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''Nūr'' ( ar, النور) is a term in Islamic context referring to the "cold light of the night" or "heatless light" i.e. the light of the moon. This light is used as a symbol for "God's guidance" and "knowledge", a symbol of mercy in contrast to ''Nar'', which refers to the diurnal solar "hot light" i.e. fire. In the
Quran The Quran (, ; Standard Arabic: , Quranic Arabic: , , 'the recitation'), also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation from God. It is organized in 114 chapters (pl.: , ...
, God is stated to be "the light (Nūr) of the heavens and the earth" ( Verse of Light). Many classical commentators on the Quran compare this to God illuminating the world with understanding, not taken literally. The first and foremost to representatively stand to the concept of ''nūr muḥammadī'' (the essence of
Muhammad Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد;  570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the mon ...
) being the quintessence of everything was Sayyid Abdul Qadir Gilani, who described this idea in his book Sirr ul Asrar. This concept was then preached by his disciples. One of Sayyid Abdul Qadir Gilani's disciples was the Andalusian scholar
Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi or, in full Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn al-ʿArabī al-Maʿāfirī al-Ishbīlī ( ar, أبو بكر محمّد ابن عبدالله ابن العربى المعافرى الأسفلى) born in Sevilla in 1076 ...
, who categorized ''nūr'' into different levels of understanding from the most profound to the most mundane.
Shias Shīʿa Islam or Shīʿīsm is the second-largest branch of Islam. It holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib as his successor (''khalīfa'') and the Imam (spiritual and political leader) after him, most ...
believe ''nūr'', in the sense of inner esoteric understanding, is inherited through the
Imams Imam (; ar, إمام '; plural: ') is an Islamic leadership position. For Sunni Muslims, Imam is most commonly used as the title of a worship leader of a mosque. In this context, imams may lead Islamic worship services, lead prayers, serve ...
, who in turn communicate it to the people.


Quran

The word ''nūr'' comes from the same root as the Hebrew ''Ohr'', the primal light described in the
Book of Genesis The Book of Genesis (from Greek ; Hebrew: בְּרֵאשִׁית ''Bəreʾšīt'', "In hebeginning") is the first book of the Hebrew Bible and the Christian Old Testament. Its Hebrew name is the same as its first word, ( "In the beginning" ...
that was created at the beginning. In Aramaic the term ''nūr'' means fire. In Aramaic it became associated with igniting candles, shifting the term to the meaning of ''fire'', while in Arabic ''nūr'' became light. The word ''nūr'', or its derivatives, occurs forty-nine times in the Quran. It is used in reference to God,
Muhammad Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد;  570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the mon ...
, the Quran, the Book, the Torah, the moon and the faithful men and women. ''Al-nur'' is often used in contrast with ''zulumat'' (darkness) in terms that describe movement from darkness into light, and from ignorance into faith. The word ''nūr'' is also used in eight basic referential meanings: #The religion of Islam #Faith #God's commandments and moral laws in the Torah and the Gospels #The light of day #The guiding light that God will give to the faithful on the Day of Resurrection #The commandments and injunctions of the Quran #Justice #The light of the moon
Surah 24 Light ( ar, النور, ; The Light) is the 24th chapter of the Quran with 64 verses. The surah takes its name, An Nur, from verse 35. Summary *1 This chapter revealed from heaven *2-3 Law relating to fornication *4-5 Punishment for defa ...
of the
Quran The Quran (, ; Standard Arabic: , Quranic Arabic: , , 'the recitation'), also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation from God. It is organized in 114 chapters (pl.: , ...
contains the ''
Ayat an-Nur The Verse of Light ( ar-at, آیة النور, āyat an-nūr) is the 35th verse of the 24th surah of the Quran ( Q24:35). Verse Commentary The eighth Imam of the Twelver Imami Shiites Ali ibn Moses says in the interpretation of this verse:He i ...
'', the Verse of Light (Q24:35), which reads, "God is the light of the heavens and the earth; the likeness of His light is as a niche wherein is a lamp (the lamp in a glass, the glass as it were a glittering star) kindled from a Blessed Tree, an olive that is neither of the East nor of the West whose oil well nigh would shine, even if no fire touched it; light upon light; (God guides to His light whom he will.)" The phrase "light upon light" (''nurun 'ala nur'') in this ''sura'' is often used among Muslims to denote the infinite beauty, guidance and light of God.


Classical commentaries

Al-Tabari ( ar, أبو جعفر محمد بن جرير بن يزيد الطبري), more commonly known as al-Ṭabarī (), was a Muslim historian and scholar from Amol, Tabaristan. Among the most prominent figures of the Islamic Golden Age, al-Tabari ...
(839–923) in his ''Jami al-bayan'' says that the best interpretation is to substitute "guide" for "light", as "God is the guide of the heavens and the earth". Other interpretations make God the source of illumination rather than the light itself, as "God lights the heavens and the earth. The Persian scholar
Al-Zamakhshari Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Umar al-Zamakhshari (; 1074 –1143) was a medieval Muslim scholar of Iranian peoples, Iranian descent. He travelled to Mecca, Makkah and settled there for five years and has been known since then as Jar Allah ‘God's Ne ...
() says that the phrase "God is the light" is like saying "Zayd is generous and munificent". This does not mean that Zayd is the properties of generosity and munificence, but that he has these properties. Al-Zamakhshari rejected the possibility of attributes separate from God, such as power or knowledge or light, which would be contrary to the unity of God. He interpreted "God is the light of the heavens and the earth" as meaning,
Al-Ghazali Al-Ghazali ( – 19 December 1111; ), full name (), and known in Persian-speaking countries as Imam Muhammad-i Ghazali (Persian: امام محمد غزالی) or in Medieval Europe by the Latinized as Algazelus or Algazel, was a Persian poly ...
() wrote a treatise on how different types of light should be defined, and how the phrase "God is the light of the heavens and the earth" should be interpreted. In his view, "light" can have three different meanings. The first is the ordinary usage, "an expression of what can be seen in itself and through which other things can be seen, like the sun". In Arabic the word "light" may also refer to the eye, through which perception takes place, and this may be a more appropriate interpretation. The "eye" of the intellect is an even more perfect organ of perception, and "light" may refer to this organ. In this sense "light" may refer to Muhammad, and to a lesser extent to the other prophets and religious scholars. A third interpretation is that "light" is the first light (''al-nūr al-awwal'') and the real light (''al-nūr al-ḥaqq'') since it is the only light that does not take its luminosity from some other source. God is light, the only light, the universal light, and he is hidden from mortals because he is pure light, although he is omnipresent. Using the term "light" for any other purpose is metaphor. Another passage of the Quran states "The earth will shine with the light of its Lord" (Q39:69). Mainstream
exegete Exegesis ( ; from the Greek , from , "to lead out") is a critical explanation or interpretation of a text. The term is traditionally applied to the interpretation of Biblical works. In modern usage, exegesis can involve critical interpretations ...
s take this statement literally. Exegetes of the rationalist
Mu'tazila Muʿtazila ( ar, المعتزلة ', English: "Those Who Withdraw, or Stand Apart", and who called themselves ''Ahl al-ʿAdl wa al-Tawḥīd'', English: "Party of ivineJustice and Oneness f God); was an Islamic group that appeared in early Islami ...
school of theology of the eighth–10th centuries interpreted the word ''nūr'' in this passage in the sense of "the truth, the Quran and the proof" rather than the commonplace meaning of "light". Shia exegetes take it to mean "the land of the soul will shine with the Lord's light of justice and truth during the time of Imam al-Mahdi." Sufi exegetes take ''nūr'' in this case to mean "justice", or take the statement to mean "God will create a special light to shine on the Earth".


Nizari Isma'ili belief

The followers of the Nizari Isma'ili sect believe that divine guidance continues to reach Ismailis through the progeny of Muhammad. The Imams have the function of conveying the inner, esoteric understanding to Ismailis. According to Nadia Eboo Jamal, the Imams are "the inheritors of his spiritual knowledge (ilm''), the bearers of the light (''nūr'') of God and His living proof (''hujjah'') on earth." According to the fifth Shiite Imam,
Muhammad al-Baqir Muḥammad al-Bāqir ( ar, مُحَمَّد ٱلْبَاقِر), with the full name Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, also known as Abū Jaʿfar or simply al-Bāqir () was the fifth Imam in Shia Islam, succee ...
, the imams are the ''muḥaddathūn'' that are mentioned in the Quran, and are the light of God (''nūr Allāh''). He was asked to comment on the Quranic verse Q64:8, "And believe in Allah and His Messenger and the ''nūr'' (light) that We have brought down." He replied that the imams from the Prophet's family were in fact the light of God (''nūr Allah'') in the heavens and on earth. This spiritual light, passed down from one generation to the next, symbolizes the eternal knowledge that Muhammad passed on to Ali and his descendants. There seem to be two concepts. The ''nūr muḥammadī'', a light from the side of Adam that is passed down from Prophet to Prophet till Mohammad Norman Daniel, ''Islam and the West,''
Edinburgh University Press Edinburgh University Press is a scholarly publisher of academic books and journals, based in Edinburgh, Scotland. History Edinburgh University Press was founded in the 1940s and became a wholly owned subsidiary of the University of Edinburgh ...
1960 p.21.
and then through genealogical descent, while the ''nūr Allah'' is inherited at the time the previous possessor dies. The imam has the ''nūr muḥammadī'' at birth, but is silent until he receives the ''nūr Allah''. The ''nūr muḥammadī'' is the symbol of succession and the substance that connects Adam to Muhammad and Muhammad to the imams. The ''nūr Allah'' is the symbol of inspiration and prophecy, which the imams share with the prophets and all men chosen by God.


Sufi belief

To the Sufis, ''nūr'' is the first creation of Allah, and all other things and beings were gradually created from it. The Andalusian scholar
Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi or, in full Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn al-ʿArabī al-Maʿāfirī al-Ishbīlī ( ar, أبو بكر محمّد ابن عبدالله ابن العربى المعافرى الأسفلى) born in Sevilla in 1076 ...
(1076–1148) elaborated the concept that Muhammad existed before creation. This is the doctrine of ''An-Nūr al-Muḥammadī'', or the Muhammadan Light. The light existed before creation, and everything was created from it. The world is a manifestation of the light, which was incarnated in Adam, the prophets and the ''Aqṭāb''. Ibn al-Arabi wrote, "The creation began with ''nūr'' Muhammad. The lord brought the ''nūr'' from his own heart." The Persian poet and Sufi theoretician
Fariduddin Attar Abū Ḥamīd bin Abū Bakr Ibrāhīm (c. 1145 – c. 1221; fa, ابو حامد بن ابوبکر ابراهیم), better known by his pen-names Farīd ud-Dīn () and ʿAṭṭār of Nishapur (, Attar means apothecary), was a PersianRitter, H. ...
() wrote, "The origin of the soul is the absolute light, nothing else. That means it was the light of Muhammad, nothing else." To the Sufis, light also represents what we know about our inner self, and darkness what we do not know. Ibn Arabi distinguished three types of light: ''Nûr al-anwâr'' (The Light of lights), which reveals the absolute reality in its most transcendent aspect, ''anwâr al-ma'âni'' (The Light of the intellect) and ''anwâr al-tabi'â'' (The Light of nature). The Persian philosopher Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi (1155–91) wrote, "Allah's essence is the original creative Light, always illuminating existence. It constantly manifests the universe and energizes it. Allah's Essential Light radiates the whole cosmos in abundant beauty and completeness. To be illuminated by this process means nothing less than salvation." Muḥammad ibn Muṣṭafá Khādimī () writes that, "protecting the spiritual heart from worldly thoughts can be accomplished by the spiritual heart's benefiting (receiving "Fayd" (''nūr'' ight from the spiritual heart of the perfect Sufi master. The spiritual luminance (Fayd) flows from one spiritual heart to another by way of love. Death of the perfect spiritual guide or his being in a distant country does not stop the flow of spiritual luminance (Fayd)." According to
Inayat Khan Inayat Khan Rehmat Khan ( ur, ) (5 July 1882 – 5 February 1927) was an Indian professor of musicology, singer, exponent of the saraswati vina, poet, philosopher, and pioneer of the transmission of Sufism to the West. At the urging of his ...
(1882–1927) the soul is like a ray of the sun. The angels, who do not have physical bodies, are made of ''nūr'', or light, that comes from the divine Sun, the Spirit of God. All souls are made of ''Nur'', or contain some part of that essence, which is the essence of the whole manifestation.


Medieval Bengal

Hans Harder writes that in medieval Bengali Sufi cosmology the ''nūr muḥammad'' is personified. The ''nūr'', created by the lord, in turn brought the world into existence from drops of perspiration (gharma, ghām) that appeared in different parts of his body. He says the concept is common in Maizbhandari writings, often used to describe the saints or their sensual qualities. Gholan Morshed wrote an article that identified ''nūr'' with Muhammad. In his ''Islāmī prabandha sambhār'' he wrote that ''nūr-i muḥammadī'' is the moving force behind all creation, and should not be seen as separate from Muhammad. He wrote, Lutfunnesa Hosaini wrote a treatise ''Tāohīd'', part of which discusses the creation of the world from the time when ''nūr-i muḥammadī'' emerged to the time when
Muhammad Muhammad ( ar, مُحَمَّد;  570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the mon ...
was born. She writes that the ''nūr-i muḥammadī'' was divided into four parts. From the first three emerged the pen, the book of destinies and the throne. The fourth part was divided into four. From the first three emerged the angels that held the throne, the seat of the throne, and all of the other angels. The last part gave rise to the sky, the earth, heaven and hell, and to a part that then gave the light of the eyes of the believers, the light of their hearts, the light of the ''tawḥīd'' and the ''kalima''. Lutfunnesa Hosaini gives another account with reference to a Quranic commentary named ''Tafsīr-i rūḥ al-kitāb''. In this version ''nūr-i muḥammadī'' was also used to create the ''nūr'' of Adam, stored on his back. The angels gathered behind Adam to see the light. Adam asked the Lord to put the light on his forehead, and the angels came round to where he could see them. Adam wanted to see the light himself, and the Lord transferred it to his index finger. When Adam came down to earth, lights entered his back again, and the ''nūr'' was then passed from Adam through the backs of various men and the wombs of women down to the parents of Muhammad.


Modern Turkey

Said Nursî Said Nursi ( ota, سعيد نورسی, ku, Seîdê Nursî ,سەعید نوورسی‎; 1877 – 23 March 1960), also spelled Said-i Nursî or Said-i Kurdî, and commonly known with the honorifics Bediüzzaman (meaning "wonder of the age") an ...
founded the Nur movement in Turkey, stressing patience and spiritual withdrawal after the secularization program of the 1930s and 1940s had crushed revolt. The adherents of the Nur movement and the Sufi orders in general consider that societal change will be enabled if individuals are redeemed. Negative feelings such as anger and shame should be controlled through inner mobilization. Said Nursî's textually-based Nurcu movement evolved from the Sufi orders. According to the Nurcu leader Mehmet Kırkıncı, "the sun of Islam set down in 1925 and dawned in 1950 with the writings of Said, which enlighten the darkness of
Kemalism Kemalism ( tr, Kemalizm, also archaically ''Kamâlizm''), also known as Atatürkism ( tr, Atatürkçülük, Atatürkçü düşünce), or The Six Arrows ( tr, Altı Ok), is the founding official ideology of the Republic of Turkey.Eric J. Zurche ...
with its light ur"


See also

* Yaqeen * Baqaa * The five lights – a similar concept *
World of Light In Mandaeism, the World of Light or Lightworld ( myz, ࡀࡋࡌࡀ ࡖࡍࡄࡅࡓࡀ, translit=alma ḏ-nhūra) is the primeval, transcendental world from which Tibil and the World of Darkness emerged. Description *The Great Life (''Hayyi Rab ...
– world where the Mandaean God and the angels dwell


References


Sources

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:Nur (Sufism) Sufi philosophy Islamic theology Light and religion Islamic terminology