Pseudepigrapha A pseudepigraph (also :wikt:anglicized, anglicized as "pseudepigraphon") is a false attribution, falsely attributed work, a text whose claimed author is not the true author, or a work whose real author attributed it to a figure of the past. Th ...

are falsely attributed works, texts whose claimed author is not the true author, or a work whose real author attributed it to a figure of the past.Bauckham, Richard; "Pseudo-Apostolic Letters", ''Journal of Biblical Literature'', Vo. 107, No. 3, September 1988, pp.469–494. Some of these works may have originated among Jewish Hellenizers, others may have Christian authorship in character and origin.

Apocalyptic and related works

* 1 (Ethiopic Apocalypse of) Enoch (Jewish, c. 200 BC–50 BC) * 2 (Slavonic Apocalypse of) Enoch (Jewish, c. 30 BC–70 AD) * 3 (Hebrew Apocalypse of) Enoch (Jewish, in present form from c. 108 AD-135 AD) *

Sibylline Oracles The ''Sibylline Oracles'' (; sometimes called the pseudo-Sibylline Oracles) are a collection of oracular utterances written in Greek hexameters ascribed to the Sibyls, prophetesses who uttered divine revelations in a frenzied state. Fourteen b ...

(both Jewish and Christian, c. 2nd cent. BC–7th cent. AD) * Treatise of Shem (c. near end of first cent. BC)Treatise of Shem
/ref> * Apocryphon of Ezekiel (mostly lost, original form c. late 1st cent. BC) * Apocalypse of Zephaniah (mostly lost, original form c. late 1st cent. BC) *

4 Ezra 2 Esdras, also called 4 Esdras, Latin Esdras, or Latin Ezra, is an apocalyptic book in some English versions of the Bible. Tradition ascribes it to Ezra, a scribe and priest of the fifth century BC, whom the book identifies with the sixth-ce ...

(original Jewish form after 70 AD, final Christian additions later) * Greek Apocalypse of Ezra (present form is Christian c. 9th cent. AD with both Jewish and Christian sources) * Vision of Ezra (a Christian document dating from 4th to 7th cent. AD) * Questions of Ezra (Christian, but date is imprecise) * Revelation of Ezra (Christian and sometime before 9th cent. AD) * Apocalypse of Sedrach (present form is Christian from c. 5th cent. with earlier sources) * 2 (Syriac Apocalypse of) Baruch (Jewish, from c. 100 AD) * 3 (Greek Apocalypse of) Baruch (Christian utilizing Jewish sources, c. 1st–2nd cent. AD) * Apocalypse of Abraham (Jewish primarily, c. 70–150 AD) * Apocalypse of Adam (Gnostic derived from Jewish sources from c. the 1st cent. AD) * Apocalypse of Elijah (both Jewish and Christian, c. 150–275 AD) *

Apocalypse of Daniel The Greek Apocalypse of Daniel is a Christian pseudepigraphic text (one whose claimed authorship is unfounded) attributed to the Biblical Daniel and so associated with the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament). No Jewish or Christian groups regard this t ...

(present form c. 9th cent. AD, but contains Jewish sources from c. 4th cent. AD).

Testaments

Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs is a constituent of the apocryphal scriptures connected with the Bible. It is believed to be a pseudepigraphical work of the dying commands of the twelve sons of Jacob. It is part of the Oskan Armenian Or ...

(current form is Christian, c. 150–200 AD, but Levi, Judah, and Naphtali are Jewish and date before 70 AD and probably 2nd–1st cent. BC) *

Testament of Job The ''Testament of Job'' (also referred to as ''Divrei Lyov'', literally meaning "''Words of Job''") is a book written in the 1st century BC or the 1st century AD. Some Midrashic parallels in the work indicate that it was a production of the pre-C ...

(Jewish, c. late 1st cent. BC) * Testaments of the Three Patriarchs (Jewish Testaments of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob from c. 100 AD which are linked with the Christian Testament of Isaac and Jacob) * Testament of Moses (Jewish, from c. early 1st cent. AD) *

Testament of Solomon The Testament of Solomon is a pseudepigraphical composite text ascribed to King Solomon but not regarded as canonical scripture by Jews or Christian groups. It was written in the Greek language, based on precedents dating back to the early 1st mi ...

(Jewish, current form c. 3rd cent. AD, but earliest form c. 100 AD) * Testament of Adam (Christian in current form c. late 3rd cent. AD, but used Jewish sources from c. 150–200 AD).

Expansions of Old Testament and other legends

* The Letter of Aristeas (Jewish, c. 200–150 BC) *

Jubilees The Book of Jubilees is an ancient Jewish apocryphal text of 50 chapters (1,341 verses), considered Biblical canon, canonical by the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, as well as by Haymanot, Haymanot Judaism, a denomination observed by membe ...

(Jewish, c. 150–100 BC) *

Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah The ''Ascension of Isaiah'' is a Pseudepigrapha, pseudepigraphical Judeo-Christian text.Stephen L Harris, Harris, Stephen L., ''Understanding the Bible''. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. Scholarly estimates regarding the date of the Ascension of Isaia ...

(has three sections, the first Jewish from c. 100 BC, and 2nd and 3rd sections are Christian. The second from c. 2nd cent. AD, and the third— Testament of Hezekiah, c. 90–100 AD) *

Joseph and Asenath ''Joseph and Asenath'' is a narrative that dates from between 200 BCE and 200 CE. It concerns the Hebrew patriarch Joseph (Genesis), Joseph and his marriage to Asenath, expanding the fleeting mentions of their relationship in the Book of Genesis ...

(Jewish, c. 100 AD) *

Life of Adam and Eve The Life of Adam and Eve, also known in its Greek version as the Apocalypse of Moses (; ), is a Jewish apocryphal group of writings. It recounts the lives of Adam and Eve from after their expulsion from the Garden of Eden to their deaths. It pro ...

(Jewish, c. early to middle 1st cent. AD) * Pseudo-Philo (Jewish, c. 66–135 AD) * Lives of the Prophets (Jewish, c. early 1st cent. AD with later Christian additions) * Ladder of Jacob (earliest form is Jewish dating from late 1st cent. AD. One chapter is Christian) * 4 Baruch (Jewish original but edited by a Christian, c. 100–110 AD) * Jannes and Jambres (Christian in present form, but dependent on earlier Jewish sources from c. 1st cent. BC) * History of the Rechabites (Christian in present form dating c. 6th cent. AD, but contains some Jewish sources before 100 AD) * Eldad and Modat (forged on basis of Numbers 11.26–29, before the 1st AD is now lost, but quoted in Shepherd of Hermas c. 140 AD) * History of Joseph (Jewish, but difficult to date) * Story of Melchizedek (Jewish, 1st–3rd centuries AD) *

Sefer Yetzirah ''Sefer Yetzirah'' ( ''Sēp̄er Yəṣīrā'', ''Book of Formation'', or ''Book of Creation'') is a work of Jewish mysticism. Early commentaries, such as the ''Kuzari'', treated it as a treatise on mathematical and linguistic theory, as opposed t ...

* Sepher Raziel

Wisdom and philosophical literature

* Ahiqar (Jewish dating from late 7th or 6th cent. BC and cited in Apocryphal Tobit) * 3 Maccabees (Jewish, c. 1st cent. BC) * 4 Maccabees (Jewish, c. before 70 AD) * Pseudo-Phocylides (Jewish maxims attributed to 6th cent. Ionic poet, c. 50 BCE–100 AD) * The Sentences of the Syriac Menander (Jewish, c. 3rd cent. AD).

Prayers, Psalms, and Odes

* More Psalms of David (Jewish psalms from c. 3rd cent. BC to 100 AD) * Prayer of Manasseh (sometimes in Apocrypha, Jewish from c. early 1st cent. AD) * Psalms of Solomon (Jewish, c. 50–5 BC) * Hellenistic Synagogal Prayers (Jewish, c. 2nd–3rd cent. AD) * Prayer of Joseph (Jewish, c. 70–135) * Prayer of Jacob (mostly lost Jewish document from c. 4th cent. AD) *

Odes of Solomon The Odes of Solomon are a collection of 42 odes attributed to Solomon. There used to be confusion among scholars on the dating of the Odes of Solomon; however, most scholars date it to somewhere between AD 70 and 125. The original language of the ...

(Christian but influenced by Judaism and probably also Qumran, c. 100 AD)

References

Bibliography

* Lee Martin McDonald, ''The Origin of the Bible: A Guide for the Perplexed'', London: T & T Clark, 2011.

External links

Pseudepigrapha, Apocrypha and Sacred Writings

Early Jewish Writings
{{DEFAULTSORT:Old Testament pseudepigrapha Lists of books

Ancient Hebrew texts