Tersztyánszky von Nádas, officially Károly Tersztyánszky, also alternatively written Tersztyánszky de Nádas (28 October 1854 – 7 March 1921) was an Austro-Hungarian general who served in World War I. Biography Tersztyánszky was born ...

Tewfik Pasha Mohamed Tewfik Pasha ( ar, محمد توفيق باشا ''Muḥammad Tawfīq Bāshā''; April 30 or 15 November 1852 – 7 January 1892), also known as Tawfiq of Egypt, was khedive of Egypt and the Sudan between 1879 and 1892 and the sixth rule ...

Georg von Trapp Georg Ludwig Ritter von Trapp (4 April 1880 – 30 May 1947) was an officer in the Austro-Hungarian Navy who later became the patriarch of the Trapp Family Singers. Trapp was the most successful Austro-Hungarian submarine commander of World W ...

Fyodor Trepov (senior) Fedor Fedorovich (Fyodor Fyodorovich) Trepov Senior (russian: Фёдор Фёдорович Тре́пов) (1809–1889) was a Russian government official. He was a natural child of Friedrich Wilhelm von Stenger (1770–1832) and was registered i ...

Aymard d'Ursel Marie-Henri-Adrien-Aymard count d'Ursel (1849-1939) was a Belgian Noble Courtier of the Vatican. By mother's side he was a grandson of Marie-Hippolyte de Gueulluy, 2nd Marquess of Rumigny and a descendant of Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise. H ...

Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov Count Illarion Ivanovich Vorontsov-Dashkov (russian: Илларио́н Ива́нович Воронцов-Дашков; 27 May 1837 – 15 January 1916) was a notable representative of the Vorontsov family. He served as Minister of Imperial Pro ...

Karl von Wedel Karl, Prince of Wedel (german: Karl Fürst von Wedel; 5 February 1842 – 30 December 1919), born Karl Leo Julius Graf von Wedel, was a Prussian general and diplomat who served as the fourth Imperial Lieutenant (''german: Reichsstatthalter' ...

* Ludwig von Welden * Karl Weyprecht * Duke William of Württemberg *

Constantin von Wurzbach Constantin Wurzbach Ritter von Tannenberg (11 April 1818 – 17 August 1893) was an Austrian biographer, lexicographer and author. Biography He was born in Laibach, Carniola (present-day Ljubljana, Slovenia).He later went on to complete a cou ...

Yamagata Aritomo '' Gensui'' Prince , also known as Prince Yamagata Kyōsuke, was a senior-ranking Japanese military commander, twice-elected Prime Minister of Japan, and a leading member of the ''genrō'', an élite group of senior statesmen who dominated Ja ...

* Arthur Zimmermann * August zu Eulenburg

Sources

* Blom, Philipp. ''To Have and to Hold: An Intimate History of Collectors and Collecting''. Overlook, 2003. pp. 146–147. * Gottschalck, Friedrich. ''Almanach der Ritter-Orden''. Leipzig, Kingdom of Saxony: Georg Joachim Goeschen, 1819.
Austrian Biographical Encyclopaedia and Biographical Documentation

References

{{Authority control Iron Crown, Order of the Orders, decorations, and medals of Austria-Hungary 1815 establishments in the Austrian Empire Military awards and decorations of Austria-Hungary 5 Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor