On 10 June 1944, four days after
D-Day, the village of
Oradour-sur-Glane
Oradour-sur-Glane (; oc, Orador de Glana) was a commune in the Haute-Vienne department, New Aquitaine, west central France, as well as the name of the main village within the commune.
History
The original village was destroyed on 10 June 194 ...
in
Haute-Vienne in
Nazi-occupied France
The Military Administration in France (german: Militärverwaltung in Frankreich; french: Occupation de la France par l'Allemagne) was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zo ...
was destroyed when 643 civilians, including non-combatant women and children, were
massacre
A massacre is the killing of a large number of people or animals, especially those who are not involved in any fighting or have no way of defending themselves. A massacre is generally considered to be morally unacceptable, especially when per ...
d by a German
Waffen-SS
The (, "Armed SS") was the combat branch of the Nazi Party's ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) organisation. Its formations included men from Nazi Germany, along with Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts, volunteers and conscripts from both occup ...
company.
A new village was built nearby after the war.
President
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
* President (education), a leader of a college or university
* President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Automobiles
* Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ...
Charles de Gaulle ordered that the ruins of the old village be maintained as a permanent memorial and museum.
Background
In February 1944, the
2nd SS Panzer Division ''Das Reich'' was stationed in the
Southern French town of
Valence-d'Agen
Valence (; oc, Valença d'Agen), also known as Valence-d'Agen, is a commune in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France.
Geography
Valence is located from Agen, from Montauban, from Cahors, 90 km fro ...
,
[ « Rubrique Valence d'Agen », ''Archives du Tarn-et-Garonne'', 11 June 2011.] north of
Toulouse
Toulouse ( , ; oc, Tolosa ) is the prefecture of the French department of Haute-Garonne and of the larger region of Occitania. The city is on the banks of the River Garonne, from the Mediterranean Sea, from the Atlantic Ocean and from Pa ...
, waiting to be resupplied with new equipment and fresh troops. Following the Allied
Normandy landings
The Normandy landings were the landing operations and associated airborne operations on Tuesday, 6 June 1944 of the Allies of World War II, Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II. Codenamed Operation Neptune and ...
in June 1944, the division was ordered north to help stop the Allied advance. One of its units was the 4th SS Panzer Grenadier Regiment ("Der Führer"). Its staff included regimental commander SS-''
Standartenführer''
Sylvester Stadler, SS-''
Sturmbannführer
__NOTOC__
''Sturmbannführer'' (; ) was a Nazi Party paramilitary rank equivalent to major that was used in several Nazi organizations, such as the SA, SS, and the NSFK. The rank originated from German shock troop units of the First World War ...
'' Adolf Diekmann commanding the 1st Battalion and SS-''Sturmbannführer''
Otto Weidinger
Otto Weidinger (27 May 1914 – 10 January 1990) was a member of the Waffen-SS in Nazi Germany and a regimental commander in the SS Division Das Reich during World War II. In this capacity, he was involved in the Oradour massacre in France in J ...
, Stadler's designated successor who was with the regiment for familiarisation. Command passed to Weidinger on 14 June.
Early on the morning of 10 June 1944, Diekmann informed Weidinger that he had been approached by two members of the
Milice
The ''Milice française'' (French Militia), generally called ''la Milice'' (literally ''the militia'') (), was a political paramilitary organization created on 30 January 1943 by the Vichy regime (with German aid) to help fight against the Fre ...
, a
paramilitary force of the
Vichy Regime
Vichy France (french: Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was the fascist French state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Officially independent, but with half of its ter ...
. They said that a
Waffen-SS
The (, "Armed SS") was the combat branch of the Nazi Party's ''Schutzstaffel'' (SS) organisation. Its formations included men from Nazi Germany, along with Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts, volunteers and conscripts from both occup ...
officer was being held prisoner by the Resistance in
Oradour-sur-Vayres
Oradour-sur-Vayres (; ) is a Communes of France, commune in the Haute-Vienne Departments of France, department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine Regions of France, region in west-central France.
History
Oradour-sur-Glane massacre
The Oradour-sur-Gla ...
, a nearby village. The captured officer was claimed to be SS-''Sturmbannführer''
Helmut Kämpfe, commander of the 2nd SS Panzer Reconnaissance Battalion (also part of the Das Reich division). He may have been captured by the
Maquis du Limousin
The Maquis du Limousin was one of the largest Maquis groups of French resistance fighters fighting for the liberation of France.
The region of Limousin was an active area of resistance beginning in 1940.
Edmond Michelet distributed tracts c ...
the day before.
Massacre
On 10 June, Diekmann's battalion sealed off Oradour-sur-Glane and ordered everyone within to assemble in the village square to have their
identity papers examined. This included six non-residents who happened to be bicycling through the village when the SS unit arrived. The women and children were locked in the church, and the village was looted. The men were led to six barns and sheds, where machine guns were already in place.
According to a survivor's account, the SS men then began shooting, aiming for their legs. When victims were unable to move, the SS men covered them with fuel and set the barns on fire. Only six men managed to escape. One of them was later seen walking down a road and was shot dead. In all, 190 Frenchmen died.
the burning of women and children in a church
The SS men next proceeded to the church and placed an incendiary device beside it. When it was ignited, women and children tried to escape through the doors and windows, only to be met with machine-gun fire. 247 women and 205 children died in the attack. The only survivor was 47-year-old Marguerite Rouffanche. She escaped through a rear
sacristy window, followed by a young woman and child. All three were shot, two of them fatally. Rouffanche crawled to some pea bushes and remained hidden overnight until she was found and rescued the next morning. About twenty villagers had fled Oradour-sur-Glane as soon as the SS unit had appeared. That night, the village was partially razed.
Several days later, the survivors were allowed to bury the 643 dead inhabitants of Oradour-sur-Glane who had been killed in just a few hours. Adolf Diekmann said the atrocity was in retaliation for the partisan activity in nearby
Tulle
Tulle (; ) is a commune in central France. It is the third-largest town in the former region of Limousin and is the capital of the department of Corrèze, in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. Tulle is also the episcopal see of the Roman Cat ...
and the kidnapping and murder of SS commander Helmut Kämpfe, who was burned alive in a field ambulance with other German soldiers.
Amongst the men of the town killed were three priests who worked in the parish. It was also reported that the SS troops desecrated the church, including deliberately scattering Communion hosts before they forced the women and children into it. The Bishop of Limoges visited the village in the days after the massacre, one of the first public figures to do so, and his account of what he witnessed is one of the earliest available. Amongst those who went to bury the dead and document the event by taking photographs were some local seminarians.
Murphy report
Raymond J. Murphy, a 20-year-old American
B-17
The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress is a four-engined heavy bomber developed in the 1930s for the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC). Relatively fast and high-flying for a bomber of its era, the B-17 was used primarily in the European Theater ...
navigator
A navigator is the person on board a ship or aircraft responsible for its navigation.Grierson, MikeAviation History—Demise of the Flight Navigator FrancoFlyers.org website, October 14, 2008. Retrieved August 31, 2014. The navigator's primar ...
shot down over
Avord
Avord () is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.
Geography
A farming area comprising the village and several hamlets situated by the banks of the river Yèvre, some east of Bourges at the junction of t ...
, France in late April 1944, witnessed the aftermath of the massacre.
After being hidden by the
French Resistance
The French Resistance (french: La Résistance) was a collection of organisations that fought the German occupation of France during World War II, Nazi occupation of France and the Collaborationism, collaborationist Vichy France, Vichy régim ...
, Murphy was flown to England on 6 August, and in
debriefing filled in a questionnaire on 7 August and made several drafts of a formal report.
The version finally submitted on 15 August has a handwritten addendum:
Murphy's report was made public in 2011 after a
Freedom of Information Act request by his grandson, an attorney in the
United States Department of Justice National Security Division.
It is the only account to mention crucifying a baby.
Shane Harris
Shane Harris is an American journalist and author. He is a senior national security writer at the ''Washington Post''. He specializes in coverage of America's intelligence agencies. He is author of the books '' The Watchers: The Rise of Americ ...
concludes that the addendum is a true statement by Murphy and that the town, not named in Murphy's report, is very likely Oradour-sur-Glane.
German response
Protests at Diekmann's unilateral action followed, both from Field Marshal
Erwin Rommel, General Walter Gleiniger, German commander in
Limoges, as well as the
Vichy Government
Vichy France (french: Régime de Vichy; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was the fascist French state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II. Officially independent, but with half of its terr ...
. Even SS-''Standartenführer'' Stadler felt Diekmann had far exceeded his orders and began an investigation. However, Diekmann was killed in action shortly afterwards during the
Battle of Normandy
Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II. The operation was launched on 6 June 1944 (D-Day) with the Norm ...
; many of the 3rd Company, which had conducted the massacre, were also killed in action. The investigation was then suspended.
Postwar trials
On 12 January 1953, a military tribunal in
Bordeaux
Bordeaux ( , ; Gascon oc, Bordèu ; eu, Bordele; it, Bordò; es, Burdeos) is a port city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, Southwestern France. It is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefect ...
heard the charges against the surviving 65 of the 200 or so SS men who had been involved. Only 21 of them were present, as many were in
West Germany
West Germany is the colloquial term used to indicate the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; german: Bundesrepublik Deutschland , BRD) between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the German reunification through the accession of East Germany on 3 O ...
and
East Germany
East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; german: Deutsche Demokratische Republik, , DDR, ), was a country that existed from its creation on 7 October 1949 until its dissolution on 3 October 1990. In these years the state ...
, which would not extradite them. Seven of those present for the charges were German citizens, but 14 were
Alsatians, French nationals whose home region had been occupied by Germany in 1940 and later integrated into the
German Reich
German ''Reich'' (lit. German Realm, German Empire, from german: Deutsches Reich, ) was the constitutional name for the German nation state that existed from 1871 to 1945. The ''Reich'' became understood as deriving its authority and sovereignty ...
. All but one of the Alsatians claimed to have been forced to join the Waffen-SS. Such forced conscripts from Alsace and
Lorraine
Lorraine , also , , ; Lorrain: ''Louréne''; Lorraine Franconian: ''Lottringe''; german: Lothringen ; lb, Loutrengen; nl, Lotharingen is a cultural and historical region in Northeastern France, now located in the administrative region of Gra ...
called themselves the ''
malgré-nous
The term Malgré-nous (, or more figuratively 'we who are forced against our will') refers to men from Alsace–Lorraine who were conscripted into the German military after the region's annexation from France during World War II. The female term ...
'', meaning "against our will".
On 11 February, 20 defendants were found guilty. Continuing uproar in Alsace (including demands for autonomy) pressed the French parliament to pass an amnesty law for all the ''malgré-nous'' on 19 February. The convicted Alsatian former SS men were released shortly afterwards, which caused bitter protests in the
Limousin
Limousin (; oc, Lemosin ) is a former administrative region of southwest-central France. On 1 January 2016, it became part of the new administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It comprised three departments: Corrèze, Creuse, and Haute-Vienn ...
region.
By 1958, all of the German defendants had also been released. General
Heinz Lammerding
Heinz Lammerding (27 August 1905 – 13 January 1971) was a German SS officer convicted of war crimes during the Nazi era. During World War II, he commanded the SS Panzer Division ''Das Reich'' that perpetrated the Tulle and the Oradour-sur-Gl ...
of the Das Reich division, who had given the orders for retaliation against the Resistance, died in 1971, following a successful entrepreneurial career. At the time of the trial, he lived in
Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf ( , , ; often in English sources; Low Franconian and Ripuarian language, Ripuarian: ''Düsseldörp'' ; archaic nl, Dusseldorp ) is the capital city of North Rhine-Westphalia, the most populous state of Germany. It is the second- ...
, in the former British occupation zone of
West Germany
West Germany is the colloquial term used to indicate the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; german: Bundesrepublik Deutschland , BRD) between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the German reunification through the accession of East Germany on 3 O ...
, and the
French government never obtained his extradition from West Germany.
The last trial of a Waffen-SS member who had been involved took place in 1983. Former SS-''Obersturmführer''
Heinz Barth
Heinz Barth (15 October 1920 – 6 August 2007) was a mid-ranking member in the Waffen-SS of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was a convicted war criminal who was responsible for the Oradour-sur-Glane massacre of 1944.
Barth was the only SS ...
was tracked down in East Germany. Barth had participated in the Oradour-sur-Glane
massacre
A massacre is the killing of a large number of people or animals, especially those who are not involved in any fighting or have no way of defending themselves. A massacre is generally considered to be morally unacceptable, especially when per ...
as a platoon leader in the "Der Führer" regiment, commanding 45 SS men. He was one of several charged with giving orders to shoot 20 men in a garage. Barth was sentenced to life imprisonment by the First Senate of the City Court of
Berlin
Berlin ( , ) is the capital and List of cities in Germany by population, largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's List of cities in the European Union by population within ci ...
. He was released from prison in the reunified
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
in 1997 and died in August 2007.
On 8 January 2014, Werner Christukat, an 88-year-old former member of the 3rd Company of the 1st Battalion of the "Der Führer" SS regiment was charged, by the state court in
Cologne
Cologne ( ; german: Köln ; ksh, Kölle ) is the largest city of the German western state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and 3.6 millio ...
, with 25 charges of murder and hundreds of counts of accessory to murder in connection with the massacre in Oradour-sur-Glane.
The suspect, who was identified only as Werner C., had until 31 March 2014 to respond to the charges. If the case went to trial, it could have possibly been held in a
juvenile court because the suspect was only 19 at the time it occurred. According to his attorney, Rainer Pohlen, the suspect acknowledged being at the village but denied being involved in any killings. On 9 December 2014, the court dropped the case, citing a lack of any witness statements or reliable documentary evidence able to disprove the suspect's contention that he was not a part of the massacre.
Memorial
After the war, General
Charles de Gaulle decided the village should never be rebuilt, but would remain a memorial to the cruelty of
the Nazi occupation. The new village of Oradour-sur-Glane (population 2,375 in 2012), northwest of the site of the massacre, was built after the war. The ruins of the original village remain as a memorial to the dead and to represent similar sites and events.
In 1999 French president
Jacques Chirac dedicated a memorial museum, the ''
Centre de la mémoire d'Oradour'', near the entrance to the ''Village Martyr'' ("martyred village"). Its museum includes items recovered from the burned-out buildings: watches stopped at the time their owners were burned alive, glasses melted from the intense heat, and various personal items.
On 6 June 2004, at the commemorative ceremony of the Normandy invasion in
Caen, German chancellor
Gerhard Schröder
Gerhard Fritz Kurt "Gerd" Schröder (; born 7 April 1944) is a German lobbyist and former politician, who served as the chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005. From 1999 to 2004, he was also the Leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germa ...
pledged that Germany would not forget the Nazi atrocities and specifically mentioned Oradour-sur-Glane.
On 4 September 2013, German president
Joachim Gauck
Joachim Wilhelm Gauck (; born 24 January 1940) is a German politician and civil rights activist who served as President of Germany from 2012 to 2017. A former Lutheran pastor, he came to prominence as an anti-communist civil rights activist in E ...
and French president
François Hollande visited the ghost village of Oradour-sur-Glane. A joint news conference broadcast by the two leaders followed their tour of the site.
This was the first time a German president had come to the site of one of the biggest World War II massacres on French soil.
On 28 April 2017,
Emmanuel Macron, independent presidential candidate, visited Oradour-sur-Glane and met with the only remaining survivor of the massacre,
Robert Hébras
Robert Hébras (29 June 1925 – 11 February 2023) was one of only six people to survive the massacre of Oradour by Nazi Germany's Waffen-SS Das Reich Panzer Division on 10 June 1944. He was born in Oradour-sur-Glane.
Hébras died on 11 Febru ...
.
In popular culture
Television
*The story of Oradour-sur-Glane was featured in the 1973–74 British documentary television series ''
The World at War
''The World at War'' is a 26-episode British documentary television series that chronicles the events of the Second World War. It was produced in 1973, at a cost of £900,000 (), the most expensive factual series ever produced. It was produ ...
'', which was narrated by
Laurence Olivier. The first and final episodes (1 and 26, entitled "A New Germany" and "Remember" respectively) show helicopter views of the destroyed village, interspersed with pictures of the victims that appear on their graves.
*The massacre is referenced in the 2010 series ''
World War II in Colour
''World War II in Colour'' is a 13-episode British television docuseries recounting the major events of World War II narrated by Robert Powell. It was first broadcast in 2008–2009. The series is in full colour, combining both original and Film c ...
'' in the episode "Overlord", which aired on 7 January 2010. It was also featured in part 2 of ''Hitler's Death Army'', which aired on 27 November 2015, and showed both images from the time along with the ruins as they are today.
Film
*The 1975 French film ''
Le vieux fusil'', is based on these facts.
*A feature film, ''Une Vie avec Oradour'', was released in September 2011 in France.
Literature
* In the 1947 Russian novel ''The Storm'' by
Stalin Prize Stalin Prize may refer to:
* The State Stalin Prize in science and engineering and in arts, awarded 1941 to 1954, later known as the USSR State Prize
The USSR State Prize (russian: links=no, Государственная премия СССР, ...
-winner
Ilya Ehrenburg, there is a fictionalized detailed description of the massacre (part vi, chapter a), citing the actual place and the actual SS unit responsible. The novel was published in English in 1948 by the Foreign Languages Publishing House in Moscow, and in 1949 by Gaer Associates of New York.
*In ''
The Hanging Garden'' (1998) by
Ian Rankin
Sir Ian James Rankin (born 28 April 1960) is a Scottish crime writer, best known for his Inspector Rebus novels.
Early life
Rankin was born in Cardenden, Fife. His father, James, owned a grocery shop, and his mother, Isobel, worked in a sch ...
,
Detective Inspector John Rebus investigates a suspected war criminal accused of leading the massacre of the fictional village of Villefranche d'Albarede, based on Oradour-sur-Glane.
*The poet
Gillian Clarke
Gillian Clarke (born 8 June 1937) is a Welsh poet and playwright, who also edits, broadcasts, lectures and translates from Welsh into English. She co-founded Tŷ Newydd, a writers' centre in North Wales.
Life
Gillian Clarke was born on 8 J ...
,
National Poet for Wales
The post of National Poet of Wales ( cy, Bardd Cenedlaethol Cymru) was established in May 2005 by Academi – the Welsh National Literature Promotion Agency and Society for Writers. The current holder of the position is Hanan Issa, who was appoi ...
, commemorates the massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane in two poems from her 2009 collection ''A Recipe for Water'',
[Clarke, Gillian (2009) ''A Recipe for Water'', Carcanet (Manchester), pp. 59–60] "Oradour-sur-Glane" and "Singer".
*In 2013,
Helen Watts
Helen Watts (7 December 19277 October 2009) was a Welsh contralto.
Early life
Helen Josephine Watts was born in Milford Haven, Pembrokeshire, Wales. Her father was a pharmacist, Tom Watts and moved to live above his shop at 26 Market Street, Ha ...
published ''One Day in Oradour'', a short novel based on the events of 1944. Some names of the characters and locations have been changed, and some characters are composites of several individuals.
*In 2015,
Ethan Mordden
Ethan Mordden (born 1947) is an American author and musical theater researcher.
Biography
Mordden was born and raised in Pennsylvania, Venice, Italy, and on Long Island, New York. He is a graduate of Friends Academy and the University of Penns ...
published ''One Day in France'', a short novel based on the events of 1944. Covering a twenty-four-hour period and moving back and forth between Oradour and nearby Limoges, the story fits invented characters into the historical record.
*The plot of ''
The Alice Network'', a 2017
historical novel by American author
Kate Quinn, incorporates a reference to the massacre.
Music
*
Silent Planet's 2014 song "Tiny Hands (Au Revoir)" describes the massacre in Oradour-sur-Glane through the eyes of Madame Marguerite Rouffanche, the sole survivor of the church massacre.
See also
*
Babi Yar
Babi Yar (russian: Ба́бий Яр) or Babyn Yar ( uk, Бабин Яр) is a ravine in the Ukrainian capital Kyiv and a site of massacres carried out by Nazi Germany's forces during its campaign against the Soviet Union in World War II. T ...
*
Belchite, a town in Spain with a similar memorial
*
Distomo massacre
The Distomo massacre ( el, Σφαγή του Διστόμου; german: Massaker von Distomo or ''Distomo-Massaker'') was a Nazi Germany, Nazi war crime perpetrated by members of the Waffen-SS in the village of Distomo, Greece, in 1944, during the ...
, on the same date
*
List of French villages destroyed in World War I
*
Ivanci massacre
The Ivanci massacre was the complete destruction of the Serb village of Ivanci in eastern Croatia (south of Ilača) on 30 November 1943 by Nazi German forces.
During World War II, Syrmia was a part of The Independent State of Croatia led by th ...
*
Kalavryta massacre
*
Kandanos
Kandanos or Kantanos ( el, Κάνδανος or Κάντανος), also Candanos, is a town and former municipality in the Chania regional unit, Crete, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Kantanos-Selino, ...
*
Koriukivka massacre
*
Katyn massacre
The Katyn massacre, "Katyń crime"; russian: link=yes, Катынская резня ''Katynskaya reznya'', "Katyn massacre", or russian: link=no, Катынский расстрел, ''Katynsky rasstrel'', "Katyn execution" was a series of m ...
*
Khatyn massacre
Khatyn ( be, Хаты́нь, Chatyń, ; russian: Хаты́нь, ) was a village of 26 houses and 157 inhabitants in Belarus, in Lahoysk Raion, Minsk Region, 50 km away from Minsk. On 22 March 1943, almost the entire population of the vil ...
*
Ležáky massacre
*
Lidice massacre
*
Lipa massacre
*
Massacre of villages under Kamešnica
The Massacre Of Villages Under Kamešnica (Croatian language, Croatian: ''Pokolj u potkamešničkim selima'') was the mass murder of Croat inhabitants from several villages in the Dalmatian Hinterland, between the Kamešnica (mountain), Kamešnic ...
*
Maquis (World War II)
The Maquis () were rural guerrilla bands of French and Belgian Resistance fighters, called ''maquisards'', during the Nazi occupation of France in World War II. Initially, they were composed of young, mostly working-class, men who had escap ...
*
Maquis du Vercors
The Battle of Vercors in July and August 1944 was between a rural group of the French Forces of the Interior (FFI) maquis''] and the armed forces of Nazi Germany which had occupied France since 1940 in the Second World War. The maquis used the pro ...
*
Maillé massacre
The Maillé Massacre refers to the murder on 25 August 1944 of 124 of the 500 residents of the commune of Maillé, Indre-et-Loire, Maillé in the department of the Indre-et-Loire. Following an ambush a few days before and in reprisals against ac ...
*
Michniów massacre
The Michniów massacre is a massacre that occurred on 12–13 July 1943 in the village of Michniów during Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), German occupation of Poland when approximately 204 of its inhabitants, including women and children, we ...
*
Putten raid
*
Riga synagogues
*
Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre
The Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre was a German war crime committed in the hill village of Sant'Anna di Stazzema in Tuscany, Italy, in the course of an operation against the Italian resistance movement during the Italian Campaign of World War ...
*
Sochy massacre
The Sochy massacre occurred on 1 June 1943 in the village of Sochy, Lublin Voivodeship in Zamość County, Lublin Voivodeship during the German occupation of Poland when approximately 181–200 of its inhabitants, including women and children, we ...
*
Tulle massacre
The Tulle massacre was the roundup and summary execution of civilians in the French town of Tulle by the 2nd SS Panzer Division ''Das Reich'' in June 1944, three days after the D-Day landings in World War II.
After a successful offensive ...
*
Wola massacre
The Wola massacre ( pl, Rzeź Woli, lit=Wola slaughter) was the systematic killing of between 40,000 and 50,000 Poles in the Wola neighbourhood of the Polish capital city, Warsaw, by the German Wehrmacht and fellow Axis collaborators in the ...
References
Notes
Bibliography
*
*
*
*Farmer, Sarah. ''Martyred Village: Commemorating the 1944 Massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane.'' University of California Press, 2000.
*
*Fouché, Jean-Jacques. ''Massacre At Oradour: France, 1944; Coming To Grips With Terror'', Northern Illinois University Press, 2004.
*
*
*
*
*
*
Further reading
*
Hastings, Max (1982) ''Das Reich: March of the Second SS Panzer Division Through France'' Henry Holt & Co.
* Hastings, Max (1991) ''Das Reich: Resistance and the March of the Second SS Panzer Division Through France, June 1944'' Michael Joseph Ltd.
* Hawes, Douglas W. (2014) ''Oradour. Le verdict final'' (Oradour. The Final Verdict) SEUIL
*
Hébras, Robert (2003) ''Oradour-sur-Glane: The Tragedy hour by Hour'' Chemins
* Pauchou, Guy and Pierre Masfrand (l970) ''Oradour-sur-Glane: vision d'épouvante'' (Orador-sur-Glane: a vision of horror) Charles Lavauzelle
External links
Study of 1944 reprisals at Oradour-sur-Glane (with picture gallery containing lists of casualties) Oradour-sur-Glane Memorial CenterFull list of casualties
{{DEFAULTSORT:Oradour-sur-Glane
1944 crimes
1944 in France
Collective punishment
Former populated places in France
Ghost towns in France
June 1944 events
Massacres committed by Nazi Germany
Massacres in 1944
Massacres in France
Murdered French children
Nazi war crimes in France
Vichy France
War crimes of the Waffen-SS