The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus ( it, Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro) (abbreviated OSSML) is a

Roman Catholic Roman or Romans most often refers to: * Rome, the capital city of Italy * Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD * Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *''Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a let ...

dynastic order of knighthood A dynastic order, monarchical order, or house order is an order under royal patronage. Such an order is bestowed by, as a legitimate , a sovereign or the head of a once-sovereign ruling family. These are often considered part of the cultural ...

bestowed by the royal

House of Savoy The House of Savoy ( it, Casa Savoia) was a royal dynasty that was established in 1003 in the historical Savoy region. Through gradual expansion, the family grew in power from ruling a small Alpine county north-west of Italy to absolute rule o ...

. It is the second-oldest order of knighthood in the world, tracing its lineage to AD 1098, and it is one of the rare orders of knighthood recognized by papal bull, in this case by

Pope The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...

Gregory XIII Pope Gregory XIII ( la, Gregorius XIII; it, Gregorio XIII; 7 January 1502 – 10 April 1585), born Ugo Boncompagni, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 May 1572 to his death in April 1585. He is best known for ...

. In that bull, Pope Gregory XIII bestowed upon

Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy Emmanuel Philibert ( it, Emanuele Filiberto; pms, Emanuel Filibert; 8 July 1528 – 30 August 1580), known as ( pms, Testa 'd fer, links=no; "Ironhead", because of his military career), was Duke of Savoy from 1553 to 1580. He is remembered f ...

and his Savoy successors, the right to confer this knighthood in perpetuity. The Grand Master is,

Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples Prince Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, Prince of Naples (''Vittorio Emanuele Alberto Carlo Teodoro Umberto Bonifacio Amedeo Damiano Bernardino Gennaro Maria di Savoia'';''Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Fürstliche Häuser'' XIV. "Haus Italien". C. ...

, also known as the Duke of Savoy, the eldest son of the last King of Italy,

Umberto II of Italy en, Albert Nicholas Thomas John Maria of Savoy , house = Savoy , father = Victor Emmanuel III of Italy , mother = Princess Elena of Montenegro , birth_date = , birth_place = Racconigi, Piedmont, Kingdom of Italy , ...

. However Vittorio Emanuele's cousin once removed Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta claims to be grand master as his father claimed to be head of the house of Savoy. The order was formerly awarded by the

Kingdom of Italy The Kingdom of Italy ( it, Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 1946, when civil discontent led to an institutional referendum to abandon the monarchy and ...

(1861–1946) with the heads of the House of Savoy as the

Kings of Italy Kings or King's may refer to: *Monarchs: The sovereign heads of states and/or nations, with the male being kings *One of several works known as the "Book of Kings": **The Books of Kings part of the Bible, divided into two parts **The ''Shahnameh'' ...

. Originally a chivalric order of noble nature, it was restricted to subjects of noble families with proofs of at least eight noble great-grandparents. The order's military and noble nature was and is still combined with a Roman Catholic character. After the abolition of the monarchy and the foundation of the Italian Republic in 1946, the legacy of the order is maintained by the pretenders of the House of Savoy and the Italian throne in exile. The order is estimated to include about 2,000 members around the world, with about 200 in the United States. The Order also has roster consultative status with the

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizi ...

, as part of the U.N.'s

ECOSOC The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC; french: links=no, Conseil économique et social des Nations unies, ) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, responsible for coordinating the economic and social fields ...

History

Both crosses from its two forerunners still exist in the insignia of their subsequent successor, today's Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, founded by amalgation in 1572. File:Lazarus_cross.svg, The green-enameled Maltese Cross of the Order of Saint Lazarus, founded c. 1119 File:Cross_of_saint_Maurice.svg, The white-enameled cross bottony of the

Order of Saint Maurice The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus ( it, Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro) (abbreviated OSSML) is a Roman Catholic dynastic order of knighthood bestowed by the royal House of Savoy. It is the second-oldest order of knighthood in the wo ...

, founded in 1434 File:Cross_of_saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus.svg, Combined Maltese Cross and cross bottony,
of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus

Order of Saint Lazarus (1119)

The Order of Saint Lazarus, founded c. 1119, can be traced to the establishment around 1100, of a hospital for

leprosy Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a long-term infection by the bacteria '' Mycobacterium leprae'' or ''Mycobacterium lepromatosis''. Infection can lead to damage of the nerves, respiratory tract, skin, and eyes. This nerve dama ...

Jerusalem Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...

Kingdom of Jerusalem The Kingdom of Jerusalem ( la, Regnum Hierosolymitanum; fro, Roiaume de Jherusalem), officially known as the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem or the Frankish Kingdom of Palestine,Example (title of works): was a Crusader state that was establish ...

, by a group of

crusaders The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were in ...

who called themselves "Brothers of Saint Lazarus". Those knights protected

Christian Christians () are people who follow or adhere to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The words '' Christ'' and ''Christian'' derive from the Koine Greek title ''Christós'' (Χρι� ...

pilgrims to the

Holy Land The Holy Land; Arabic: or is an area roughly located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River, traditionally synonymous both with the biblical Land of Israel and with the region of Palestine. The term "Holy ...

. From its inception, the order was concerned with the relief of leprosy and other illnesses, and many of its members were lepers who had been

knight A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state (including the Pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church or the country, especially in a military capacity. Knighthood finds origins in the ...

s in other orders. It became rich, its practices dubious, and its funds eventually abused. With the

fall of Acre The siege of Acre (also called the fall of Acre) took place in 1291 and resulted in the Crusaders losing control of Acre to the Mamluks. It is considered one of the most important battles of the period. Although the crusading movement continu ...

in 1291, the Knights of Saint Lazarus emigrated from the

and

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Medite ...

and settled in

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

and, in 1311, in

Naples Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's admin ...

. In the 16th century, the order declined in credibility and wealth. With papal support, the Duke of Savoy became Grand Master in 1572. During medieval times, the Order of Saint Lazarus maintained a number of hospitals, including an institution in the Italian city of

Capua Capua ( , ) is a city and '' comune'' in the province of Caserta, in the region of Campania, southern Italy, situated north of Naples, on the northeastern edge of the Campanian plain. History Ancient era The name of Capua comes from the Etr ...

Order of Saint Maurice (1434)

The Order of Saint Maurice was established in 1434 by Amedeo VIII of Savoy, during his stay in the Ripaglia hermitage near Thonon, named after Saint Maurice of the Theban Legion. From its beginning, it was a military order. The order declined, but in 1572 was reestablished by

Pope Pius V Pope Pius V ( it, Pio V; 17 January 1504 – 1 May 1572), born Antonio Ghislieri (from 1518 called Michele Ghislieri, O.P.), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1566 to his death in May 1572. He is ...

at the instigation of the then-Duke of Savoy.

Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (1572)

Charles_Felix_as_the_Grand_Master_of_the_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation

Carlo_Alberto_nelle_vesti_di_Gran_Maestro_dell%27Ordine_del_Mauriziano

In 1572, Pope

united the Order of Saint Lazarus in perpetuity with the Crown of Savoy.

, merged it with the Savoyan Order of Saint Maurice, and thenceforth the title of Grand Master of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus was hereditary in that house. The pope gave him authority over the vacant commanderies everywhere, except in the states of the

King of Spain , coatofarms = File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Spanish_Monarch.svg , coatofarms_article = Coat of arms of the King of Spain , image = Felipe_VI_in_2020_(cropped).jpg , incumbent = Felipe VI , incumbentsince = 19 Ju ...

, which included the greater part of Italy. In England and Germany, these commanderies were suppressed by the

Protestant reformation The Reformation (alternatively named the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation) was a major movement within Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the Catholic Church and i ...

. The new organization was charged to defend the

Holy See The Holy See ( lat, Sancta Sedes, ; it, Santa Sede ), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the Pope in his role as the bishop of Rome. It includes the apostolic episcopal see of the Diocese of R ...

and Italian shores, as well as continue to assist the sick. The war

galley A galley is a type of ship that is propelled mainly by oars. The galley is characterized by its long, slender hull, shallow draft, and low freeboard (clearance between sea and gunwale). Virtually all types of galleys had sails that could be u ...

s of the order fought against the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...

and the Barbary pirates with the

United States Marine Corps The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is the maritime land force service branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations through c ...

. When leprosy again broke out, the order founded a hospital in Aosta in 1773.

Kingdom Italy (1861–1946)

With the

Italian unification The unification of Italy ( it, Unità d'Italia ), also known as the ''Risorgimento'' (, ; ), was the 19th-century political and social movement that resulted in the consolidation of different states of the Italian Peninsula into a single ...

(1860-1871), the order became a ''de facto'' Italian state order for military and civilian merits, consisting of five classes: Knight Grand Cross, Knight Grand Officer, Knight Commander, Knight Officer and

Knight A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a head of state (including the Pope) or representative for service to the monarch, the church or the country, especially in a military capacity. Knighthood finds origins in the ...

. The formerly related Maurician medal for Military Merit of fifty years, established in 1839, was one of the few medals not suppressed by the Italian republic, becoming the Maurician medal of Merit for 50 years military career in 1954. Brought back in favour by King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, the order was sparingly conferred for distinguished service in military and civilian affairs as an exclusive award compared with the more common

Order of the Crown of Italy The Order of the Crown of Italy ( it, Ordine della Corona d'Italia, italic=no or OCI) was founded as a national order in 1868 by King Vittorio Emanuele II, to commemorate the unification of Italy in 1861. It was awarded in five degrees for civ ...

Dynastic chivalric order bestowed in exile (1946-)

After Italy became a republic in 1946, the order was effectively replaced by the government's

Order of Merit of the Italian Republic The Order of Merit of the Italian Republic ( it, Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana) is the senior Italian order of merit. It was established in 1951 by the second President of the Italian Republic, Luigi Einaudi. The highest-ranking ...

. Since 1951 it has not been officially recognized by the Italian republic, but remains recognized by most other jurisdictions, particularly those with extant royal houses.

Organisation

Great_coat_of_arms_of_the_king_of_italy_(1890-1946)

The House of Savoy in exile continues to bestow the order on recipients eminent in the public service, science, art, letters, trade, and charitable works. While the continued use of those decorations conferred prior to 1951 is permitted in Italy, the crowns on the ribbons issued before 1946 must be substituted for as many five pointed stars on military uniforms. Eventually, it became a requirement for a person to have already received the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus before receiving the

Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation The Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation ( it, Ordine Supremo della Santissima Annunziata) is a Roman Catholic order of chivalry, originating in Savoy. It eventually was the pinnacle of the honours system in the Kingdom of Italy, which c ...

. The generally accepted Grand Master of the order is

, the current head of the House of Savoy. However, some of Vittorio Emanule's policies as Grand Master have generated controversy. In 2006, Vittorio Emanuele's third cousin, Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta (b. 1943), declared himself head of the Savoy dynasty and thus Sovereign ''

de jure In law and government, ''de jure'' ( ; , "by law") describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. In contrast, ("in fact") describes situations that exist in reality, even if not legall ...

'', but no one has recognized that claim.

Grades

According to the Statutes, the Order is divided into five classes for the Knights (male members): *''Knight Grand Cordon'', who wear a sash on the right shoulder to the left hip and the badge as well as star are worn on the left side; *''Grand Officer'', who wear a necklet plus the star on the left chest; *''Commander'', who wear a necklet; *''Officer'', who wear a medal in Gold on the left side of the chest; *''Knight'', who wear a smaller Medal in Silver on the left side of the chest. For female members the Order is divided into in three classes: *''Dame Grand Cordon'', wearing a sash similar to that of their male counterparts *''Dame Commander'', who wear on a necklet. During daydress: wear a bow formed necklet worn on the left side of the chest. During evening wear: bow formed necklet worn on the left side of the chest) *''Dame'', who wear a smaller necklet; During daydress and evening wear: bow formed medal worn on the left side of the chest Special Class of the Order: *''Knight Grand Cordon, Special Class'', For the Grand Master of the Order; who wear a sash on the right shoulder to the left hip, the badge as well as star which is worn on the left side of the stomach are in Brilliants

Insignia

*The ''badge'' of the order is in gilt, consists of a white-enameled cross bottony of the Order of Saint Maurice, with a green-enameled Maltese Cross, the Cross of the Order of Saint Lazarus, placed in

saltire A saltire, also called Saint Andrew's Cross or the crux decussata, is a heraldic symbol in the form of a diagonal cross, like the shape of the letter X in Roman type. The word comes from the Middle French ''sautoir'', Medieval Latin ''saltator ...

between the arms of the cross botonny. The badge of each class except that of Knight and Dame is topped by a gilt crown. *The ''star'' of the Order is a silver faceted star, with eight points for Grand Cross and four points for Grand Officer, and with the badge (minus the crown) superimposed upon it. *The ''breast cross'' for the Commander "jus patronato" class is identical to the badge, minus the crown. *The ''ribbon'' of the Order is apple green, with slight variations for the several classes:

List of Grand Masters

(1572-1580) # Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy (1580-1630) # Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy (1630-1637) # Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy (1637-1638) # Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy (1638-1675) #

Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia Victor Amadeus II (Vittorio Amedeo Francesco; 14 May 166631 October 1732) was Duke of Savoy from 1675 to 1730. He also held the titles of Prince of Piedmont, Duke of Montferrat, Marquis of Saluzzo and Count of Aosta, Moriana and Nice. Lou ...

(1675-1731) # Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia (1732-1773) # Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia (1773-1796) # Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia (1796-1802) # Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia (1802-1824) # Charles Felix of Sardinia (1824-1831) # Charles Albert of Sardinia (1831-1849) # Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (1849-1878) # Umberto I of Italy (1878-1900) #

Victor Emmanuel III of Italy Victor Emmanuel III (Vittorio Emanuele Ferdinando Maria Gennaro di Savoia; 11 November 1869 – 28 December 1947) was King of Italy from 29 July 1900 until his abdication on 9 May 1946. He also reigned as Emperor of Ethiopia (1936–1941) and ...

(1900-1946) #

(1946-1983) #

(1983-) (contested by Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta 2021-)

The council

The council is responsible for running the order, the order focuses mainly on charitable acts. * Chairman: Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince of Venice * Vice Chairman: Antonio d’Amelio * Grand Chancellor: Theo Niederhauser * Grand Treasurer: Nicolas Gagnebin * Grand Prior: Monsignor Paolo de Nicolò * Grand Master of Ceremonies: Prof. Alberto Bochicchio * HSH Mariano Hugo Windisch Graetz * HSH Prince Don Alessandro Jacopo Boncompagni Ludovisi Altemps *

Duke Duke is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a duchy, or of a member of royalty, or nobility. As rulers, dukes are ranked below emperors, kings, grand princes, grand dukes, and sovereign princes. As royalty or nobility, they are ran ...

Giancarlo Melzi d’Eril dei Duchi di Lodi *

Count Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility. Pine, L. G. ''Titles: How the King Became His Majesty''. New York ...

Carlo Buffa dei Conti di Perrero – Honorary Member

The Junta

The Junta is responsible for voting in new

or Dame to the dynastic order on behalf of the grand master,

. There are always five members of the Junta to ensure that there is never an equal count in votes for and against a new possible new

or Dame. * HSH Don Alessandro Jacopo Boncompagni Ludovisi Altemps – President *

Marquess A marquess (; french: marquis ), es, marqués, pt, marquês. is a nobleman of high hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies. The German language equivalent is Markgraf (margrave). A woman w ...

Paolo Thaon di Revel Vandini – Secretary *

Baron Baron is a rank of nobility or title of honour, often hereditary, in various European countries, either current or historical. The female equivalent is baroness. Typically, the title denotes an aristocrat who ranks higher than a lord or kn ...

Enrico Sanjust dei Baroni di Teulada * Gualtiero Ventura * Federico Pizzi

Recipients in selection

Artemisia_Gentileschi_Condottiero_Bologna

Ritratto_di_Giovanni_Battista_Cacherano_di_Bricherasio_-_Anonimo

Monarchs

* Emperor

Franz Joseph I of Austria Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I (german: Franz Joseph Karl, hu, Ferenc József Károly, 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916) was Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, and the other states of the Habsburg monarchy from 2 December 1848 until h ...

* Emperor Wilhelm II of the German Empire * Emperor

Nicholas II of Russia Nicholas II or Nikolai II Alexandrovich Romanov; spelled in pre-revolutionary script. ( 186817 July 1918), known in the Russian Orthodox Church as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer,. was the last Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Pol ...

* Emperor

Haile Selassie Haile Selassie I ( gez, ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ, Qädamawi Häylä Səllasé, ; born Tafari Makonnen; 23 July 189227 August 1975) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. He rose to power as Regent Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia (' ...

Ethiopia Ethiopia, , om, Itiyoophiyaa, so, Itoobiya, ti, ኢትዮጵያ, Ítiyop'iya, aa, Itiyoppiya officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa. It shares borders with Eritrea to the Er ...

* King Zog I of

Albania Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares l ...

* King

George V George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. Born during the reign of his grandmother Que ...

of the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and No ...

* Emperor

Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar ( fa, مظفرالدین شاه قاجار, Mozaffar ad-Din Ŝāh-e Qājār; 23 March 1853 – 3 January 1907), was the fifth shah of Qajar Iran, reigning from 1896 until his death in 1907. He is often credited with t ...

Persia Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmen ...

Prince A prince is a Monarch, male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family. ''Prince'' is also a title of nobility (often highest), often hereditary title, hereditary, in s ...

and Grand Master Andrew Bertie of the

Sovereign Military Order of Malta The Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM), officially the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta ( it, Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme, di Rodi e di Malta; ...

Maharaja Mahārāja (; also spelled Maharajah, Maharaj) is a Sanskrit title for a "great ruler", "great king" or " high king". A few ruled states informally called empires, including ruler raja Sri Gupta, founder of the ancient Indian Gupta Empire, ...

Jagatjit Singh * Maharaja Juddha Shumsher Jang Bahadur Rana * Mihailo Obrenović of

Serbia Serbia (, ; Serbian: , , ), officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: , , ), is a landlocked country in Southeastern and Central Europe, situated at the crossroads of the Pannonian Basin and the Balkans. It shares land borders with Hun ...

Abbas I of Egypt Abbas Helmy I of Egypt (also known as ''Abbas Pasha'', ar, عباس الأول, tr, I. Abbas Hilmi Paşa 1 July 181213 July 1854) was the Wāli of Egypt and Sudan. He was a son of the Albanian Tusun Pasha, and a grandson of the Albanian Muham ...

Military

General of the Armies General of the Armies of the United States, more commonly referred to as General of the Armies, is the highest military rank in the United States Army. The rank has been conferred three times: to John J. Pershing in 1919, as a personal accola ...

John Pershing General of the Armies John Joseph Pershing (September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948), nicknamed "Black Jack", was a senior United States Army officer. He served most famously as the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) on the W ...

* General of the Army George Marshall *

Field Marshal Field marshal (or field-marshal, abbreviated as FM) is the most senior military rank, ordinarily senior to the general officer ranks. Usually, it is the highest rank in an army and as such few persons are appointed to it. It is considered a ...

Walther von Brauchitsch Walther Heinrich Alfred Hermann von Brauchitsch (4 October 1881 – 18 October 1948) was a German field marshal and the Commander-in-Chief (''Oberbefehlshaber'') of the German Army during World War II. Born into an aristocratic military family, ...

Francisco Solano López * General Matthew Bunker Ridgway * General François d'Astier de La Vigerie * General Tasker H. Bliss * General Mark W. Clark * General Ira C. Eaker * General Peyton C. March * Admiral Ernesto BurzagliSenato della Repubblica
biographical summary
/ref> * Surgeon Rear-Admiral Arthur Skey * Major General Ulysses S. Grant III * Major General

Mason Patrick Mason Mathews Patrick (December 13, 1863 – January 29, 1942) was a general officer in the United States Army who led the United States Army Air Service during and after World War I and became the first Chief of the Army Air Corps when it was c ...

Head, William Pace (1995). Every Inch a Soldier: Augustine Warner Robins and the Building of U.S. Airpower Volume 37 of Texas A & M University military history series. Texas A&M University Press, 1995: Issue 37, p. 75 , 9780890965900 https://books.google.com/books?id=5utyzXwyh1MC&pg=PA75&dq=italian+order+of+st.+maurice+and+st.+lazarus+%22mason+patrick%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwji4JmHj7LjAhUVV80KHb7XCDQQ6AEILTAA#v=onepage&q=italian%20order%20of%20st.%20maurice%20and%20st.%20lazarus%20%22mason%20patrick%22&f=false Retrieved November 2, 2012. * Rear Admiral Richard Byrd * Brigadier General Billy Mitchell * Naval Captain Emilio Faà di Bruno * Flight Commander Douglas Harries * SS-Obergruppenführer

Hans Lammers Hans Heinrich Lammers (27 May 1879 – 4 January 1962) was a German jurist and prominent Nazi politician. From 1933 until 1945 he served as Chief of the Reich Chancellery under Adolf Hitler. During the 1948–1949 Ministries Trial, Lammers was ...

Plaek Phibunsongkhram Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram ( th, แปลก พิบูลสงคราม ; alternatively transcribed as ''Pibulsongkram'' or ''Pibulsonggram''; 14 July 1897 – 11 June 1964), locally known as Marshal P. ( th, จอมพล � ...

* Brigadier General

Evan M. Johnson Evan M. Johnson (September 26, 1861 – October 13, 1923) was a career officer in the United States Army. A veteran of the Apache Wars, Spanish–American War, Philippine–American War, occupation of Veracruz, and World War I, he was most not ...

* Brigadier General Walter McCaw * Charles R. Train

Politics

* Diplomat Isaac Artom * Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, 1921 * Enrico d’Arienzo, Prefect of Caltanisetta 1925 * Henri Jaspar * Charles de Broqueville * Charles Rogier * Baron Edmond de Sélys Longchamps * President

Porfirio Díaz José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori ( or ; ; 15 September 1830 – 2 July 1915), known as Porfirio Díaz, was a Mexican general and politician who served seven terms as President of Mexico, a total of 31 years, from 28 November 1876 to 6 De ...

*Dr Hans Frank, 26.9.1936 * Minister of foreign affairs Giustino Fortunato * Member of Parliament Cristiana Muscardini * Diplomat Jose Maria Quijano WallisPapel Periódico Ilustrado Volúmen 1 año I Número 1 al 14
* Luigi, Count Cibrario * Baron Oswald von Richthofen, State Secretary for Foreign Affairs of the German Empire - ''August 1902'' - during the visit to Germany of King

* President of the 1904

Louisiana Purchase Exposition The Louisiana Purchase Exposition, informally known as the St. Louis World's Fair, was an international exposition held in St. Louis, Missouri, United States, from April 30 to December 1, 1904. Local, state, and federal funds totaling $15 mi ...

and Former St. Louis Mayor David R. Francis * Mayor

Rudolph Giuliani Rudolph William Louis Giuliani (, ; born May 28, 1944) is an American politician and lawyer who served as the 107th Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001. He previously served as the United States Associate Attorney General from 1981 to 19 ...

of New York City (2001) Cavaliere di Gran Croce (Motu Proprio) * Aldo Oviglio, Minister of Justice (1922–1925) * James Charles Risk of New York City, Cavaliere di Gran Croce, originally inducted by the last reigning King of Italy,

Benito Mussolini Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini (; 29 July 188328 April 1945) was an Italian politician and journalist who founded and led the National Fascist Party. He was Prime Minister of Italy from the March on Rome in 1922 until his deposition in 19 ...

Prime Minister of Italy The Prime Minister of Italy, officially the President of the Council of Ministers ( it, link=no, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), is the head of government of the Italian Republic. The office of president of the Council of Ministers is ...

and Duce of Fascism

Culture

* Architect

Carlo Rainaldi Carlo Rainaldi (4 May 1611 – 8 February 1691) was an Italian architect of the Baroque period. Biography Born in Rome, Rainaldi was one of the leading architects of 17th century Rome, known for a certain grandeur in his designs. He worked at ...

Priests

* Pietro Tacchi Venturi * Agostino Rivarola * Tommaso Reggio * Timothy M. Dolan * Désiré-Félicien-François-Joseph Mercier * Andrea Carlo Ferrari

Sciences

Charles Combes Charles Pierre Mathieu Combes (26 December 1801 – 11 January 1872) was a French engineer. He was Inspector-General of Mines and the Director of the School of Mines in Paris. His name is on the Eiffel Tower. Biography Early life Charles- ...

* Giovanni Miani, explorer *

Giuseppe Peano Giuseppe Peano (; ; 27 August 1858 – 20 April 1932) was an Italian mathematician and glottologist. The author of over 200 books and papers, he was a founder of mathematical logic and set theory, to which he contributed much notation. The st ...

* Joseph Vallot

Philanthropy

* Thomas Hanbury *

J. P. Morgan John Pierpont Morgan Sr. (April 17, 1837 – March 31, 1913) was an American financier and investment banker who dominated corporate finance on Wall Street throughout the Gilded Age. As the head of the banking firm that ultimately became know ...

Recipients (amongst others)

* Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince of Venice,

Grand Cross Grand Cross is the highest class in many orders, and manifested in its insignia. Exceptionally, the highest class may be referred to as Grand Cordon or equivalent. In other cases, there may exist a rank even higher than Grand Cross, e.g. Gra ...

* Clotilde Courau, Princess of Venice *

Princess Vittoria of Savoy Princess Vittoria Cristina Adelaide Chiara Maria di Savoia (born 28 December 2003) is a member of the House of Savoy. She is first-born child of Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice and Piedmont and Clotilde Courau. Early life and family Pri ...

, ''Princess of Carignano'' Marchioness of Ivrea * Princess Luisa of Savoy * Marina Doria, Princess of Naples and Duchess of Savoy *

Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Parma Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Parma (born Princess Maria Pia of Savoy; 24 September 1934) is the eldest daughter of Umberto II of Italy and Marie-José of Belgium. She is the older sister of Princess Maria Gabriella of Savoy, Vittorio Emanuel ...

* Princess Maria Gabriella of Savoy *

Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy (born 2 February 1943) is the youngest daughter of Italy's last King, Umberto II, and his wife, Queen Marie José. Life Born Principessa Maria Beatrice Elena Margherita Ludovica Caterina Romana di Savoia, she ...

* Prince Dimitri of Yugoslavia * Prince Michael of Yugoslavia * Prince Sergius of Yugoslavia * Princess Helen of Yugoslavia * Nicholas, Crown Prince of Montenegro *

Prince Carlo, Duke of Castro Prince Carlo of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duke of Castro (born 24 February 1963) is one of the two claimants to the headship of the former House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. Early life Prince Carlo was born at Saint-Raphaël, Var, France, as the only so ...

* Mariano Hugo, Prince of Windisch-Graetz

* Prince Don Alessandro Jacopo Boncompagni Ludovisi Altemps

Paolo Thaon di Revel Vandini

Enrico Sanjust dei Baroni di Teulada

* Prof. Alberto Bochicchio

Carlo Buffa dei Conti di Perrero

* Count Giuseppe Rizzani

Rudy Giuliani Rudolph William Louis Giuliani (, ; born May 28, 1944) is an American politician and lawyer who served as the 107th Mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001. He previously served as the United States Associate Attorney General from 1981 to 1 ...

* Giovanni Cheli

* Duke Giancarlo Melzi d'Eril

Andrea Boezio Bertinotti Alliata * Andrea Rivoira

* Antonio d’Amelio

* Franca Sciaraffia Dame

* Nicolas Gagnebin

* Theo Niederhauser

* Monsignor Paolo de Nicolò

* Alberto Di Maria Knight Grand Officer * Dame Zina Losapio * Alessandro Santini * Alberico Guerzoni * Giovanni Cheli *

References

Notes

External links

Dynastic Orders of the Royal House of Savoy

American Delegation of Savoy Orders

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maurice and Lazarus, Order of Saints Saints Maurice and Lazarus, Order of History of Catholicism in Italy

History

Order of Saint Lazarus (1119)

Order of Saint Maurice (1434)

Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (1572)

Kingdom Italy (1861–1946)

Dynastic chivalric order bestowed in exile (1946-)

Organisation

Grades

Insignia

List of Grand Masters

The council

The Junta

Recipients in selection

Monarchs

Military

Politics

Culture

Priests

Sciences

Philanthropy

Recipients (amongst others)

See also

References

Notes

External links