Norwegian orthography

Norwegian orthography is the method of writing the Norwegian language, of which there are two written standards: Bokmål and Nynorsk. While Bokmål has for the most part derived its forms from the written Danish language and Danish-Norwegian speech, Nynorsk gets its word forms from Aasen's reconstructed "base dialect", which is intended to represent the distinctive dialectal forms. Both standards use a 29-letter variant of the Latin alphabet and the same orthographic principles.

Alphabet

The Norwegian alphabet is based upon the Latin alphabet and is identical to the Danish alphabet. Since 1917 it has consisted of the following 29 letters.

The letters c, q, w, x and z are not used in the spelling of indigenous Norwegian words. They are rarely used; loanwords routinely have their orthography adapted to the native sound system.

Diacritics

Norwegian (especially the Nynorsk variant) also uses several letters with diacritic signs: é, è, ê, ó, ò, ô, and ù. The diacritic signs are not compulsory, but can be added to clarify the meaning of words (homonyms) which otherwise would be identical. One example is ''ein gut'' ("a boy") versus ''éin gut'' ("one boy"), in Nynorsk, as opposed to ''en gutt'' in Bokmål. Loanwords may be spelled with other diacritics, most notably ü, è, à and é, following the conventions of the original language. The Norwegian vowels æ, ø and å never take diacritics.

The diacritic signs in use include the acute accent, grave accent and the circumflex. A common example of how the diacritics change the meaning of a word, is ''for'':
* for (preposition. ''For'' or ''to'', Bokmål and Nynorsk)
* fór (verb. ''Went'', in the sense ''went quickly'', Bokmål and Nynorsk. Only to be used with the pronoun, ''vi'')
* fòr (noun. ''Furrow'', only Nynorsk)
* fôr (noun. ''Fodder'', ''feed'', ''fodder'', Bokmål and Nynorsk)

''Ò'' can be used in ''òg'', meaning "also". This word is found in both Nynorsk and Bokmål. An example of ''ê'' in Nynorsk is the word ''vêr'', meaning "weather".

Sound to spelling correspondences

Vowels

* Vowel length can usually be deduced from the spelling based on the rule that short vowels are followed by two or more consonant letters, while long vowels are followed by at most one consonant letter. There are, however, certain exceptions to this rule where vowel length must be memorised.
* In those cases where the same letter can represent two different vowel qualities, the first given vowel is by far predominant (for example, short ''o'' is usually , long ''o'' is usually ). Words where the other vowel quality occurs should, again, be memorised as exceptions.

Consonants

* Silent consonant letters are relatively frequent in Norwegian. Regular cases have already been indicated in the table above. Otherwise the letter ''d'' is frequently silent, especially in the clusters ''ld, nd, rd'', but also sometimes after a long vowel. ''T'' is silent in ''det'' ("the, that, it") and in the definite-article suffix ''-et''. ''G'' is silent in the suffixes ''-ig, -lig'' and in some other words like ''og'' ("and"), ''morgen'' ("morning"). ''V'' is silent in ''selv'' ("self") and ''halv'' ("half").

History

The letter ''Å'' (HTML å) was officially introduced in Norwegian in 1917, replacing ''Aa'' or ''aa''. The new letter came from the Swedish alphabet, where it had been in official use since the 18th century. The former digraph ''Aa'' still occurs in personal names. Geographical names tend to follow the current orthography, meaning that the letter ''å'' will be used. Family names may not follow modern orthography, and as such retain the digraph ''aa'' where ''å'' would be used today. ''Aa'' remains in use as a transliteration, if the letter is not available for technical reasons. ''Aa'' is treated like ''Å'' in alphabetical sorting, not like two adjacent letters ''A'', meaning that while ''a'' is the first letter of the alphabet, ''aa'' is the last. This rule does not apply to non-Scandinavian names, so a modern atlas would list the German city of Aachen under ''A'' but list the Danish city of Aabenraa under ''Å''.

A difference between the Dano-Norwegian and the Swedish alphabet is that Swedish uses the variant '' Ä'' instead of ''Æ'', and the variant '' Ö'' instead of ''Ø'' (like German). Also, the collating order for these three letters is different: ''Å, Ä, Ö''.

Computing standards

In computing, several different coding standards have existed for this alphabet:
*IBM PC code page 865
*ISO 8859-1
* NS 4551-1, later established in international standard ISO 646
*Unicode

See also

* Norwegian phonology
*Norwegian language conflict
*Danish phonology
* Futhark, the Germanic runes used formerly
*Icelandic orthography
* Latin spelling alphabets
*Swedish alphabet

References

External links

Type Norwegian characters online

{{DEFAULTSORT:Norwegian Orthography
Orthography
Indo-European Latin-script orthographies

https://www.uib.no/universitymuseum/64067/forsknings-universitet-museum-bergen