Operation Juniper Shield
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{{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Operation Juniper Shield , partof = the Global War on Terrorism (
Islamist insurgency in the Sahel A war in the Sahel region of West Africa has been ongoing since the 2011 Arab Spring. In particular, the intensive conflict in the three countries of Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso has been referred to as the Sahel War. The conflict is generally s ...
) , image = , caption = A United States special forces NCO watches weapons marksmanship training for a member of a Malian counter-terrorism unit in December 2010. , date = 6 February 2007 – ''ongoing''
({{Age in years, months, weeks and days, month1=02, day1=06, year1= 2007) , place =
Sahara Desert The Sahara (, ) is a desert spanning across North Africa. With an area of , it is the largest hot desert in the world and the list of deserts by area, third-largest desert overall, smaller only than the deserts of Antarctica and the northern Ar ...
and
North Africa North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region. However, it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of t ...
,
West Africa West Africa, also known as Western Africa, is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations geoscheme for Africa#Western Africa, United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Gha ...
, territory = , result = Ongoing , combatant1 = {{ALG
{{MAR
{{flagicon , Mauritania
Mauritania Mauritania, officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a sovereign country in Maghreb, Northwest Africa. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Western Sahara to Mauritania–Western Sahara border, the north and northwest, ...

{{Flagicon, Tunisia
Tunisia Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered by Algeria to the west and southwest, Libya to the southeast, and the Mediterranean Sea to the north and east. Tunisia also shares m ...

{{flagicon, Burkina Faso
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa, bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Ivory Coast to the southwest. It covers an area of 274,223 km2 (105,87 ...

{{CHA
{{MLI
{{NIG
{{Flagicon, Nigeria
Nigeria Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to the south. It covers an area of . With Demographics of Nigeria, ...

{{SEN
{{Flagicon, Cameroon
Cameroon Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in Central Africa. It shares boundaries with Nigeria to the west and north, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the R ...

{{Flagicon, Togo
Togo Togo, officially the Togolese Republic, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Ghana to Ghana–Togo border, the west, Benin to Benin–Togo border, the east and Burkina Faso to Burkina Faso–Togo border, the north. It is one of the le ...

{{Flagicon, Ghana
Ghana Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It is situated along the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, and shares borders with Côte d’Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, and Togo to t ...

{{Flagicon, Ivory Coast
Ivory Coast Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire and officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa. Its capital city of Yamoussoukro is located in the centre of the country, while its largest List of ci ...

{{Flagicon, Benin
Benin Benin, officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in West Africa. It was formerly known as Dahomey. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, Burkina Faso to the north-west, and Niger to the north-east. The majority of its po ...

{{Flagicon, Cape Verde
Cape Verde Cape Verde or Cabo Verde, officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an island country and archipelagic state of West Africa in the central Atlantic Ocean, consisting of ten volcanic islands with a combined land area of about . These islands ...

{{Flagicon, The Gambia
Gambia The Gambia, officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa. Geographically, The Gambia is the List of African countries by area, smallest country in continental Africa; it is surrounded by Senegal on all sides except for ...

{{Flagicon, Guinea
Guinea Guinea, officially the Republic of Guinea, is a coastal country in West Africa. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Guinea-Bissau to the northwest, Senegal to the north, Mali to the northeast, Côte d'Ivoire to the southeast, and Sier ...

{{Flagicon, Guinea-Bissau
Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau, officially the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, is a country in West Africa that covers with an estimated population of 2,026,778. It borders Senegal to Guinea-Bissau–Senegal border, its north and Guinea to Guinea–Guinea-Bissau b ...

{{Flagicon, Liberia
Liberia Liberia, officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to Liberia–Sierra Leone border, its northwest, Guinea to Guinea–Liberia border, its north, Ivory Coast to Ivory Coast–Lib ...

{{Flagicon, Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa. It is bordered to the southeast by Liberia and by Guinea to the north. Sierra Leone's land area is . It has a tropical climate and envi ...

{{Collapsible list , title = Supported and trained By: , {{Flagu, United States , {{Flag, Canada{{cite web , url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/canada-in-afghanistan/Canada+sends+special+forces+African+Qaida+fight/5804679/story.html , title = Canada Sends Special Forces to Aid African Al-Qaida Fight , work =
Montreal Gazette ''The Gazette'', also known as the ''Montreal Gazette'', is a Canadian English-language broadsheet daily newspaper which is owned by Postmedia Network. It is published in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It is the only English-language daily newspape ...
, date = 2 December 2011 , url-status = dead , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120106084750/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/canada-in-afghanistan/Canada+sends+special+forces+African+Qaida+fight/5804679/story.html , archive-date = 6 January 2012 , df=dmy-all
, {{flagicon, France
France France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Overseas France, Its overseas regions and territories include French Guiana in South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean#North Atlan ...
{{cite web , url=http://www.france24.com/en/20100725-french-hostage-executed-aqim-qaeda-north-africa-michel-germaneau-killing , title = French Hostage Executed after raid on Al-Qaeda base , publisher = France 24 news , date = 26 July 2011 , access-date = 13 September 2011 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111210063638/http://www.france24.com/en/20100725-french-hostage-executed-aqim-qaeda-north-africa-michel-germaneau-killing , archive-date = 10 December 2011 , url-status = live , df = dmy-all , {{Flagicon, Germany
Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. Its sixteen States of Germany, constituent states have a total popu ...
, {{Flagicon, Netherlands
Netherlands , Terminology of the Low Countries, informally Holland, is a country in Northwestern Europe, with Caribbean Netherlands, overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the four constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Nether ...
{{cite web , url = http://www.africom.mil/getArticle.asp?art=5937 , title = Flintlock 11 Kicks off February 21 in Senegal , publisher = AFRICOM , date = 3 February 2011 , url-status = dead , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121224145854/http://www.africom.mil/getArticle.asp?art=5937 , archive-date = 24 December 2012 , df = dmy-all , {{flagicon , Spain
Spain Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Eur ...
, {{flag, United Kingdom , {{Flagicon, Denmark
Denmark Denmark is a Nordic countries, Nordic country in Northern Europe. It is the metropole and most populous constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark,, . also known as the Danish Realm, a constitutionally unitary state that includes the Autonomous a ...
, {{Flagicon, Czech Republic
Czech Republic The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, and historically known as Bohemia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the south ...
, {{Flagicon, Sweden
Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and north, and Finland to the east. At , Sweden is the largest Nordic count ...
, combatant2 = {{Tree list *{{flagicon image, Flag of Jihad.svg Islamic militants **
al-Qaeda , image = Flag of Jihad.svg , caption = Jihadist flag, Flag used by various al-Qaeda factions , founder = Osama bin Laden{{Assassinated, Killing of Osama bin Laden , leaders = {{Plainlist, * Osama bin Lad ...
**
Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin Jama'at Nusrat ul-Islam wa al-Muslimin (, JNIM; , GSIM; ) is a Salafi jihadism, Salafi Jihadist organisation in the Maghreb and West Africa formed by the merger of Ansar Dine, Al-Mourabitoun (militant group), al-Mourabitoun and the Saharan branc ...
** MOJWA (until 2013) **
AQIM Al-Qaeda in the Lands of the Islamic Maghreb (, ), or AQIM, is an Islamist militant organization (of al-Qaeda) that aims to overthrow the Algerian government and institute an Islamic state. To that end, it was then engaged in an insurgency c ...
**
Al-Mourabitoun The Independent Nasserite Movement – INM () or simply Al-Murabitoun ( lit. ''The Steadfast''), also termed variously Independent Nasserite Organization (INO) or Movement of Independent Nasserists (MIN), is a Nasserist political party in Leban ...
(until 2017) ** Ansar al-Sharia ** Macina Liberation Front **
Ansar Dine Ansar Dine ( ''ʾAnṣār ad-Dīn'', also transliterated ''Ançar Deen''), meaning " helpers of the religion" (Islam) (Defenders of the Faith) and also known as Ansar al-Din (abbreviated as AAD), was a Salafi jihadist group led by Iyad Ag Gha ...
(until 2017) **
Boko Haram Boko Haram, officially known as Jama'at Ahl al-Sunna li al-Da'wa wa al-Jihad (), is a self-proclaimed jihadist militant group based in northeastern Nigeria and also active in Chad, Niger, northern Cameroon, and Mali. In 2016, the group spli ...
{{sfnp, Comolli, 2015, pp=28, 103, 171 (partially aligned with
ISIL The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadist organization and unrecognized quasi-state. IS occupied signif ...
since 2015) **
Ansaru The Vanguard for the Protection of Muslims in Black Africa ( '), better known as Ansaru and less commonly called al-Qaeda in the Lands Beyond the Sahel, is an Islamic fundamentalist Jihadist militant organisation originally based in the northe ...
{{sfnp, Comolli, 2015, pp=28, 103, 171 {{Tree list/end ---- {{Tree list *{{flagicon, Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
ISIL The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadist organization and unrecognized quasi-state. IS occupied signif ...
**
Islamic State in the Greater Sahara Islam is an Abrahamic religions, Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the Quran, and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam are called Muslims, who are estimated to number Islam by country, 2 billion worldwide and are the world ...

(2015–present) ** Islamic State – West Africa Province {{Tree list/end , commander1 ={{Tree list * {{flagicon, Algeria
Abdelmadjid Tebboune Abdelmadjid Tebboune (; born 17 November 1945) is an Algerian politician currently serving as the president of Algeria since December 2019 and as minister of defence. Tebboune took over the power from former president Abdelaziz Bouteflika and f ...

(2019–present) * {{flagicon, Algeria Nadir Larbaoui
(2023–present) * {{flagicon, Morocco Mohammed VI
(2007–present) * {{flagicon, Morocco
Aziz Akhannouch Aziz Akhannouch (, ; born 16 August 1961) is a Moroccan politician, businessman, and billionaire who is serving as the 17th Prime Minister of Morocco since 7 October 2021. He is the CEO of Akwa Group and also served as Minister of Agriculture fro ...

(2021–present) * {{flagicon, Mauritania
Mohamed Ould Ghazouani Mohamed Ould Cheikh Mohamed Ahmed Ould Ghazouani (; born 4 December 1956), also known as Ghazouani and Ould Ghazouani, is a Mauritanian politician and retired army general who has been the 9th President of Mauritania since 2019, and the 22ndch ...

(2019–present) * {{flagicon, Mauritania
Mokhtar Ould Djay Mokhtar Ould Djay (; born 28 December 1973), also spelled Moctar Ould Diay or Mokhtar Ould Diaye, is a Mauritanian politician serving as the Prime Minister of Mauritania since 2 August 2024. He previously served as Minister of Finance and Min ...

(2024–present) * {{flagicon, Tunisia
Kais Saied Kais Saied ( ; born 22 February 1958) is a Tunisian politician, jurist and retired assistant professor of law currently serving as the fifth president of Tunisia since October 2019. He was president of the Tunisian Association of Constitutional ...

(2019–present) * {{flagicon, Tunisia Ahmed Hachani
(2023–present) * {{flagicon, Burkina Faso
Ibrahim Traoré Ibrahim Traoré (; born 14 March 1988) is a Burkinabé military officer and politician who has served as the interim President of Burkina Faso since 2022. Traoré took control of Burkina Faso in September 2022, ousting interim president Pa ...

(2022–present) * {{flagicon, Burkina Faso Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla
(2022–present) * {{flagicon, Chad
Mahamat Déby Mahamat Idriss Déby Itno (; born 4 April 1984) is a Chadian politician and military officer who has been the leader of Chad since 2021, first as President of the Transitional Military Council (Chad), Transitional Military Council from 2021 to 20 ...

(2021–present) * {{flagicon, Chad Saleh Kebzabo
(2022–present) * {{flagicon, Mali
Assimi Goïta Général d’Armée Assimi Goïta (born 9 November 1983) is a Malian Officer (armed forces), military officer who has served as interim President of Mali since 2021 and the president of the Alliance of Sahel States since 2024. Goïta was the le ...

(2021–present) * {{flagicon, Mali Choguel Kokalla Maïga
(2021–present) * {{flagicon, Niger
Abdourahamane Tchiani Abdourahamane Tchiani (; born early 1960s) is a Nigerien military officer who has served as the 11th president of Niger since 2025 and the president of the National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland, the military junta of Niger, since 2 ...

(2023–present) * {{flagicon, Niger
Ali Lamine Zeine Ali Mahamane Lamine Zeine (born 1965) is a Nigerien politician and economist who has served as the prime minister of Niger since 2023. He previously served as minister of the Economy and Finance from 2003 to 2010. Biography Ali Lamine Zeine ...

(2023–present) * {{flagicon, Nigeria
Bola Tinubu Asiwaju Bola Ahmed Adekunle Tinubu (born 29 March 1952) is a Nigerian politician serving as the 16th and current president of Nigeria since 2023. He previously served as the governor of Lagos State from 1999 to 2007, and senator for Lagos ...

(2023–present) * {{flagicon, Senegal
Bassirou Diomaye Faye Bassirou Diomaye Diakhar Faye (; born 25 March 1980), commonly known mononymously as Diomaye, is a Senegalese politician and former tax official who is serving as the fifth and current president of Senegal since 2024. He is the general secretary ...

(2024–present) * {{flagicon, Senegal
Ousmane Sonko Ousmane Sonko (; born 15 July 1974) is a Senegalese politician and former tax official who is serving as the 16th prime minister of Senegal since 2024, and as the leader of PASTEF since the party's foundation in January 2014. Sonko was the PAS ...

(2024–present) * {{flagicon, Cameroon
Paul Biya Paul Biya (born Paul Barthélemy Biya'a bi Mvondo, 13 February 1933) is a Cameroonian politician who has been serving as the second president of Cameroon since 1982. He was previously the fifth Prime Minister of Cameroon, prime minister under Pre ...

(2007–present) * {{flagicon, Cameroon
Joseph Ngute Joseph Dion Ngute (born 12 March 1954) is a Cameroonian jurist and politician serving as the List of Prime Ministers of Cameroon, 9th Prime Minister of Cameroon, prime minister of Cameroon, following his appointment in January 2019. He succeede ...

(2019–present) * {{flagicon, Togo
Faure Gnassingbé Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé (; born 6 June 1966)"Biographie de nouveau pré ...

(2007–present) * {{flagicon, Togo
Victoire Tomegah Dogbé
(2020–present) * {{flagicon, Ghana
Nana Akufo-Addo William Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo ( ; born 29 March 1944) is a Ghanaian politician who served as the 13th president of Ghana from January 2017 to January 2025. He previously served as Attorney General of Ghana, Attorney General from 2001 to 20 ...

(2017–present) * {{flagicon, Ivory Coast
Alassane Ouattara Alassane Dramane Ouattara (; ; born 1 January 1942) is an Ivorian politician and economist who has been List of heads of state of Ivory Coast, President of Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire) since 2010. An economist by profession, he worked for the I ...

(2010–present) * {{flagicon, Ivory Coast Robert Beugré Mambé
(2023–present) * {{flagicon, Benin Patrice Talon
(2016–present) * {{flagicon, Cape Verde José Maria Neves
(2021–present) * {{flagicon, Cape Verde
Ulisses Correia e Silva José Ulisses de Pina Correia e Silva (; born 4 June 1962) is a Cape Verdean businessman and politician who has been Prime Minister of Cape Verde since 22 April 2016. He took office after his party, the Movement for Democracy, won the 20 March ...

(2016–present) * {{flagicon, The Gambia
Adama Barrow Adama Barrow (, born 15 February 1965) is a The Gambia, Gambian politician and real estate developer who has served as President of The Gambia since 2017. Born in Mankamang Kunda, a village in Jimara district, he attended Crab Island Secondary ...

(2017–present) * {{flagicon, Guinea
Mamady Doumbouya Mamady Doumbouya (N'Ko: , born 5 December 1980) is a Guinean military officer serving as the current president of Guinea since 5 September 2021. Doumbouya led a coup d'état on 5 September 2021 that overthrew the previous president, Alpha Cond ...

(2021–present) * {{flagicon, Guinea
Bah Oury Bah Oury (born 1958) is a Guinean politician who serves as the prime minister of Guinea, having been appointed after interim prime minister Bernard Goumou became "unavailable for health reasons". Oury was appointed to serve as Prime Minister ...

(2024–present) * {{flagicon, Guinea-Bissau Umaro Sissoco Embaló
(2020–present) * {{flagicon, Guinea-Bissau
Rui Duarte de Barros Rui Duarte de Barros (born 1959 or 1960) is a Bissau-Guinean economist and politician who has served as the prime minister of Guinea-Bissau since 17 January 2024. His previous positions include being the Minister of Economy and Finance, as well ...

(2023–present) * {{flagicon, Liberia Joseph Boakai
(2024–present) * {{flagicon, Sierra Leone
Julius Maada Bio Julius Maada Wonie Bio (born 12 May 1964) is a Sierra Leonean politician and former army officer who has served as the 5th president of Sierra Leone since 4 April 2018. He is a retired brigadier in the Sierra Leone Army and was the military ...

(2018–present) * {{flagicon, United States
Donald Trump Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who is the 47th president of the United States. A member of the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, he served as the 45 ...

(2025–present) * {{flagicon, United States
Pete Hegseth Peter Brian Hegseth (born June 6, 1980) is an American author, former television presenter, and former Army National Guard officer who has served as the 29th United States secretary of defense since 2025. Hegseth studied politics at Princeton ...

(2025–present) * {{flagicon, United Kingdom
Charles III Charles III (Charles Philip Arthur George; born 14 November 1948) is King of the United Kingdom and the 14 other Commonwealth realms. Charles was born at Buckingham Palace during the reign of his maternal grandfather, King George VI, and ...

(2022–present) * {{flagicon, United Kingdom
Keir Starmer Sir Keir Rodney Starmer (born 2 September 1962) is a British politician and lawyer who has served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom since 2024 and as Leader of the Labour Party (UK), Leader of the Labour Party since 2020. He previously ...

(2024–present) * {{flagicon, Canada
Mary Simon Mary Jeannie May Simon (born August 21, 1947) is a Canadian civil servant, diplomat, and former broadcaster who has been serving as the 30th governor general of Canada since July 26, 2021. She is Inuit, Inuk on her mother's side, making her th ...

(2021–present) * {{flagicon, Canada
Justin Trudeau Justin Pierre James Trudeau (born December 25, 1971) is a Canadian politician who served as the 23rd prime minister of Canada from 2015 to 2025. He led the Liberal Party from 2013 until his resignation in 2025 and was the member of Parliament ...

(2015–present) * {{flagicon, France
Emmanuel Macron Emmanuel Jean-Michel Frédéric Macron (; born 21 December 1977) is a French politician who has served as President of France and Co-Prince of Andorra since 2017. He was Ministry of Economy and Finance (France), Minister of Economics, Industr ...

(2017–present) * {{flagicon, France
Gabriel Attal Gabriel Nissim Attal de Couriss (; born 16 March 1989) is a French politician who was the prime minister of France from January to September 2024. He was the youngest and the first openly Gay man, gay prime minister in French history. A member ...

(2024–present) * {{flagicon, Germany
Frank-Walter Steinmeier Frank-Walter Steinmeier (; born 5 January 1956) is a German politician who has served as President of Germany since 2017. He was previously Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany), federal minister for foreign affairs from 2005 to 2009 and again f ...

(2017–present) * {{flagicon, Germany
Friedrich Merz Joachim-Friedrich Martin Josef Merz (; ; born 11November 1955) is a German politician serving as Chancellor of Germany since 6 May 2025. He has also served as Leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) since January 2022, leading the CDU/CSU ...

(2025–present) * {{flagicon, Netherlands Willem-Alexander
(2013–present) * {{flagicon, Netherlands
Dick Schoof Hendrikus Wilhelmus Maria "Dick" Schoof (born 8 March 1957) is a Dutch politician and civil servant serving as the prime minister of the Netherlands of the Schoof cabinet since 2 July 2024. Schoof previously worked as secretary-general of the M ...

(2024–present) * {{flagicon, Spain
Felipe VI Felipe VI (; Felipe Juan Pablo Alfonso de Todos los Santos de Borbón y Grecia; born 30 January 1968) is King of Spain. In accordance with the Spanish Constitution, as monarch, he is head of state and commander-in-chief of the Spanish Armed For ...

(2014–present) * {{flagicon, Spain
Pedro Sánchez Pedro Sánchez Pérez-Castejón (; born 29 February 1972) is a Spanish politician who has served as Prime Minister of Spain since 2018. He has also been Secretary-General of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) since July 2017, having p ...

(2018–present) * {{flagicon, Denmark
Frederik X Frederik X (Frederik André Henrik Christian, ; born 26 May 1968) is King of Denmark. He acceded to the throne following Abdication of Margrethe II, his mother's abdication in 2024. Frederik is the eldest son of Margrethe II and Prince Henri ...

(2007–present) * {{flagicon, Denmark
Mette Frederiksen Mette Frederiksen (; born 19 November 1977) is a Danish politician who has been the Prime Minister of Denmark, prime minister of Denmark since June 2019, and Social Democrats (Denmark)#Leaders of the Social Democrats, leader of the Social Democr ...

(2019–present) * {{flagicon, Czech Republic
Petr Pavel Petr Pavel (; born 1 November 1961) is a Czech politician and retired army general, currently serving as the president of the Czech Republic since March 2023. Prior to this, he held the position of Chairman of the NATO Military Committee from 2 ...

(2023–present) * {{flagicon, Czech Republic
Petr Fiala Petr Fiala (; born 1 September 1964) is a Czech politician and political scientist who has been the prime minister of the Czech Republic since December 2021 and leader of the Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic), Civic Democratic Party (ODS) ...

(2021–present) * {{flagicon, Sweden
Carl XVI Gustaf Carl XVI Gustaf (Carl Gustaf Folke Hubertus; born 30 April 1946) is King of Sweden. Having reigned since 1973, he is the longest-reigning monarch in Swedish history. Carl Gustaf was born during the reign of his paternal great-grandfather, K ...

(2007–present) * {{flagicon, Sweden
Ulf Kristersson Ulf Hjalmar Kristersson (; born 29 December 1963) is a Swedish politician who has served as the Prime Minister of Sweden, prime minister of Sweden since 2022. He has been the leader of the Moderate Party (M) since 2017 and a Member of Parliamen ...

(2022–present) {{Tree list/end {{Collapsible list , titlestyle=background-color:transparent; text-align:left; , title= Former , {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px
Abdelaziz Bouteflika Abdelaziz Bouteflika (; ; 2 March 1937 – 17 September 2021) was an Algerian politician and diplomat who served as the seventh president of Algeria from 1999 to his resignation in 2019. Before his stint as an Algerian politician, Bouteflika s ...
† , {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px Abdelkader Bensalah † , {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px Abdelaziz Belkhadem , {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px
Ahmed Ouyahia Ahmed Ouyahia (; 2 July 1952) is an Algerian politician who was Prime Minister of Algeria, prime minister of Algeria four times (1995–98, 2004–2006, 2008–2012, 2017–2019). A career diplomat, he also served as Minister of Justice, and he w ...
, {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px Abdelmalek Sellal , {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px Youcef Yousfi , {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px Noureddine Bedoui , {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px Sabri Boukadoum , {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px Abdelaziz Djerad , {{flagdeco, Algeria, size=23px Aymen Benabderrahmane , {{flagdeco, Morocco, size=23px Driss Jettou , {{flagdeco, Morocco, size=23px
Abbas El Fassi Abbas El Fassi (; ; born 18 September 1940) is a Moroccan politician and businessman who served as the 14th Prime Minister of Morocco from 19 September 2007 to 29 November 2011. El Fassi, a member of the Istiqlal Party, replaced independent Dr ...
, {{flagdeco, Morocco, size=23px
Abdelilah Benkirane Abdelilah Benkirane (, born 1954) is a Moroccan politician who was the Prime Minister of Morocco from November 2011 to March 2017. After having won a plurality of seats in the 2011 parliamentary election, his party, the moderate Islamist Justi ...
, {{flagdeco, Morocco, size=23px
Saadeddine Othmani Saadeddine Othmani (; ; born 16 January 1956), sometimes translated as Saad Eddine el-Othmani, is a Moroccan politician. He served as the 16th prime minister of Morocco from 17 March 2017 to 7 October 2021. Previously he served as foreign minist ...
, {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959
Ely Ould Mohamed Vall Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall ( ''I‘lī Wald Muḥammad Fāl''; 1953 – 5 May 2017) was a Mauritanian political and military figure. Following a coup d'état in August 2005, he served as the transitional military leader of Mauritania unti ...
, {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959
Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi Sidi Mohamed Ould Cheikh Abdallahi (‎; 193822 November 2020) was a Mauritania, Mauritanian politician who was List of heads of state of Mauritania, President of Mauritania from 2007 to 2008. He served in the government during the 1970s, and ...
, {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959 Ba Mamadou Mbaré , {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959
Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz (; born 20 December 1956) is a retired Mauritanian military officer and politician who served as the 8th President of Mauritania from 2009 to 2019. A career soldier and high-ranking officer, he was a leading figure in ...
, {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959 Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubacar , {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959 Zeine Ould Zeidane , {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959 Yahya Ould Ahmed El Waghef , {{flagdeco, Mauritania, 1959
Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf (; born 12 December 1957) served as the Prime Minister of Mauritania from August 2008 until August 2014.Yahya Ould Hademine , {{flagdeco, Mauritania, size=23px
Mohamed Salem Ould Béchir Mohamed Salem Ould Béchir (; born December 17, 1962) is a Mauritanian politician who served as Prime Minister of Mauritania from 2018 to 2019, following the resignation of his predecessor, Yahya Ould Hademine, and his government, in late Oc ...
, {{flagdeco, Mauritania, size=23px Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Cheikh Sidiya , {{flagdeco, Mauritania, size=23px Mohamed Ould Bilal , {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px
Zine El Abidine Ben Ali Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (Tunisian Arabic: , ; 3 September 1936 – 19 September 2019), commonly known as Ben Ali or Ezzine, was a Tunisian politician who served as the second President of Tunisia from 1987 to 2011. In that year, during the Tun ...
, {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px Mohamed Ghannouchi , {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px
Fouad Mebazaa Fouad Mebazaa (; 15 June 1933 – 23 April 2025) was a Tunisian politician who was the acting president of Tunisia from 15 January 2011 to 13 December 2011. He was active in Neo Destour prior to Tunisian independence, served as Minister of Youth ...
, {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px Moncef Marzouki , {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px
Beji Caid Essebsi Beji Caid Essebsi (or es-Sebsi; , ; 29 November 1926 – 25 July 2019) was a Tunisian politician who served as the fourth president of Tunisia from 31 December 2014 until his death on 25 July 2019. Previously, he served as minister of foreign af ...
, {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px Mohamed Ennaceur , {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px
Hamadi Jebali Hamadi Jebali (, '; born 12 January 1949) is a Tunisian engineer, politician, and journalist who was Prime Minister of Tunisia from December 2011 to March 2013. He was the Secretary-General of the Ennahda Movement, a moderate Islamic party in Tun ...
, {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px Ali Laarayedh , {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px Mehdi Jomaa , {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px Habib Essid , {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px
Youssef Chahed Youssef Chahed (; born 18 September 1975) is a Tunisian politician who served as the 14th prime minister of Tunisia from 27 August 2016 to 27 February 2020. He served as Secretary of State for Fisheries and Minister of Local Affairs in the past ...
, {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px Elyes Fakhfakh , {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px
Hichem Mechichi Hichem Mechichi (; born January 1974) is a Tunisian politician who served as the Prime Minister of Tunisia from September 2020 to July 2021, when he was unconstitutionally dismissed by President Kais Saied who dissolved the parliament, the highe ...
, {{flagdeco, Tunisia, size=23px Najla Bouden , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px
Blaise Compaoré Blaise Compaoré (born 3 February 1951)''Profiles of People in Power: The World's Government Leaders'' (2003), page 76–77.
, {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Honoré Traoré , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Yacouba Isaac Zida , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Michel Kafando , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Gilbert Diendéré , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Chérif Sy , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px
Roch Marc Christian Kaboré Roch Marc Christian Kaboré (; born 25 April 1957) is a Burkinabé banker and politician who served as the President of Burkina Faso from 2015 until he was deposed in 2022. He was the Prime Minister of Burkina Faso between 1994 and 1996 and Pre ...
, {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Paramanga Ernest Yonli , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Tertius Zongo , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px
Luc-Adolphe Tiao Luc-Adolphe Tiao (born 4 June 1954) is a Burkinabé politician and journalist who was Prime Minister of Burkina Faso from 2011 to 2014. Early life and career in journalism Born at Tenkodogo, Tiao attended a seminary from 1969 to 1974 and studi ...
, {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Paul Kaba Thieba , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Christophe Joseph Marie Dabiré , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Lassina Zerbo , {{flagdeco, Burkina Faso, size=23px Albert Ouédraogo , {{flagdeco, Chad, size=23px
Idriss Déby Idriss Déby Itno ( '; 18 June 1952 – 20 April 2021) was a Chadian politician and military officer who was the sixth List of heads of state of Chad, president of Chad from 1991 until his death in 2021 during the 2021 Northern Chad offensive, No ...
{{KIA , {{flagdeco, Chad, size=23px
Pascal Yoadimnadji Pascal Yoadimnadji (April 8, 1950 – February 23, 2007) was a Chadian politician. He was Prime Minister of Chad from February 2005 to his death in February 2007.Valery Gottingar, , Chadian government web site, February 23, 2007 . Biography Y ...
, {{flagdeco, Chad, size=23px Adoum Younousmi , {{flagdeco, Chad, size=23px Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye , {{flagdeco, Chad, size=23px
Youssouf Saleh Abbas Youssouf Saleh Abbas ( '; born ''c''. 1953
, {{flagdeco, Chad, size=23px Emmanuel Nadingar , {{flagdeco, Chad, size=23px Djimrangar Dadnadji , {{flagdeco, Chad, size=23px Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet , {{flagdeco, Chad, size=23px Albert Pahimi Padacké , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px
Amadou Toumani Touré Amadou Toumani Touré (4 November 19489 November 2020), also popularly known in Mali by his initials ATT (), was a Malian politician. He supervised Mali's first multiparty elections as chairman of the transitional government (1991–1992), and la ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Amadou Sanogo , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px
Dioncounda Traoré Dioncounda Traoré (born 23 February 1942) is a Malian politician who was President of Mali in an interim capacity from April 2012 to September 2013. Previously he was President of the National Assembly of Mali from 2007 to 2012, and he served as ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px
Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta (; 29 January 1945 – 16 January 2022), often known by his initials IBK, was a Malian politician who served as the president of Mali from September 2013 to August 2020, when he was forced to resign in the 2020 Malian cou ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px
Bah Ndaw Bah Ndaw (also spelled N'Daw, N'Dah, and N'Daou; born 23 August 1950) is a Malian retired military officer and politician who served as the president of Mali between 25 September 2020 and 24 May 2021 when he was overthrown during the 2021 Malia ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px
Ousmane Issoufi Maïga Ousmane Issoufi Maïga (born 1946) was the Prime Minister of Mali from 2004 to 2007. Issoufi had previously held several ministerial posts in previous governments. Issoufi was born near Gao, in the north of Mali. He studied economics at the Univer ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Modibo Sidibé , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px
Cheick Modibo Diarra Cheick Modibo Diarra (born 1952) is a Malian astrophysicist, businessman, and politician who was acting Prime Minister of Mali from April 2012 to December 2012. On 11 December 2012, Diarra presented his resignation on state television in a br ...
, {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Django Sissoko , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Oumar Tatam Ly , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Moussa Mara , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Modibo Keita , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Abdoulaye Idrissa Maïga , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Boubou Cissé , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Moctar Ouane , {{flagdeco, Mali, size=23px Abdoulaye Maïga , {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px
Mamadou Tandja Mamadou Tandja (1938 – 24 November 2020) was a Nigerien politician who was List of heads of state of Niger, President of Niger from 1999 to 2010. He was President of the National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD) from 1991 to 1999 ...
, {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px Salou Djibo , {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px
Mahamadou Issoufou Mahamadou Issoufou (born 1 January 1952) is a Nigerien politician who served as the president of Niger from 7 April 2011 to 2 April 2021. Issoufou was the prime minister of Niger from 1993 to 1994, president of the National Assembly from 1995 to ...
, {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px
Mohamed Bazoum Mohamed Bazoum (; born 1 January 1960) is a Nigerien politician who served as the 10th List of heads of state of Niger, president of Niger from 2021 to 2023. He assumed office in April 2021 after winning the 2020–21 Nigerien general election, ...
, {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px
Hama Amadou Hama Amadou (3 March 1950 – 23 October 2024) was a Nigerien politician who was Prime Minister of Niger from 1995 to 1996 and again from 2000 to 2007. He was also Secretary-General of the National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD- ...
, {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px Seyni Oumarou , {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px
Albadé Abouba Albadé Abouba is a Nigerien politician who has been the Secretary-General of the National Movement for the Development of Society (MNSD-Nassara) since 2009. He served as Niger's Minister of the Interior from 2002 to 2004 and again from 2007 to 2 ...
, {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px Ali Badjo Gamatié , {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px
Mahamadou Danda Mahamadou Danda (born 24 July 1951Maman Chaïbou, ''Répertoire biographique des personnalités de la classe politique'', volume 2 (2000), page 463 .) is a Nigerien political figure who was appointed as Prime Minister of Niger by the Supreme Counc ...
, {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px Brigi Rafini , {{flagdeco, Niger, size=23px
Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou (born 1954) is a Nigerien politician of the Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism (PNDS-Tarayya) who served as Prime Minister of Niger between 3 April 2021 and 26 July 2023, until he was deposed in the wake of the 202 ...
, {{flagdeco, Nigeria, size=23px
Olusegun Obasanjo Chief Olusegun Matthew Okikiola Ogunboye Aremu Obasanjo (; ; born 5 March 1937) is a Nigerian former army general, politician and statesman who served as Nigeria's head of state from 1976 to 1979 and later as its president from 1999 to 200 ...
, {{flagdeco, Nigeria, size=23px
Umaru Musa Yar'Adua Umaru Musa Yar'Adua (; 16 August 19515 May 2010) was a Nigerian politician who served as the president of Nigeria from 2007 until his death in May 2010. He won the Nigerian presidential election held on 21 April 2007, and was sworn in on 29 M ...
, {{flagdeco, Nigeria, size=23px
Goodluck Jonathan Goodluck Ebele Azikiwe Jonathan (born 20 November 1957) is a Nigerian politician who served as the president of Nigeria from 2010 to 2015. He lost the 2015 presidential election to former military head of state General Muhammadu Buhari and ...
, {{flagdeco, Nigeria, size=23px
Muhammadu Buhari Muhammadu Buhari (born 17 December 1942) is a Nigerian politician who served as the president of Nigeria from 2015 to 2023. A retired Nigerian army major general, he was the military head of state of Nigeria from 31 December 1983 to 27 Augu ...
, {{flagdeco, Senegal, size=23px
Abdoulaye Wade Abdoulaye Wade (, ; born 29 May 1926) is a Senegalese politician who served as the third president of Senegal from 2000 to 2012. He is also the Secretary-General of the Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS), having led the party since it was founded ...
, {{flagdeco, Senegal, size=23px
Macky Sall Macky Sall (, , ; born 11 December 1961) is a Senegalese politician who served as the fourth president of Senegal from 2012 to 2024. He previously served as the eighth Prime Minister of Senegal, prime minister from 2004 to 2007, under President ...
, {{flagdeco, Senegal, size=23px Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré , {{flagdeco, Senegal, size=23px
Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye (born 6 August 1958) is a Senegalese politician who was Prime Minister of Senegal from 2009 to 2012. He was Minister of the Civil Service and Labour in 2005, Director of the Cabinet of the President of the Republic from 20 ...
, {{flagdeco, Senegal, size=23px Abdoul Mbaye , {{flagdeco, Senegal, size=23px Aminata Touré , {{flagdeco, Senegal, size=23px
Mahammed Dionne Mahammed Boun Abdallah Dionne (22 September 1959 – 5 April 2024) was a Senegalese politician who served as the Prime Minister of Senegal from 2014 to 2019. He was the third prime minister appointed by President Macky Sall. Dionne served at th ...
, {{flagdeco, Senegal, size=23px Amadou Ba , {{flagdeco, Senegal, size=23px Sidiki Kaba , {{flagdeco, Cameroon, size=23px Ephraïm Inoni , {{flagdeco, Cameroon, size=23px Philémon Yang , {{flagdeco, Togo, size=23px
Yawovi Agboyibo Yawovi Madji Agboyibo (31 December 1943, Republicoftogo.com, 11 January 2007 .30 May 2020) was a Togolese attorney and politician. He served as Heads of Government of Togo, Prime Minister of Togo from September 2006 to December 2007 and was Nati ...
, {{flagdeco, Togo, size=23px Komlan Mally , {{flagdeco, Togo, size=23px
Gilbert Houngbo Gilbert Fossoun Houngbo (born 4 February 1961) is a Togolese politician and diplomat who was Prime Minister of Togo from September 2008 to July 2012.
, {{flagdeco, Togo, size=23px Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu , {{flagdeco, Togo, size=23px Komi Sélom Klassou , {{flagdeco, Ghana, size=23px
John Kufuor John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor (born 8 December 1938) is a Ghanaian politician who served as the tenth president of Ghana from 2001 to 2009. He was the fifth chairperson of the African Union from 2007 to 2008 and his victory over John Atta Mills at t ...
, {{flagdeco, Ghana, size=23px
John Atta Mills John Evans Fiifi Atta Mills (21 July 1944 – 24 July 2012) was a Ghanaian politician and legal scholar who served as the 11th president of Ghana from 2009 until his death in 2012. He was inaugurated on 7 January 2009, having defeated the govern ...
, {{flagdeco, Ghana, size=23px
John Mahama John Dramani Mahama (; born 29 November 1958) is a Ghanaian politician who has been the 14th president of Ghana since January 2025. A member of the National Democratic Congress (Ghana), National Democratic Congress (NDC), he served as the 12th p ...
, {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px Laurent Gbagbo , {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px
Charles Konan Banny Charles Konan Banny (11 November 1942 – 10 September 2021)Biography at BCEAO website
† , {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px Guillaume Soro , {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px Gilbert Aké , {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio , {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px Daniel Kablan Duncan , {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px Amadou Gon Coulibaly † , {{flagdeco, Ivory Coast, size=23px Hamed Bakayoko † , {{flagicon, Ivory Coast, size=23px Patrick Achi , {{flagdeco, Benin, size=23px
Mathieu Kérékou Mathieu Kérékou (; 2 September 1933 – 14 October 2015) was a Beninese politician who served as president of the People's Republic of Benin from 1972 to 1991 and the Benin, Republic of Benin from 1996 to 2006. After seizing power in a milita ...
, {{flagdeco, Benin, size=23px Thomas Boni Yayi , {{flagdeco, Benin, size=23px Pascal Koupaki , {{flagdeco, Benin, size=23px Lionel Zinsou , {{flagdeco, Cape Verde, size=23px
Pedro Pires Pedro de Verona Rodrigues Pires (; born 29 April 1934) is a Cape Verdean politician who served as Prime Minister of Cape Verde from 1975 to 1991, and later as president from 2001 to 2011. Life and career Pires was born in São Filipe, Fogo, Cap ...
, {{flagdeco, Cape Verde, size=23px
Jorge Carlos Fonseca Jorge Carlos de Almeida Fonseca (; born 20 October 1950)
is a Cape Verdean politician, lawyer and u ...
, {{flagdeco, The Gambia, size=23px
Yahya Jammeh Yahya Abdul-Aziz Jemus Junkung Jammeh (born 25 May 1965) is a Gambian politician and former soldier, who served as President of the Gambia from 1996 to 2017. He was the Chairman of the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (AFPRC) from 1994 ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px
Lansana Conté Lansana Conté (; 30 November 1934 – 22 December 2008
, {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Moussa Dadis Camara , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px
Sékouba Konaté General Sékouba Konaté (; born 6 June 1964) is an officer of the Guinean Army who formerly served as the vice president of its military junta, the National Council for Democracy and Development. After attending military academy, he received t ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Alpha Condé , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Eugène Camara , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Lansana Kouyaté , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px
Ahmed Tidiane Souaré Ahmed Tidiane Souaré (born 1951
, {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Kabiné Komara , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px
Jean-Marie Doré Jean-Marie Doré (12 June 1938 – 29 January 2016) was a Guinean politician who was the prime minister of Guinea from January 2010 until December 2010. Doré, who was the president of the Union for the Progress of Guinea (UPG), was an oppositio ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Mohamed Said Fofana , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Mamady Youla , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Ibrahima Kassory Fofana , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Mohamed Béavogui , {{flagdeco, Guinea, size=23px Bernard Goumou , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px João Bernardo Vieira , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px
Raimundo Pereira Raimundo Rodrigues Pereira (born 1956) is a Bissau-Guinean lawyer and politician who was interim President of Guinea-Bissau from 3 March 2009 to 8 September 2009 and again in 2012, following the departure of President Malam Bacai Sanhá for me ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px
Malam Bacai Sanhá Malam Bacai Sanhá () (5 May 1947 – 9 January 2012) was a Guinea-Bissau politician who was President of Guinea-Bissau from 8 September 2009 until his death on 9 January 2012. A member of the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px
Mamadu Ture Kuruma Major General Mamadu Ture Kuruma (or N'Krumah; born 26 April 1947) is a Bissau-Guinean military vice-chief of staff and the leader of the Military Command that took power following a coup against acting president Raimundo Pereira and former p ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px
Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo (25 March 1958 – 17 March 2020) was a Bissau-Guinean politician who served as president of the National People's Assembly of Guinea-Bissau. He was a candidate in the abortive 2012 presidential election, placing third i ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px
José Mário Vaz José Mário Vaz (born 10 December 1957) is a Bissau-Guinean politician who served as List of Presidents of Guinea-Bissau, president of Guinea-Bissau from 23 June 2014 to 27 February 2020. Early life Popularly known by the nickname "Jomav," Jo ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Aristides Gomes , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Martinho Ndafa Kabi , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Carlos Correia , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px
Carlos Gomes Júnior Carlos Domingos Gomes Júnior (born December 19, 1949)
(in Portuguese).
is a Adiato Djaló Nandigna Adiato Djaló Nandigna (born 6 November 1958) is a Bissau-Guinean politician and a former acting Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau. Her government was overthrown in the 2012 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état, and she was arrested by the security services ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px
Rui Duarte de Barros Rui Duarte de Barros (born 1959 or 1960) is a Bissau-Guinean economist and politician who has served as the prime minister of Guinea-Bissau since 17 January 2024. His previous positions include being the Minister of Economy and Finance, as well ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px
Domingos Simões Pereira Domingos Simões Pereira (born 20 October 1963) is a Guinea-Bissau, Bissau-Guinean politician who was Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau from 2014 to August 2015. He previously served as Executive Secretary of the Community of Portuguese Language Co ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Baciro Djá , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Artur Silva , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px
Faustino Imbali Faustino Fudut Imbali (born 1 May 1956)Peter Karibe Mendy (2013) ''Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Guinea-Bissau'', Scarecrow Press, p229 is a Guinea-Bissau, Bissau-Guinean politician who was Heads of Government of Guinea-Bissau, Prime ...
, {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Nuno Gomes Nabiam , {{flagdeco, Guinea-Bissau, size=23px Geraldo Martins , {{flagdeco, Liberia, size=23px
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf Ellen Eugenia Johnson Sirleaf (born 29 October 1938) is a Liberian politician who served as the 24th president of Liberia from 2006 to 2018. Sirleaf was the first elected female head of state in Africa. Sirleaf was born in Monrovia to a Gol ...
, {{flagdeco, Liberia, size=23px
George Weah George Manneh Oppong Weah (born 1 October 1966) is a Liberian politician and former professional Association football, footballer who served as the 25th president of Liberia from 2018 to 2024. Before his election for the presidency, Weah served ...
, {{flagdeco, Sierra Leone, size=23px
Ahmad Tejan Kabbah Alhaji Ahmad Tejan Kabbah (16 February 1932 – 13 March 2014) was a Sierra Leonean politician who served twice as the 3rd President of Sierra Leone, from 1996 to 1997 and again from 1998 to 2007. An economist and attorney by profession, Kab ...
, {{flagdeco, Sierra Leone, size=23px
Ernest Bai Koroma Ernest Bai Koroma (born 2 October 1953) is a Sierra Leonean politician who served as the fourth President of Sierra Leone from 17 September 2007 to 4 April 2018. Born and raised in Makeni in northern Sierra Leone, Koroma spent more than 24 y ...
, {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px
George W. Bush George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician and businessman who was the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009. A member of the Bush family and the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, he i ...
, {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px
Barack Obama Barack Hussein Obama II (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who was the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the first African American president in American history. O ...
, {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px
Joe Biden Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. (born November 20, 1942) is an American politician who was the 46th president of the United States from 2021 to 2025. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, he served as the 47th vice p ...
, {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px
Robert Gates Robert Michael Gates (born September 25, 1943) is an American intelligence analyst and university president who served as the 22nd United States secretary of defense from 2006 to 2011. He was appointed by President George W. Bush and retained b ...
, {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px
Leon Panetta Leon Edward Panetta (born June 28, 1938) is an American retired politician and government official who has served under several Democratic administrations as secretary of defense (2011–2013), director of the CIA (2009–2011), White House chi ...
, {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px
Chuck Hagel Charles Timothy Hagel ( ; born October 4, 1946)Ash Carter Ashton Baldwin Carter (September 24, 1954 – October 24, 2022) was an American government official and academic who served as the 25th United States secretary of defense from February 2015 to January 2017. He later served as director of the B ...
, {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px
Jim Mattis James Norman Mattis (born September 8, 1950) is an American military officer who served as the 26th United States secretary of defense from 2017 to 2019. A retired United States Marine Corps, Marine Corps four-star General (United States), gene ...
, {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px
Mark Esper Mark Thomas Esper (born April 26, 1964) is an American politician and manufacturing/high-tech executive who served as the 27th United States secretary of defense from 2019 to 2020. A member of the Republican Party, he had previously served as ...
, {{flagdeco, United States, size=23px
Lloyd Austin Lloyd James Austin III (born August 8, 1953) is a retired United States Army four-star General (United States), general who served as the 28th United States Secretary of Defense, United States secretary of defense from 2021 to 2025. Before ...
, {{flagdeco, United Kingdom, size=23px
Elizabeth II Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 19268 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II, her death in 2022. ...
, {{flagdeco, United Kingdom, size=23px
Tony Blair Sir Anthony Charles Lynton Blair (born 6 May 1953) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007 and Leader of the Labour Party (UK), Leader of the Labour Party from 1994 to 2007. He was Leader ...
, {{flagdeco, United Kingdom, size=23px
Gordon Brown James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Labour Party (UK), Leader of the Labour Party from 2007 to 2010. Previously, he was Chancellor of the Ex ...
, {{flagdeco, United Kingdom, size=23px
David Cameron David William Donald Cameron, Baron Cameron of Chipping Norton (born 9 October 1966) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2010 to 2016. Until 2015, he led the first coalition government in the UK s ...
, {{flagdeco, United Kingdom, size=23px
Theresa May Theresa Mary May, Baroness May of Maidenhead (; ; born 1 October 1956), is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 2016 to 2019. She previously served as Home Secretar ...
, {{flagdeco, United Kingdom, size=23px
Boris Johnson Alexander Boris de Pfeffel Johnson (born 19 June 1964) is a British politician and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party (UK), Leader of the Conservative Party from 2019 to 2022. He wa ...
, {{flagdeco, United Kingdom, size=23px
Liz Truss Mary Elizabeth Truss (born 26 July 1975) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party (UK), Leader of the Conservative Party from September to October 2022. On her fiftieth da ...
, {{flagdeco, Canada, size=23px
Michaëlle Jean Michaëlle Jean (; born September 6, 1957) is a Canadian former journalist who served as the 27th governor general of Canada from 2005 to 2010. She is the first Haitian Canadian and black person to hold this office. Jean was the Organisation i ...
, {{flagdeco, Canada, size=23px David Johnston , {{flagdeco, Canada, size=23px
Julie Payette Julie Payette (; born October 20, 1963) is a Canadian engineer, scientist and former astronaut who served from 2017 to 2021 as Governor General of Canada, the List of governors general of Canada, 29th since Canadian Confederation. Payette holds ...
, {{flagdeco, Canada, size=23px
Stephen Harper Stephen Joseph Harper (born April 30, 1959) is a Canadian politician who served as the 22nd prime minister of Canada from 2006 to 2015. He is to date the only prime minister to have come from the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada, ser ...
, {{flagdeco, France, size=23px
Jacques Chirac Jacques René Chirac (, ; ; 29 November 193226 September 2019) was a French politician who served as President of France from 1995 to 2007. He was previously Prime Minister of France from 1974 to 1976 and 1986 to 1988, as well as Mayor of Pari ...
, {{flagdeco, France, size=23px
Nicolas Sarkozy Nicolas Paul Stéphane Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa ( ; ; born 28 January 1955) is a French politician who served as President of France from 2007 to 2012. In 2021, he was found guilty of having tried to bribe a judge in 2014 to obtain information ...
, {{flagdeco, France, size=23px
François Hollande François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (; born 12 August 1954) is a French politician who served as President of France from 2012 to 2017. Before his presidency, he was First Secretary of the Socialist Party (France), First Secretary of th ...
, {{flagdeco, France, size=23px
Dominique de Villepin Dominique Marie François René Galouzeau de Villepin (; born 14 November 1953) is a French politician who served as Prime Minister of France from 31 May 2005 to 17 May 2007 under President Jacques Chirac. In his career working at the Ministry ...
, {{flagdeco, France, size=23px
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, {{flagdeco, France, size=23px Jean-Marc Ayrault , {{flagdeco, France, size=23px
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, {{flagdeco, France, size=23px Bernard Cazeneuve , {{flagdeco, France, size=23px
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Angela Merkel Angela Dorothea Merkel (; ; born 17 July 1954) is a German retired politician who served as Chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021. She is the only woman to have held the office. She was Leader of the Opposition from 2002 to 2005 and Leade ...
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Beatrix Beatrix is a Latin feminine given name, most likely derived from ''Viatrix'', a feminine form of the Late Latin name ''Viator'' which meant "voyager, traveller" and later influenced in spelling by association with the Latin word ''beatus'' or "ble ...
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Jan Peter Balkenende Jan Pieter Balkenende Jr. ( ; born 7 May 1956), commonly known as Jan Peter Balkenende, is a Dutch jurist and politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 22 July 2002 to 14 October 20 ...
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, commander2 = Abdelmalek Droukdel{{KIA
Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi
Mokhtar Belmokhtar{{KIA{{cite web , title=Hosted news , url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iS1VcU-F-7fVHSvJI3XMzT52JTkg?docId=b2b53ce702554825b8684af2b5bb7652 , access-date = 11 November 2016 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111111005545/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iS1VcU-F-7fVHSvJI3XMzT52JTkg?docId=b2b53ce702554825b8684af2b5bb7652 , archive-date = 11 November 2011 , url-status = dead , df=dmy-all.
Tiyib Ould Sidi Ali{{KIA
Athmane Touati{{Surrender
Winan Bin Yousef{{POW{{cite web , title = Niger Militant with ties to killers of French engineer arrested , url = http://www.adnkronos.com/IGN/Aki/English/Security/Niger-Militant-with-ties-to-killers-of-French-engineer-arrested_312622977872.html , publisher = ADN Kronos , access-date = 8 November 2011 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111113074319/http://www.adnkronos.com/IGN/Aki/English/Security/Niger-Militant-with-ties-to-killers-of-French-engineer-arrested_312622977872.html , archive-date = 13 November 2011 , url-status = live , df = dmy-all , strength1 = 1,325+ American advisors & trainers;
900 Moroccans;{{cite web , url= http://www.worldnewstribune.com/2012/02/10/u-s-morocco-plans-fifth-african-lion-exercise/ , title= U.S., Morocco Plans Fifth "African Lion" Exercise , publisher= World Tribune , date= 12 February 2012 , access-date= 25 February 2012 , archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120214011230/http://www.worldnewstribune.com/2012/02/10/u-s-morocco-plans-fifth-african-lion-exercise/ , archive-date= 14 February 2012 , url-status= dead , df= dmy-all
400 Malians;
250 Algerians;
200 Chadians;
<1,000 Mauritanians;{{cite news , url=https://af.reuters.com/article/mauritaniaNews/idAFL6E7J51DI20110805 , title=Al Qaeda retreats from West Mali Camps-Military Sources , publisher=Reuters Africa , date=5 August 2011 , access-date=1 July 2017 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518124331/http://af.reuters.com/article/mauritaniaNews/idAFL6E7J51DI20110805 , archive-date=18 May 2017 , url-status=dead , df=dmy-all
25 Senegalese medical doctors , strength2 = AQIM: 400-4,000
Tuaregs: ~1,000
Boko Haram: 300–2,000+ , casualties1 = Unknown , casualties2 = Unknown , notes = Causes:
September 11 attacks The September 11 attacks, also known as 9/11, were four coordinated Islamist terrorist suicide attacks by al-Qaeda against the United States in 2001. Nineteen terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners, crashing the first two into ...
and 2003 Casablanca bombings {{Campaignbox OEF{{Campaignbox Algeria 2002-present Operation Juniper Shield, formerly known as Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS), is the military operation conducted by the United States and partner nations in the Saharan and
Sahel The Sahel region (; ), or Sahelian acacia savanna, is a Biogeography, biogeographical region in Africa. It is the Ecotone, transition zone between the more humid Sudanian savannas to its south and the drier Sahara to the north. The Sahel has a ...
regions of Africa, consisting of
counterterrorism Counterterrorism (alternatively spelled: counter-terrorism), also known as anti-terrorism, relates to the practices, military tactics, techniques, and strategies that governments, law enforcement, businesses, and Intelligence agency, intelligence ...
efforts and policing of
arms Arms or ARMS may refer to: *Arm or arms, the upper limbs of the body Arm, Arms, or ARMS may also refer to: People * Ida A. T. Arms (1856–1931), American missionary-educator, temperance leader Coat of arms or weapons *Armaments or weapons **Fi ...
and drug trafficking across central Africa. It is part of the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT). The other OEF mission in Africa is
Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa Operation Enduring Freedom has had related activities in the Horn of Africa. United States counter-terrorist activities in the region have included advisers, supplies, and other forms of non-combat support, but more prominently have included dro ...
(OEF-HOA).
Congress A congress is a formal meeting of the representatives of different countries, constituent states, organizations, trade unions, political parties, or other groups. The term originated in Late Middle English to denote an encounter (meeting of ...
approved $500 million for the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative (TSCTI) over six years to support countries involved in
counterterrorism Counterterrorism (alternatively spelled: counter-terrorism), also known as anti-terrorism, relates to the practices, military tactics, techniques, and strategies that governments, law enforcement, businesses, and Intelligence agency, intelligence ...
against alleged threats of
al-Qaeda , image = Flag of Jihad.svg , caption = Jihadist flag, Flag used by various al-Qaeda factions , founder = Osama bin Laden{{Assassinated, Killing of Osama bin Laden , leaders = {{Plainlist, * Osama bin Lad ...
operating in African countries, primarily
Algeria Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to Algeria–Tunisia border, the northeast by Tunisia; to Algeria–Libya border, the east by Libya; to Alger ...
,
Chad Chad, officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North Africa, North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to Chad–Libya border, the north, Sudan to Chad–Sudan border, the east, the Central Afric ...
,
Mali Mali, officially the Republic of Mali, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is the List of African countries by area, eighth-largest country in Africa, with an area of over . The country is bordered to the north by Algeria, to the east b ...
,
Mauritania Mauritania, officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania, is a sovereign country in Maghreb, Northwest Africa. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Western Sahara to Mauritania–Western Sahara border, the north and northwest, ...
,
Niger Niger, officially the Republic of the Niger, is a landlocked country in West Africa. It is a unitary state Geography of Niger#Political geography, bordered by Libya to the Libya–Niger border, north-east, Chad to the Chad–Niger border, east ...
,
Senegal Senegal, officially the Republic of Senegal, is the westernmost country in West Africa, situated on the Atlantic Ocean coastline. It borders Mauritania to Mauritania–Senegal border, the north, Mali to Mali–Senegal border, the east, Guinea t ...
,
Nigeria Nigeria, officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf of Guinea in the Atlantic Ocean to the south. It covers an area of . With Demographics of Nigeria, ...
, and
Morocco Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has coastlines on the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to Algeria–Morocc ...
.{{cite news , url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6336063.stm , title= US to get Africa command centre , work= BBC News , date= 6 February 2007 , access-date= 19 May 2011 , archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120210064441/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6336063.stm , archive-date= 10 February 2012 , url-status= live , df= dmy-all This program builds upon the former Pan Sahel Initiative (PSI), which concluded in December 2004{{cite web , title=EUCOM: Operations and Initiatives , url=http://www.eucom.mil/english/Operations/main.asp , publisher= EUCOM , access-date=6 February 2007 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070109185740/http://www.eucom.mil/english/Operations/main.asp , archive-date=9 January 2007 and focused on
weapon A weapon, arm, or armament is any implement or device that is used to deter, threaten, inflict physical damage, harm, or kill. Weapons are used to increase the efficacy and efficiency of activities such as hunting, crime (e.g., murder), law ...
and drug trafficking, as well as counterterrorism. {{cite web , title=Pan Sahel Initiative (PSI) , url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/pan-sahel.htm , publisher=Global Security , access-date=6 February 2007 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210054626/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/pan-sahel.htm , archive-date=10 February 2007 , url-status=live , df=dmy-all TSCTI has both military and non-military components to it. OEF-TS is the military component of the program. Civil affairs elements include
USAID The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is an agency of the United States government that has been responsible for administering civilian United States foreign aid, foreign aid and development assistance. Established in 19 ...
educational efforts,
airport security Airport security includes the techniques and methods used in an attempt to protect passengers, staff, aircraft, and airport property from malicious harm, crime, terrorism, and other threats. Aviation security is a combination of measures and hum ...
, Department of the Treasury, and
State Department The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations. Equivalent to the ministry of foreign affairs o ...
efforts.{{cite web , title=Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS) , url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/oef-ts.htm , publisher=Global Security , access-date=6 February 2007 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070215041735/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/oef-ts.htm , archive-date=15 February 2007 , url-status=live , df=dmy-all
Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its Provinces and territories of Canada, ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, making it the world's List of coun ...
deployed teams of less than 15 CSOR members to Mali throughout 2011 to help combat militants in the Sahara. Although the special forces will not engage in combat, they will train the Malian military in basic soldiering. Areas include communications, planning, first aid, and providing aid to the general populace.


Mission

Operation Enduring Freedom Trans Sahara is primarily a training mission meant to equip 10 nations to combat insurgents in the region. Africa Command states: {{quote, OEF-TS is the USG's 3rd priority counter terror effort conducting activities that support TSCTP but are not exclusive to TSCTP. OEF-TS supports TSCTP by forming relationships of peace, security, and cooperation among all Trans Sahara Nations. OEF-TS fosters collaboration and communication among participating countries. Furthermore, OEF-TS strengthens counterterrorism and border security, promotes democratic governance, reinforces bilateral military ties, and enhances development and institution building. U.S. Africa Command, through OEF-TS, provides training, equipment, assistance and advice to partner nation armed forces. This increases their capacity and capability to deny safe haven to terrorists and ultimately defeat extremist and terrorist activities in the region.{{cite web , url = http://www.africom.mil/oef-ts.asp , title = Operation Enduring Freedom Trans Sahara , publisher = AFRICOM , access-date = 15 March 2012 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120313194707/http://www.africom.mil/oef-ts.asp , archive-date = 13 March 2012 , url-status = dead , df = dmy-all At some point in 2013, OEF-TS was redesignated as Operation Juniper Shield. Operation Juniper Shield encompasses American operations across Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Tunisia.


Training programs


Flintlock

Twice a year, the Joint Combined Exchange Training (JCET) program holds a multinational training exercise.{{cite web , url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/flintlock.htm , title=Flintlock , publisher=Global Security , access-date=24 February 2012 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018181218/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/flintlock.htm , archive-date=18 October 2012 , url-status=live , df=dmy-all Called Flintlocks, these exercises are meant to strengthen special forces from the United States as well as multiple other nations. Participants include troops from the Sahel and those from NATO members. Flintlock started in 1988 and continued through Operation Enduring Freedom, and is now held in Africa. The exercises teach medical operations, infantry and peacekeeping training, airborne operations, humanitarian relief, and leadership skills. The amount each category is stressed depends on the host nation's needs. In addition, participants are put through different scenarios involving skills instructed during the exercise. Mali was supposed to host the 2012 exercise, but the United States decided to postpone the exercise.{{cite news , url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/us-postpones-counter-terrorism-training-exercises-in-mali-as-army-there-battles-tuareg-rebels/2012/02/10/gIQA3lS13Q_story.html , title= US Postpones Counter-Terrorism Training Exercises in Mali as Army there Battles Tuareg Rebels , newspaper= The Washington Post , date= 10 February 2012 , access-date= 7 September 2017 , archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120211212852/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/us-postpones-counter-terrorism-training-exercises-in-mali-as-army-there-battles-tuareg-rebels/2012/02/10/gIQA3lS13Q_story.html , archive-date= 11 February 2012 , url-status= dead , df=dmy-all Officials say Flintlock was postponed because Mali is facing a renewed Tuareg insurgency.


The Atlas Accord

Although the Flintlock Exercise was postponed, another training program in Mali was not. The Atlas Accord was created in 2012 to train African military personnel in a number of skills while focusing on logistics.{{cite web , url = http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=23446:us-mali-armies-kick-off-exercise-atlas-accord-postpone-exercise-flintlock&catid=50:Land&Itemid=105 , title = US, Mali Armies Kick off Exercise Atlas Accord; Postpone Exercise Flintlock , publisher = Defense Web , date = 13 February 2012 , access-date = 24 February 2012 , archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130518193416/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=23446:us-mali-armies-kick-off-exercise-atlas-accord-postpone-exercise-flintlock&catid=50:Land&Itemid=105 , archive-date = 18 May 2013 , url-status = live , df = dmy-all The exercise includes classroom instruction and field instruction. Atlas Accord 12 focused solely on logistics and aerial resupply, while the next exercise in 2013 will continue training in aerial logistics but will also include command, control, communications, and computer (C4) techniques.


African Lion exercise

The largest training exercise, African Lion, is an annual security cooperation exercise held by the US and Morocco.{{cite web , title = African Lion 12 ready to roar: marine forces in Africa conducts final planning conference , url=http://www.dvidshub.net/news/83446/african-lion-12-ready-roar-marine-forces-africa-conducts-final-planning-conference , publisher = DVIDs hub , access-date=25 February 2012 , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305053546/http://www.dvidshub.net/news/83446/african-lion-12-ready-roar-marine-forces-africa-conducts-final-planning-conference , archive-date = 5 March 2014 , url-status = live , df = dmy-all Created in 2008, this program is designed to instruct a variety of skills, including aerial logistics,
non-lethal weapon Non-lethal weapons, also called nonlethal weapons, less-lethal weapons, less-than-lethal weapons, non-deadly weapons, compliance weapons, or pain-inducing weapons are weapons intended to be less likely to kill a living target than convention ...
s training, combined arms and maneuver exercises. More than 900 Moroccans and 1,200 Americans take part in the two-week exercise.


History

On 12 September 2007, a USAF
C-130 The Lockheed C-130 Hercules is an American four-engine turboprop military transport aircraft designed and built by Lockheed Corporation, Lockheed (now Lockheed Martin). Capable of using unprepared runways for takeoffs and landings, the C-130 w ...
was damaged from rifle fire by Tuareg forces while the aircraft was engaged in a supply drop to besieged Malian soldiers, no Americans were wounded in the incident. The Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) established the Joint Special Operations Task Force–Trans Sahara (JSOTF-TS) to help combat terrorism in the region. In 2012, the name of Operation Enduring Freedom - Trans Sahara transitioned to Operation Juniper Shield, although the operation was still referred to in US Government sources as OEF-TS as late as 2014.
ABC News ABC News most commonly refers to: * ABC News (Australia), a national news service of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation * ABC News (United States), a news-gathering and broadcasting division of the American Broadcasting Company ABC News may a ...
reported that US forces arrived in Niger in early 2013 to support the French military intervention in Mali; 150 US personnel set up a surveillance drone operation over Mali that was conducted out of
Niamey Niamey () is the capital and largest city of Niger. As the Niamey Urban Community (, CUN), it is a Regions of Niger, first-level division of Niger, surrounded by the Tillabéri Region, in the western part of the country. Niamey lies on the Nige ...
. As of 2017, there were about 800 US troops in Niger, the majority of whom are construction crews working to build up a second drone base in northern Niger. The remainder conduct a surveillance drone mission out of Niamey that helps out the French in Mali and other regional countries in the fight against the terrorists, and less than a hundred US Army Special Forces soldiers are also advising and assisting Niger's military to build up their fighting capability to counter the terrorists.{{cite web, url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-troops-niger/story?id=50559788, title=Why US troops are in Niger, publisher=ABC News, date=19 October 2017, access-date=25 October 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025105817/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/us-troops-niger/story?id=50559788, archive-date=25 October 2017, url-status=live, df=dmy-all
CNN Cable News Network (CNN) is a multinational news organization operating, most notably, a website and a TV channel headquartered in Atlanta. Founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld as a 24-hour cable ne ...
reported that following the Tongo Tongo ambush in October 2017, which left 4 US soldiers killed, the
government of Niger The government of Niger is the apparatus through which authority functions and is exercised: the governing apparatus of Nigerien state. The current system of governance, since the Constitution of 25 November 2010, is termed the Constitution of N ...
granted the US military the authority to arm its drones in Niger; the US military had been seeking the authority to arm its drones in Niger for months prior to the ambush. ABC News also reported that there are 300 U.S. military personnel in
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso is a landlocked country in West Africa, bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and Ivory Coast to the southwest. It covers an area of 274,223 km2 (105,87 ...
and
Cameroon Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon, is a country in Central Africa. It shares boundaries with Nigeria to the west and north, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the R ...
carrying out the same task as US forces in Niger, ''
The Guardian ''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in Manchester in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'' and changed its name in 1959, followed by a move to London. Along with its sister paper, ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardi ...
'' reported that the US military deployed 300 personnel to Cameroon in early October 2015, with the approval of the Cameroonian government, their primary mission was to provide intelligence support to local forces as well as conducting reconnaissance flights, The personnel are also overseeing a program to transfer American military vehicles to the Cameroonian Army to aid in their fight against Islamist militants, ''
Army Times ''Army Times'' (ISSN 0004–2595) is a newspaper published 26 times a year serving active, reserve, national guard and retired United States Army personnel and their families, providing news, information and analysis as well as community and ...
'' later reported that US soldiers in Cameroon are also providing IED awareness training to the country's infantry forces. CNN reported that in May 2016 that US personnel conduct the drone operations from
Garoua Garoua (also Garua; Fula: 𞤺𞤢𞤪𞤱𞤢, Garwa) is a port city and the capital of the North Region of Cameroon, lying on the Benue River. A thriving centre of the textiles and cotton industries, the city has approximately 1,285,000 inhab ...
to help provide intelligence in the region to assist local forces.{{cite web, url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/11/politics/special-ops-small-wars-isis-al-qaeda/, title=U.S. special forces wage secretive 'small wars' against terrorists, publisher=CNN, date=12 May 2016, access-date=25 October 2017, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024002705/http://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/11/politics/special-ops-small-wars-isis-al-qaeda/, archive-date=24 October 2017, url-status=live, df=dmy-all In 2023, The 2023 Niger coup happens and leads to The Nigerien crisis.


See also

*
Tuareg Rebellion (2007–2009) The 2007-2009 Tuareg rebellion was an insurgency that began in February 2007 amongst elements of the Tuareg people living in the Sahara desert regions of northern Mali and Niger. It is one of a series of insurgencies by formerly nomadic Tuareg p ...
*
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) An Islamist insurgency is taking place in the Maghreb region of North Africa, followed on from the end of the Algerian Civil War in 2002. The Algerian militant group Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) allied itself with al-Qaeda ...
*
Islamist insurgency in the Sahel A war in the Sahel region of West Africa has been ongoing since the 2011 Arab Spring. In particular, the intensive conflict in the three countries of Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso has been referred to as the Sahel War. The conflict is generally s ...
* 2012 Northern Mali conflict * List of wars 2003-current


References

{{reflist


Sources

* {{cite book, last=Comolli , first=Virginia , title=Boko Haram: Nigeria's Islamist Insurgency , date=2015 , publisher=
Oxford University Press Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the world. Its first book was printed in Oxford in 1478, with the Press officially granted the legal right to print books ...
, location=
London London is the Capital city, capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in . London metropolitan area, Its wider metropolitan area is the largest in Wester ...


External links


Official United States Africa Command site




Details of the operation by Global Security. {{War on Terrorism, state=collapsed {{coord missing, Africa {{DEFAULTSORT:Operation Enduring Freedom - Trans Sahara War on terror Counterterrorism in the United States Juniper Shield Juniper Shield Conflicts in 2022