Offence Principle

The harm principle holds that the actions of individuals should be limited only to prevent harm to other individuals. John Stuart Mill articulated the principle in the 1859 essay ''On Liberty'', where he argued that "The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others." An equivalent was earlier stated in France's ''Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen'' of 1789 as, "Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law." It finds earlier expression in Thomas Jefferson's 1785 "Notes on the State of Virginia", Query 17 (Religion) in which he writes, "The legitimate powers of government extend to such acts only as are injurious to others."

John Stuart Mill's formulation

The harm principle was first fully articulated by the English philosopher John Stuart Mill SM(1806–1873) in the first chapter of ''On Liberty'' (1859), where he argued that:

Mill also put the harm principle within his list of rights that sprung from liberty. It was found within his list of political rights (political activities that did not involve harm to others) - but also within his non-political liberty rights - his "tastes and pursuits" - activities which did not involve politics and did not involve harm to others:

According to Mills, harm is thus necessary but sometimes insufficient to justify legal coercion.

Legal applications

Historical examples

The harm principle is found in article 5 of the first English-language constitution from 1647: "An Agreement of the People for a firme and present Peace, upon grounds of common right and freedome....", presented to the Army Council, E. 412, 21. October 28, 1647:

The harm principle is found in Articles 4 and 5 of the first French constitution (and first nationally adopted constitution) from 1789
Declaration of Human and Civic Rights of 26 August 1789

One might rightly argue that the "pursuit of Happiness" mentioned in the 1776 US Declaration of Independence was one of the "tastes and pursuits" that Mill had in mind:

Restrictions

In On Liberty, J. S. Mill writes that his principle does not apply to persons judged as mentally ill, "barbarians" (which he assimilated to minors) and minors while the ''Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen'' did not concern women, slaves, foreigners and minors, as they were not citizens.

Modern interpretations of the principle often does not make distinction of race or sex.

In modern policy

The harm principle is also found in recent US case law - in the case of th
People v Alvarez
from the Supreme Court of California, in May, 2002:

The harm principle even found its way int
the drug laws of Colombia
in 1994, and again in 2009:

Even if a self-regarding action results in harm to oneself, it may still be considered beyond the sphere of justifiable state coercion.

Libertarianism

The belief "that no one should be forcibly prevented from acting in any way he chooses provided his acts are not invasive of the free acts of others" has become one of the basic principles of libertarian politics.

The US Libertarian Party includes a version of the harm principle as part of its official party platform. It states:

Broader definitions of harm

In the same essay, Mill further explains the principle as a function of two maxims:

The second of these maxims has become known as the social authority principle.

However, the second maxim also raises the question of broader definitions of harm, including harm to the society. Harm is not limited to harm to another individual but can extend to groups or communities, without specifying the affected individuals.

This is an important principle for the purpose of determining harm that only manifests gradually over time—such that the resulting harm can be anticipated, but does not yet exist at the time that the action causing harm was taken. It also applies to other issues—which range from the right of an entity to discharge broadly polluting waste on private property, to broad questions of licensing, and to the right of sedition.

Harm can also result from a failure to meet an obligation. Morality generates obligations. Duty may be exacted from a person in the same way as a debt, and it is part of the notion of duty that a person may be rightfully compelled to fulfill it.

Criticism

Stewart Hamish has argued that the harm principle does not provide a narrow scope of which actions count as harmful towards oneself or the population and that it cannot be used to determine whether people can be punished for their actions by the state. A state can determine whether an action is punishable by determining what harm the action causes. If a morally unjust action occurs but leaves no indisputable form of harm, there is no justification for the state to act and punish the perpetrators for their actions. The harm principle has an ambiguous definition of what harm specifically is and what justifies a state to intervene.

Ben Saunders has also said that the harm principle does not specify on whether the state is justified with intervention tactics. The ambiguity can lead a state to define what counts as a harmful self-regarding action at its own discretion. That freedom might allow for an individual's own liberty and rights to be in danger. It would not be plausible for a state to intervene with an action that will negatively affect the population more than an individual. The harm principle scope of usage has been described as too wide to follow directly and to implement possible punishment by a state.

See also

*Ahimsa
*Classical liberalism
*''Primum non nocere'' - "first, to do no harm"
*Do no significant harm principle (DNSH)
*Law of equal liberty
*Legal good
*Libertarianism
*Negative utilitarianism
* Non-aggression principle
*Wiccan Rede

References

Bibliography

*

External links

*
Baselines
', at ''Legal Theory Blog''.
*

{{Libertarianism

Classical liberalism
Ethical principles
1859 introductions
John Stuart Mill