The North American Aviation T-28 Trojan is a
radial-engine military
trainer aircraft
A trainer is a class of aircraft designed specifically to facilitate flight training of pilots and aircrews. The use of a dedicated trainer aircraft with additional safety features—such as tandem flight controls, forgiving flight characterist ...
manufactured by
North American Aviation
North American Aviation (NAA) was a major American aerospace manufacturer that designed and built several notable aircraft and spacecraft. Its products included: the T-6 Texan trainer, the P-51 Mustang fighter, the B-25 Mitchell bomber, the F ...
and used by the
United States Air Force
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the air service branch of the United States Armed Forces, and is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. Originally created on 1 August 1907, as a part of the United States Army Sign ...
and
United States Navy
The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage ...
beginning in the 1950s. Besides its use as a trainer, the T-28 was successfully employed as a
counter-insurgency
Counterinsurgency (COIN) is "the totality of actions aimed at defeating irregular forces". The Oxford English Dictionary defines counterinsurgency as any "military or political action taken against the activities of guerrillas or revolutionari ...
aircraft, primarily during the
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War (also known by other names) was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietna ...
. It has continued in civilian use as an
aerobatics
Aerobatics is the practice of flying maneuvers involving aircraft attitudes that are not used in conventional passenger-carrying flights. The term is a portmanteau of "aerial" and "acrobatics". Aerobatics are performed in aeroplanes and glid ...
and
warbird
A warbird is any vintage military aircraft now operated by civilian organizations and individuals, or in some instances, by historic arms of military forces, such as the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, the RAAF Museum Historic Flight, or the ...
performer.
Design and development
On September 24, 1949, the XT-28 (company designation NA-159) was flown for the first time, designed to replace the
T-6 Texan
The North American Aviation T-6 Texan is an American single-engined advanced trainer aircraft used to train pilots of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF), United States Navy, Royal Air Force, Royal Canadian Air Force and other air forces ...
. The T-28A arrived at the
Air Proving Ground,
Eglin Air Force Base
Eglin Air Force Base is a United States Air Force (USAF) base in the western Florida Panhandle, located about southwest of Valparaiso in Okaloosa County.
The host unit at Eglin is the 96th Test Wing (formerly the 96th Air Base Wing). Th ...
, Florida, in mid-June 1950, for suitability tests as an advanced trainer by the 3200th Fighter Test Squadron, with consideration given to its transition, instrument, and gunnery capabilities. Found satisfactory, a contract was issued and between 1950 and 1957, a total of 1,948 were built.
Following the T-28's withdrawal from U.S. military service, a number were remanufactured by
Hamilton Aircraft into two versions called the Nomair. The first refurbished machines, designated T-28R-1 were similar to the standard T-28s they were adapted from, and were supplied to the
Brazilian Navy
)
, colors= Blue and white
, colors_label= Colors
, march= " Cisne Branco" ( en, "White Swan") (same name as training ship '' Cisne Branco''
, mascot=
, equipment= 1 multipurpose aircraft carrier7 submarines6 frigates2 corvettes4 amphibious warf ...
. Later, a more ambitious conversion was undertaken as the T-28R-2, which transformed the two-seat tandem aircraft into a five-seat cabin monoplane for general aviation use. Other civil conversions of ex-military T-28As were undertaken by
PacAero as the Nomad Mark I and Nomad Mark II
[''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft'' 1985, p. 2678.]
Operational history
After becoming adopted as a primary trainer by the USAF, the United States Navy and Marine Corps adopted it as well. Although the Air Force phased out the aircraft from primary pilot training by the early 1960s, continuing use only for limited training of special operations aircrews and for primary training of select foreign military personnel, the aircraft continued to be used as a primary trainer by the Navy (and by default, the Marine Corps and Coast Guard) well into the early 1980s.
The largest single concentration of this aircraft was employed by the U.S. Navy at
Naval Air Station Whiting Field
Naval Air Station Whiting Field is a United States Navy base located near Milton, Florida, with some outlying fields near Navarre, Florida, in south and central Santa Rosa County, and is one of the Navy's two primary pilot training bases (the o ...
in
Milton, Florida
Milton is a city in and the county seat of Santa Rosa County, Florida, located in the Pensacola– Ferry Pass– Brent Metropolitan Statistical Area, also known as the Pensacola Metropolitan Area. Milton is located in the geographic cente ...
, in the training of student naval aviators. The T-28's service career in the U.S. military ended with the completion of the phase-in of the
T-34C turboprop trainer. The last U.S. Navy training squadron to fly the T-28 was
VT-27 "Boomers", based at
Naval Air Station Corpus Christi
Naval Air Station Corpus Christi is a United States Navy naval air base located six miles (10 km) southeast of the central business district (CBD) of Corpus Christi, in Nueces County, Texas.
History
A naval air station for Corpus Christi ...
, Texas, flying the last T-28 training flight in early 1984. The last T-28 in the Training Command,
BuNo 137796, departed for Naval District Washington on 14 March 1984 to be displayed permanently at
Naval Support Facility Anacostia, D.C.
Vietnam War combat
In 1963, a
Royal Lao Air Force T-28 piloted by Lieutenant Chert Saibory, a Thai national, defected to
North Vietnam
North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV; vi, Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa), was a socialist state supported by the Soviet Union (USSR) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) in Southeast Asia that existed f ...
. Saibory was immediately imprisoned and his aircraft was impounded. Within six months the T-28 was refurbished and commissioned into the North Vietnamese Air Force as its first fighter aircraft.
T-28s were supplied to the
Republic of Vietnam Air Force
The South Vietnam Air Force, officially the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF; vi, Không lực Việt Nam Cộng hòa, KLVNCH; french: Force aérienne vietnamienne, FAVN) (sometimes referred to as the Vietnam Air Force or VNAF) was the aer ...
(RVNAF) in support of
ARVN
The Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN; ; french: Armée de la république du Viêt Nam) composed the ground forces of the South Vietnamese military from its inception in 1955 to the Fall of Saigon in April 1975. It is estimated to have suff ...
ground operations, seeing extensive service during the
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War (also known by other names) was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietna ...
in RVNAF hands, as well as the
Secret War in
Laos
Laos (, ''Lāo'' )), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic ( Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, French: République démocratique populaire lao), is a socialist ...
. A T-28 Trojan was the first US fixed wing attack aircraft (non-transport type) lost in South Vietnam, during the Vietnam War. Capt. Robert L. Simpson, USAF, Detachment 2A,
1st Air Commando Group 001, O01, or OO1 may refer to:
*1 (number), a number, a numeral
*001, fictional British agent, see 00 Agent
*001, former emergency telephone number for the Norwegian fire brigade (until 1986)
*AM-RB 001, the code-name for the Aston Martin Valkyrie ...
, and Lt. Hoa, RVNAF, were shot down by ground fire on August 28, 1962 while flying close air support. Neither crewman survived. The USAF lost 23 T-28s to all causes during the war, with the last two losses occurring in 1968.
Other combat uses
T-28s were used by the
CIA
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA ), known informally as the Agency and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States, officially tasked with gathering, processing, ...
in the former
Belgian Congo
The Belgian Congo (french: Congo belge, ; nl, Belgisch-Congo) was a Belgian colony in Central Africa from 1908 until independence in 1960. The former colony adopted its present name, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), in 1964.
Colo ...
during the 1960s.
The T-28B and D were the primary ground attack aircraft of
Khmer Air Force
The Khmer Air Force (french: Armée de l'air khmère; AAK), commonly known by its americanized acronym KAF (or KhAF) was the air force component of the Khmer National Armed Forces (FANK), the official military of the Khmer Republic during the Cam ...
in
Cambodia
Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thaila ...
during the war there, largely provided from the U.S. Military Equipment Delivery Team and maintained by
Air America. On the night of 21 January 1971, PAVN sappers managed to get close enough to destroy the majority at Pochentong airbase. Replacements were quickly shipped in. On 17 March 1973 a pilot of a T-28, said to be Capt. So Petra, a common-law husband of one of the daughters of the overthrown Prince
Norodom Sihanouk
Norodom Sihanouk (; km, នរោត្តម សីហនុ, ; 31 October 192215 October 2012) was a Cambodian statesman, Sangkum and FUNCINPEC politician, film director, and composer who led Cambodia in various capacities throughout his ...
, machine gunned and bombed the palace of
Lon Nol
Marshal Lon Nol ( km, លន់ នល់, also ; 13 November 1913 – 17 November 1985) was a Cambodian politician and general who served as Prime Minister of Cambodia twice (1966–67; 1969–71), as well as serving repeatedly as defence min ...
in an attempt to assassinate him, killing at least 20 and wounding 35, before defecting to Khmer Rouge held lands.
France's
Armée de l'Air
The French Air and Space Force (AAE) (french: Armée de l'air et de l'espace, ) is the air and space force of the French Armed Forces. It was the first military aviation force in history, formed in 1909 as the , a service arm of the French Army ...
used locally re-manufactured Trojans, ''T-28S Fennec'', for close support missions in
Algeria
)
, image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg
, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, capital = Algiers
, coordinates =
, largest_city = capital
, relig ...
.
Nicaragua replaced its fleet of 30+ ex-Swedish P-51s with T-28s in the early 1960s, with more aircraft acquired in the 1970s and 1980s.
The
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
utilized T-28s (colloquially known as "Tora-toras") during the
1989 Philippine coup attempt. The aircraft were often deployed as
dive bombers
A dive bomber is a bomber aircraft that dives directly at its targets in order to provide greater accuracy for the bomb it drops. Diving towards the target simplifies the bomb's trajectory and allows the pilot to keep visual contact througho ...
by rebel forces.
Civilian use
AeroVironment modified and armored a T-28A to fly
weather research for
South Dakota School of Mines & Technology, funded by the
National Science Foundation
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent agency of the United States government that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is the National ...
, and operated in this capacity from 1969 to 2005.
[Godfrey, Joe]
"Charlie Summers"
''AVweb'', 16 April 2003. Retrieved: 22 July 2012.
'' South Dakota School of Mines & Technology''. Retrieved: 22 July 2012. SDSM&T was planning to replace it with another modified, but more modern, former military aircraft, specifically a
Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II
The Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II is a single-seat, twin-turbofan, straight-wing, subsonic attack aircraft developed by Fairchild Republic for the United States Air Force (USAF). In service since 1976, it is named for the Republic ...
. This plan was found to carry too many risks associated with the costly modifications required and the program was cancelled in 2018.
Aerobatics and warbird display
Many retired T-28s were subsequently sold to private civil operators, and due to their reasonable operating costs are often found flying or displayed as
warbird
A warbird is any vintage military aircraft now operated by civilian organizations and individuals, or in some instances, by historic arms of military forces, such as the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, the RAAF Museum Historic Flight, or the ...
s today.
Variants
;XT-28
:Prototype; two built.
;T-28A
:
U.S. Air Force version with an
Wright R-1300
The Wright R-1300 Cyclone 7 is an American air-cooled seven-cylinder supercharged radial aircraft engine produced by Curtiss-Wright.
Design and development
The R-1300 is basically a single row Wright R-2600. The engine was mass-produced but n ...
-1 radial engine driving a two-bladed propeller; 1,194 built.
[Ginter 1981, p. 6][Darke 2013, p. 147]
;T-28B
:
U.S. Navy land-based trainer version with
Wright R-1820
The Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9 is an American radial engine developed by Curtiss-Wright, widely used on aircraft in the 1930s through 1950s. It was produced under license in France as the Hispano-Suiza 9V or Hispano-Wright 9V, and in the Soviet Un ...
-86 radial engine driving a three-bladed propeller and fitted with a belly-mounted
speed brake; 489 built from new and 17 converted from T-28.
[Ginter 1981, p. 27]
;T-28C
:U.S. Navy version, a T-28B with shortened propeller blades and
tailhook for carrier-landing training; 299 built.
[Ginter 1981, p. 53]
;T-28D ''Nomad''
:T-28Bs converted for the USAF in 1962 for the
counter-insurgency
Counterinsurgency (COIN) is "the totality of actions aimed at defeating irregular forces". The Oxford English Dictionary defines counterinsurgency as any "military or political action taken against the activities of guerrillas or revolutionari ...
,
reconnaissance
In military operations, reconnaissance or scouting is the exploration of an area by military forces to obtain information about enemy forces, terrain, and other activities.
Examples of reconnaissance include patrolling by troops (skirmishers ...
,
search and rescue
Search and rescue (SAR) is the search for and provision of aid to people who are in distress or imminent danger. The general field of search and rescue includes many specialty sub-fields, typically determined by the type of terrain the search ...
, and
forward air controller
Forward air control is the provision of guidance to close air support (CAS) aircraft intended to ensure that their attack hits the intended target and does not injure friendly troops. This task is carried out by a forward air controller (FAC).
...
roles in
Vietnam
Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making it ...
. Fitted with two underwing hardpoints. The later T-28D-5 had ammo pans inside the wings that could be hooked up to hardpoint-mounted gun pods for a better center of gravity and aerodynamics; 321 converted by Pacific Airmotive (Pac-Aero).
::T-28 Nomad Mark I -
Wright R-1820-56S engine (1,300 hp).
::T-28 Nomad Mark II - Wright R-1820-76A (1,425
hp)
::T-28 Nomad Mark III - Wright R-1820-80 (1,535
hp)
[Concannon, Milt]
"The Lost (and last) Nomad."
''courtesyaircraft.com.'' Retrieved: December 31, 2013.
;Fairchild AT-28D
:
Attack model of the T-28D used for
Close Air Support
In military tactics, close air support (CAS) is defined as air action such as air strikes by fixed or rotary-winged aircraft against hostile targets near friendly forces and require detailed integration of each air mission with fire and movemen ...
(CAS) missions by the USAF and allied Air Forces in Southeast Asia, which were nicknamed "Tangos" by their pilots. It was fitted with six underwing hardpoints and the rocket-powered Stanley Yankee
ejection seat
In aircraft, an ejection seat or ejector seat is a system designed to rescue the pilot or other crew of an aircraft (usually military) in an emergency. In most designs, the seat is propelled out of the aircraft by an explosive charge or rocket ...
; 72 converted by
Fairchild Hiller.
;YAT-28E
:Experimental development of the
counter-insurgency
Counterinsurgency (COIN) is "the totality of actions aimed at defeating irregular forces". The Oxford English Dictionary defines counterinsurgency as any "military or political action taken against the activities of guerrillas or revolutionari ...
T-28D. It was powered by a 2,445 hp (1,823 kW)
Lycoming YT-55L-9 turboprop
A turboprop is a turbine engine that drives an aircraft propeller.
A turboprop consists of an intake, reduction gearbox, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle. Air enters the intake and is compressed by the compressor. Fu ...
, and armed with two .50 in machine guns and up to 6,000 lb (2,730 kg) of weapons on 12 underwing hardpoints. Three prototypes were converted from T-28As by North American, with the first model flying on 15 February 1963. The project was canceled in 1965.
[Tate ''Air Enthusiast'' May/June 1999, pp. 58–59.]
;T-28S Fennec
:Ex-USAF T-28As converted in 1959 for use by the French
Armée de l'Air
The French Air and Space Force (AAE) (french: Armée de l'air et de l'espace, ) is the air and space force of the French Armed Forces. It was the first military aviation force in history, formed in 1909 as the , a service arm of the French Army ...
, replacing the
Morane-Saulnier MS.733A. It was flown by their ''
Escadrilles d'Aviation Légère d'Appui'' (EALA; "Light Aviation Support Squadrons") in the
counterinsurgency
Counterinsurgency (COIN) is "the totality of actions aimed at defeating irregular forces". The Oxford English Dictionary defines counterinsurgency as any "military or political action taken against the activities of guerrillas or revolutionari ...
role in
North Africa
North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in t ...
from 1959 to 1962. Fitted with an electrically powered sliding canopy, side-armor, a 1,200
hp Wright R-1820
The Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9 is an American radial engine developed by Curtiss-Wright, widely used on aircraft in the 1930s through 1950s. It was produced under license in France as the Hispano-Suiza 9V or Hispano-Wright 9V, and in the Soviet Un ...
-97 supercharged radial engine (the model used in the B-17 bomber), and four underwing hardpoints.
[Renaud, Patrick-Charle]
"Aerostories (Algérie (1954-1962): T-28 Fennec: des ailes pour un renard."
''aerostories,'' 2002. Retrieved: 31 December 2013. It is referred to as the "S" variant because its engine had a
supercharger
In an internal combustion engine, a supercharger compresses the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to produce more power for a given displacement.
The current categorisation is that a supercharger is a form of forced ind ...
on it; it has also been referred to as the T-28F variant – with the "F" standing for
France.
:For fire support missions it usually carried two double-mount .50-caliber machine gun pods (with 100 rounds per gun) and two MATRA ''Type 122'' 6 x 68mm rocket pods.
It could also carry on paired hardpoints a 120 kg.
64 lb. HE or
GP "iron" bomb, a
MATRA
Matra (an acronym for Mécanique Aviation Traction) was a French industrial conglomerate. During its years of operation, it was engaged in a wide range of business activities, primarily focused around automobiles, bicycles, aeronautics and we ...
''Type 361'' 36 x 37mm
.45-inchrocket pod, a
SNEB
The SNEB rocket (french: Societe Nouvelle des Etablissements Edgar Brandt) is an unguided air-to-ground rocket projectile manufactured by the French company ''TDA Armements'', designed for launch by combat aircraft and helicopters. It is also k ...
7 x 55mm
.16-inchrocket pod, or a MATRA ''Type 13'' single-rail, MATRA ''Type 20'' or ''Type 21''
double-rail, MATRA ''Type 41''
quadruple-rail (2 x 2), or MATRA ''Type 61'' or ''Type 63''
sextuple-rail (3 x 3) SERAM T10 heavy rocket launchers.
Improvised napalm bombs (called ''bidons spéciaux'', or "special cans") were created by dropping gas tanks loaded with octagel-thickened fuel inside, then later igniting or detonating the spilled fuel with
white phosphorus
Elemental phosphorus can exist in several allotropes, the most common of which are white and red solids. Solid violet and black allotropes are also known. Gaseous phosphorus exists as diphosphorus and atomic phosphorus.
White phosphorus
White ...
rockets.
:Total 148 airframes bought from Pacific Airmotive (Pac Aero) and modified by
Sud-Aviation in France. After the war the French government offered them for sale from 1964 to 1967.
[Ganivet, Jean-Luc]
"T-28 Fennec History."
''fennec.pfiquet.'' Retrieved: 31 December 2013. They sold most of them to Morocco and Argentina.
Argentina later sold some to Uruguay and Honduras.
;T-28P
:T-28S ''Fennec'' aircraft sold to the
Argentinian Navy
The Argentine Navy (ARA; es, Armada de la República Argentina). This forms the basis for the navy's ship prefix "ARA". is the navy of Argentina. It is one of the three branches of the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic, together with the ...
as carrier-borne attack aircraft. They were given shortened propeller blades and a tailhook to allow carrier landings.
;T-28R Nomair
:An attempt by
Hamilton Aircraft Company of
Tucson, Arizona
, "(at the) base of the black ill
, nicknames = "The Old Pueblo", "Optics Valley", "America's biggest small town"
, image_map =
, mapsize = 260px
, map_caption = Interactive map ...
to make a civilianized ''Nomad III''-equivalent out of refurbished ex-USAF T-28As. It had a Wright Cyclone R-1820-80 engine to make it fast and powerful, but had to lengthen the wingspan by seven feet to reduce the
stall speed
In fluid dynamics, a stall is a reduction in the lift coefficient generated by a foil as angle of attack increases.Crane, Dale: ''Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition'', p. 486. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997. This occurs when t ...
to below a "street-legal" 70
knots.
["Hamilton T-28-R2 Nomair (N9106Z)".](_blank)
''Ron Dupas Collection'', No. 1040, August 1970. Retrieved: 31 December 2013. The prototype flew for the first time in September, 1960, and the FAA Type Certificate was received on 15 February 1962.
At the time, the T-28-R2 was the fastest single-engined standard category aircraft available in the United States. It had been flown to a height of 38,700 ft.
1,800 m
;T-28R-1 ''Nomair I''
:A military trainer that had a
tandem
Tandem, or in tandem, is an arrangement in which a team of machines, animals or people are lined up one behind another, all facing in the same direction.
The original use of the term in English was in ''tandem harness'', which is used for two ...
cockpit, dual instrumentation and flying controls, and hydraulically-actuated rearward-sliding canopy.
[''Flying Magazine,'' April 1962, p. 3.] Six were sold in 1962 as carrier-landing trainers to the Brazilian Navy and were modified with a carrier arrestor hook. They were later transferred to the Brazilian Air Force.
;T-28R-2 ''Nomair II''
:Modified to have a cramped five-seater cabin (one pilot and two rows of two passengers) that opened from the
port side
A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, ports can also be found far inland, such as ...
.
Ten aircraft were modified in all; one was sold to a high-altitude photographic company.
;RT-28
:Photo reconnaissance conversion for counter-insurgency use with
Royal Lao Air Force. Number of conversions unknown.
;AIDC T-CH-1
:A derivative of the T-28 developed by
AIDC in
Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a Country, country in East Asia, at the junction of the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the China, People's Republic of China (PRC) to the n ...
, the
AIDC T-CH-1
The AIDC T-CH-1 ''Chung Hsing'' () was a turboprop-powered military trainer aircraft produced in Taiwan (Republic of China).
Development
Derived from the North American T-28 Trojan trainer, the first T-CH-1 prototype flew on 23 November 1973. ...
was powered by a 1,082 kW (1,451 hp)
Avco Lycoming T53-L-701 turboprop
A turboprop is a turbine engine that drives an aircraft propeller.
A turboprop consists of an intake, reduction gearbox, compressor, combustor, turbine, and a propelling nozzle. Air enters the intake and is compressed by the compressor. Fu ...
engine. Fifty aircraft were produced for the
Taiwanese Air Force between March 1976 and 1981. The type has since been retired.
Operators
;
*
Argentine Air Force
"Argentine Wings"
, mascot =
, anniversaries = 10 August (anniversary) 1 May (Baptism of fire during the Falklands War)
, equipment = 139 aircraft
, equipment_label =
, battles =
* Operation Independence
* Operation Soberanía
* Falkl ...
- 34 T-28A
[Ay, Carlos]
"The Illustrated Catalogue to Argentine Air Force Aircraft."
''Aeromilitaria'', 15 August 2013. Retrieved: 31 December 2013.[Taylor and Munson 1973, p. 179.]
*
Argentine Naval Aviation.
65 ex-
French Air Force
The French Air and Space Force (AAE) (french: Armée de l'air et de l'espace, ) is the air and space force of the French Armed Forces. It was the first military aviation force in history, formed in 1909 as the , a service arm of the French Army ...
T-28S ''Fennec'' aircraft.
Last nine transferred to Uruguayan naval aviation in 1980.
;
*
Bolivian Air Force
The Bolivian Air Force ( es, Fuerza Aérea Boliviana or 'FAB') is the air force of Bolivia and branch of the Bolivian Armed Forces.
History
By 1938 the Bolivian air force consisted of about 60 aircraft (Curtiss Hawk fighters, Curtiss T-32 ...
at least six T-28Ds.
[Krivinyi 1977, p. 178.]
;
*
Brazilian Navy
)
, colors= Blue and white
, colors_label= Colors
, march= " Cisne Branco" ( en, "White Swan") (same name as training ship '' Cisne Branco''
, mascot=
, equipment= 1 multipurpose aircraft carrier7 submarines6 frigates2 corvettes4 amphibious warf ...
- 18 T-28C
;
Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (french: République démocratique du Congo (RDC), colloquially "La RDC" ), informally Congo-Kinshasa, DR Congo, the DRC, the DROC, or the Congo, and formerly and also colloquially Zaire, is a country in ...
*
Air Force of the Democratic Republic of the Congo - 14 T-28C, 3 T-28B, 10 T-28D
;
*
Cuban Air Force
The Cuban Revolutionary Air and Air Defense Force ( es, Defensa Anti-Aérea y Fuerza Aérea Revolucionaria) commonly abbreviated to DAAFAR in both Spanish and English, is the air force of Cuba.
History
Background
The Cuban Army Air Force was ...
- 10 T-28As were ordered by the Batista regime but were never delivered owing to an arms embargo,
[Wieland, William A]
"Memorandum From the Director of the Office of Middle American Affairs."
''latinamericanstudies.org'', August 1958. Retrieved: 21 February 2010. although at least one T-28 seems to have been acquired at some stage which was put on display at a museum at
Playa Girón[Valero, Jose Ramon]
"Picture of the North American T-28 Trojan aircraft."
''airliners.net'', October 2003. Retrieved: 21 February 2010.
;
*
Dominican Air Force
;
*
Ecuadorian Air Force
The Ecuadorian Air Force ( es, Fuerza Aérea Ecuatoriana, FAE) is the Air arm of the Military of Ecuador and responsible for the protection of the Ecuadorian airspace.
Mission
To develop the military air wing, in order to execute institutional o ...
- nine T-28A
;
*
Ethiopian Air Force
The Ethiopian Air Force (ETAF) () is the air service branch of the Ethiopian National Defence Force. The ETAF is tasked with protecting the national air space, providing support to ground forces, as well as assisting civil operations during nat ...
- 12 T-28A and 12 T-28D
;
*
French Air Force
The French Air and Space Force (AAE) (french: Armée de l'air et de l'espace, ) is the air and space force of the French Armed Forces. It was the first military aviation force in history, formed in 1909 as the , a service arm of the French Army ...
- 148 T-28A airframes modified in France (1959) to make the T-28S ''Fennec'' COIN model.
;
*
Haitian Air Force - 12 ex-French Air Force
;
*
Honduran Air Force
The Honduras Air Force ( es, Fuerza Aérea Hondureña, sometimes abbreviated to FAH in English) is the air force of Honduras. As such it is the air power arm of the Honduras Armed Forces.
History
The first Honduras military flying took place ...
- eight former Moroccan Air Force ''Fennec''s. One delivered, seven others impounded at Fort Lauderdale
;
*
Japanese Air Self-Defense Force
The , , also informally referred to as the Japanese Air Force, is the air and space branch of the Japan Self-Defense Forces, responsible for the defense of Japanese airspace, other air and space operations, cyberwarfare and electronic warfare. ...
- one T-28B
[Green 1956, p. 238.]
;
*
Khmer Air Force
The Khmer Air Force (french: Armée de l'air khmère; AAK), commonly known by its americanized acronym KAF (or KhAF) was the air force component of the Khmer National Armed Forces (FANK), the official military of the Khmer Republic during the Cam ...
operated 47 T-28s in total in service.
[Fitzsimons 1988, p. 137.]
;
*
Royal Lao Air Force - 55 T-28D
;
*
Mexican Air Force
The Mexican Air Force (FAM; es, Fuerza Aérea Mexicana) is the primary aerial warfare service branch of the Mexican Armed Forces. It is a component of the Mexican Army and depends on the National Defense Secretariat ( SEDENA). The objective of ...
- 32 T-28A
;
*
Royal Moroccan Air Force
The Royal Moroccan Air Force ( ar, القوات الجوية الملكية; ber, Adwas ujenna ageldan; french: Forces Royales Air) is the air force of the Moroccan Armed Forces.
History
The Moroccan air force was formed on 14 May 1956 as the ...
- 25 ''Fennec'' aircraft
;
*
Nicaraguan Air Force - six T-28D
;
*
Philippine Air Force
The Philippine Air Force (PAF) ( tgl, Hukbong Himpapawid ng Pilipinas, , Army of the Air of the Philippines) ( es, Ejército Aérea del Filipinas, , Ejército de la Aérea de la Filipinas) is the aerial warfare service branch of the Armed Forc ...
- 12 T-28A
;
*
Republic of Korea Air Force
The Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF; ko, 대한민국 공군; RR: ''Daehanminguk Gong-gun''), also known as the ROK Air Force or South Korean Air Force, is the aerial warfare service branch of South Korea, operating under the Ministry of N ...
;
*
Royal Saudi Air Force
The Royal Saudi Air Force ( ar, الْقُوَّاتُ الْجَوِّيَّةُ الْمَلَكِيَّةْ ٱلسُّعُوْدِيَّة, Al-Quwwat Al-Jawiyah Al-Malakiyah as-Su’udiyah) (RSAF) is the aviation branch of the Saudi Arabia ...
;
*
Republic of Vietnam Air Force
The South Vietnam Air Force, officially the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF; vi, Không lực Việt Nam Cộng hòa, KLVNCH; french: Force aérienne vietnamienne, FAVN) (sometimes referred to as the Vietnam Air Force or VNAF) was the aer ...
;
*
Tunisian Air Force
The Tunisian Air Force ( ar, جيش الطيران, french: Armée de l'Air) is one of the branches of the Tunisian Armed Forces.
History
The Tunisian Air Force was established in 1959, three years after Tunisia regained its independence from ...
- Fennec
;
*
ROC Air Force
;
*
Royal Thai Air Force
"Royal Thai Air Force March"
, mascot =
, anniversaries = 9 April 1937 (Royal Thai Air Force Day)
, equipment =
, equipment_label =
, battles ...
- 88 T-28Ds delivered.
Retired 1984.
;
*
United States Army
The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.Article II, section 2, ...
*
United States Air Force
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the air service branch of the United States Armed Forces, and is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. Originally created on 1 August 1907, as a part of the United States Army Sign ...
- 1194 T-28A, of which 360 converted to "D"
*
United States Navy
The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage ...
- 489 T-28B and 299 T-28C
;
*
Uruguayan Naval Aviation - ''Fennec''
;
*
Vietnam People's Air Force
;
*
Zaire Air Force
Surviving aircraft
Many T-28s are on display throughout the world. In addition, a considerable number of flyable examples exist in private ownership, as the aircraft is a popular sport plane and
warbird
A warbird is any vintage military aircraft now operated by civilian organizations and individuals, or in some instances, by historic arms of military forces, such as the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight, the RAAF Museum Historic Flight, or the ...
.
Argentina
;On display
;;T-28A
* S/N 174112 (ex USAF 51-3574), formerly operated by the
Argentine Air Force
"Argentine Wings"
, mascot =
, anniversaries = 10 August (anniversary) 1 May (Baptism of fire during the Falklands War)
, equipment = 139 aircraft
, equipment_label =
, battles =
* Operation Independence
* Operation Soberanía
* Falkl ...
as E-608. Preserved at the
Museo Regional Inter Fuerzas, Estancia Santa Romana, San Luis.
* C/N° 174333 (ex-USAF 51-3795), formerly operated by the
Argentine Naval Aviation. Preserved at the
Argentine Naval Aviation Museum.
Australia
;On display
;;T-28A
*49-1583 - Australian Aviation Museum, Bankstown Airport,
New South Wales, Australia
)
, nickname =
, image_map = New South Wales in Australia.svg
, map_caption = Location of New South Wales in AustraliaCoordinates:
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name = Australia
, established_title = Before federation
, es ...
.
T-28 TROJAN 50-221 "LITTL JUGGS". Toowoomba Australia
https://www.gluseum.com/AU/Toowoomba/287406544649061/T-28-Trojan-50-221-%22Littl-Juggs%22
Taiwan
;On display
;;T-28A
*51-3664 - Chung Cheng Aviation Museum, Taipai Airport,
Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a Country, country in East Asia, at the junction of the East China Sea, East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the China, People's Republic of China (PRC) to the n ...
.
Thailand
;On display
;;T-28A
*49-1538 - Prachuap Khiri Khan AFB in
Bangkok, Thailand
Bangkok, officially known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estimated populatio ...
.
*49-1601 -
Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base
Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base is approximately 40 kilometres north of central Bangkok and is the main operating and command base for the Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF). In addition, units of the Royal Thai Army and Royal Thai Police have pe ...
,
Bangkok, Thailand
Bangkok, officially known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estimated populatio ...
.
*49-1687 -
Loei Airport
Loei Airport ( th, ท่าอากาศยานเลย) is in Loei, the capital city of Loei Province, Thailand
Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast A ...
,
Loei Province,
Thailand
Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...
.
*51-3480 -
Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base,
Thailand
Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...
.
*51-3578 - Chiang Mai AFB, Thailand.
*51-3740 -
Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base
Don Muang Royal Thai Air Force Base is approximately 40 kilometres north of central Bangkok and is the main operating and command base for the Royal Thai Air Force (RTAF). In addition, units of the Royal Thai Army and Royal Thai Police have pe ...
, Bangkok, Thailand.
*153652 - National Memorial, Bangkok, Thailand.
;;T-28B
*137661 -
Royal Thai Air Force Museum
The Royal Thai Air Force Museum is located in Don Mueang District, Bangkok, Thailand. It is located on the Phahonyothin Road just to the south of Wing 6 of the domestic terminal of the Don Mueang Airport. It was served by the Royal Thai Air Forc ...
, Bangkok, Thailand.
*138157 - Royal Thai Air Force Museum, Bangkok, Thailand.
*138284 - Royal Thai Air Force Museum, Bangkok, Thailand.
*138302 - Lopburi AFB,
Thailand
Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...
.
United Kingdom
;On display
;;T-28C
*146289 - Norfolk & Suffolk Aviation Museum,
Flixton, The Saints,
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and No ...
.
United States
;On display
;;T-28A
*49-1494 -
National Museum of the United States Air Force
The National Museum of the United States Air Force (formerly the United States Air Force Museum) is the official museum of the United States Air Force located at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, northeast of Dayton, Ohio. The NMUSAF is the ...
at
Wright-Patterson AFB in
Dayton, Ohio. The aircraft is painted as a typical
Air Training Command
Air Training Command (ATC) is a former United States Air Force (USAF) Major Command designation. It was headquartered at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas, but was initially formed at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana. It was re-designated as ...
T-28A of the mid-1950s. It was transferred to the museum in September 1965. It is on display in the museum's Cold War Gallery.
*49-1663 -
Hurlburt Field
Hurlburt Field is a United States Air Force installation located in Okaloosa County, Florida, immediately west of the town of Mary Esther. It is part of the greater Eglin Air Force Base reservation and is home to Headquarters Air Force Spe ...
,
Florida
Florida is a U.S. state, state located in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia (U.S. state), Geo ...
.
*49-1679 -
Reese AFB,
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2 ...
.
*49-1682 -
Laughlin AFB
Laughlin Air Force Base is a facility of the United States Air Force located east of Del Rio, Texas.
Overview
Laughlin AFB, the largest pilot training base in the US Air Force, is home to the 47th Flying Training Wing of the Air Education a ...
,
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2 ...
.
*49-1689 -
Vance AFB,
Oklahoma
Oklahoma (; Choctaw: ; chr, ᎣᎧᎳᎰᎹ, ''Okalahoma'' ) is a state in the South Central region of the United States, bordered by Texas on the south and west, Kansas on the north, Missouri on the northeast, Arkansas on the east, New ...
.
*49-1695 -
Randolph AFB
Randolph Air Force Base was an United States Air Force base located at Universal City, Texas ( east-northeast of Downtown San Antonio).
Opened in 1931, Randolph has been a flying training facility for the United States Army Air Corps, the ...
,
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2 ...
.
*50-0300 -
Dakota Territory Air Museum,
Minot, North Dakota
Minot ( ) is a city in and the county seat of Ward County, North Dakota, United States, in the state's north-central region. It is most widely known for the Air Force base approximately north of the city. With a population of 48,377 at the 20 ...
.
*51-3612 -
Museum of Aviation,
Robins Air Force Base
Robins Air Force Base is a major United States Air Force installation located in Houston County, Georgia, United States. The base is located just east of the city of Warner Robins, south-southeast of Macon and approximately south-southeast ...
,
Warner Robins, Georgia
Warner Robins (typically ) is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia, located in Houston and Peach counties in the central part of the state. It is currently Georgia's eleventh-largest incorporated city, with an estimated population of 80,308 in t ...
.
*51-7500 -
Olympic Flight Museum,
Olympia, Washington
Olympia is the capital of the U.S. state of Washington and the county seat and largest city of Thurston County. It is southwest of the state's most populous city, Seattle, and is a cultural center of the southern Puget Sound region.
European ...
.
;;T-28B
*137702 -
Air Force Flight Test Center Museum
The atmosphere of Earth is the layer of gases, known collectively as air, retained by Earth's gravity that surrounds the planet and forms its planetary atmosphere. The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for ...
,
Edwards AFB
Edwards Air Force Base (AFB) is a United States Air Force installation in California. Most of the base sits in Kern County, but its eastern end is in San Bernardino County and a southern arm is in Los Angeles County. The hub of the base is E ...
,
California
California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the mo ...
.
*137749 -
Hill Aerospace Museum
Hill Aerospace Museum is a military aviation museum located at Hill Air Force Base in Roy, Utah. It is dedicated to the history of the base and aviation in Utah.
History
Preparations for a museum began in 1984, when ground was broken on an "Ae ...
,
Hill Air Force Base
Hill Air Force Base is a major U.S. Air Force (USAF) base located in northern Utah, just south of the city of Ogden, and bordering the Cities of Layton, Clearfield, Riverdale, Roy, and Sunset with its largest border immediately adjacent to ...
,
Utah
Utah ( , ) is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. Utah is a landlocked U.S. state bordered to its east by Colorado, to its northeast by Wyoming, to its north by Idaho, to its south by Arizona, and to its ...
*137796 -
Naval Air Station Anacostia,
Washington, DC
)
, image_skyline =
, image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle, Jefferson Memorial, White House, Adams Morgan, N ...
.
*138144 -
Naval Air Station Whiting Field
Naval Air Station Whiting Field is a United States Navy base located near Milton, Florida, with some outlying fields near Navarre, Florida, in south and central Santa Rosa County, and is one of the Navy's two primary pilot training bases (the o ...
,
Florida
Florida is a U.S. state, state located in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia (U.S. state), Geo ...
.
*138164 - Actively flying and performing in airshows with the Trojan Phlyers in Dallas, TX.
*138192 - Aviation Heritage Center of Wisconsin,
Sheboygan Memorial Airport,
Sheboygan, WI
*138247 - War Eagles Air Museum in
Santa Teresa, New Mexico.
*138263 - Actively flying and based at KRLD
Richland Airport,
Richland, WA
*138326 -
National Naval Aviation Museum,
Naval Air Station Pensacola
Naval Air Station Pensacola or NAS Pensacola (formerly NAS/KNAS until changed circa 1970 to allow Nassau International Airport, now Lynden Pindling International Airport, to have IATA code NAS), "The Cradle of Naval Aviation", is a United State ...
,
Florida
Florida is a U.S. state, state located in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia (U.S. state), Geo ...
*138339 - Owned by Skydoc 1989–present (2019)
Springfield, Illinois
Springfield is the capital of the U.S. state of Illinois and the county seat and largest city of Sangamon County. The city's population was 114,394 at the 2020 census, which makes it the state's seventh most-populous city, the second largest o ...
performing with the Trojan Horsemen 2003-2017, and Trojan Thunder 2017–present.
*138353 - on a pole at
Milton, Florida
Milton is a city in and the county seat of Santa Rosa County, Florida, located in the Pensacola– Ferry Pass– Brent Metropolitan Statistical Area, also known as the Pensacola Metropolitan Area. Milton is located in the geographic cente ...
.
*140047 - Actively flying and performing in airshows with the Trojan Phlyers in Dallas, TX.
*140048 -
National Museum of the United States Air Force
The National Museum of the United States Air Force (formerly the United States Air Force Museum) is the official museum of the United States Air Force located at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, northeast of Dayton, Ohio. The NMUSAF is the ...
at
Wright-Patterson AFB in
Dayton, Ohio.
;;T-28C
*138245 -
WarBird Museum of Virginia in
Chesterfield, Virginia
Chesterfield is an unincorporated community that is the county seat of Chesterfield County, Virginia, United States. It was a census-designated place (CDP) at the 2020 census. It was not delineated as a CDP for the 2010 census. The Chesterfiel ...
.
*140451 -
Middleton Field in
Evergreen, Alabama
*140454 -
Battleship Cove in
Fall River, Massachusetts
Fall River is a city in Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States. The City of Fall River's population was 94,000 at the 2020 United States Census, making it the tenth-largest city in the state.
Located along the eastern shore of Mount ...
.
*140481 -
Pima Air & Space Museum
The Pima Air & Space Museum, located in Tucson, Arizona, is one of the world's largest non-government funded aerospace museums. The museum features a display of nearly 300 aircraft spread out over 80 acres (320,000 m²) on a campus occ ...
adjacent to
Davis-Monthan AFB in
Tucson, Arizona
, "(at the) base of the black ill
, nicknames = "The Old Pueblo", "Optics Valley", "America's biggest small town"
, image_map =
, mapsize = 260px
, map_caption = Interactive map ...
.
*140557 -
Naval Air Station Wildwood Aviation Museum
The Naval Air Station Wildwood Aviation Museum is an aviation museum located at the Cape May Airport in Lower Township, in Cape May County, New Jersey, United States.
History
The Cape May Airport, which hosts the museum, was originally constr ...
,
Cape May Airport
Cape May Airport or Cape May County Airport is a public use airport in Lower Township, Cape May County, New Jersey, United States. Owned by the Delaware River and Bay Authority, the airport is four nautical miles (7 km) northwest of ...
,
Rio Grande, New Jersey.
*140659 -
Southern Museum of Flight
The Southern Museum of Flight is a civilian aviation museum Birmingham, Alabama. The facility features nearly 100 aircraft, as well as engines, models, artifacts, photographs, and paintings. In addition, the Southern Museum of Flight is home to ...
,
Birmingham, Alabama
Birmingham ( ) is a city in the north central region of the U.S. state of Alabama. Birmingham is the seat of Jefferson County, Alabama's most populous county. As of the 2021 census estimates, Birmingham had a population of 197,575, down 1% fr ...
.
;;YAT-28E
*0-13786 - Private collection,
Port Hueneme, California
Port Hueneme ( ; Chumash: ''Wene Me'') is a small beach city in Ventura County, California, surrounded by the city of Oxnard and the Santa Barbara Channel. Both the Port of Hueneme and Naval Base Ventura County lie within the city limits.
...
. One of two surviving air-frames, currently in storage awaiting restoration.
Specifications (T-28D)
See also
*
Lee Lue
References
Notes
Bibliography
* Andrade, John. ''Militair 1982''. London: Aviation Press Limited, 1982. .
* Avery, Norm. ''North American Aircraft: 1934–1998, Volume 1''. Santa Ana, California: Narkiewicz-Thompson, 1998. .
* Compton, Frank. "November 79 Zulu: the Story of the North American Nomad".
''Sport Aviation'', June 1983.
*
*
* Donald, David and Lake, Jon. ''Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft''. London:Aerospace Publishing, 1996. .
* Fitzsimons, Bernie. ''The Defenders: A Comprehensive Guide to Warplanes of the USA''. London: Aerospace Publishing, 1988. .
*
* Green, William. ''Observers Aircraft, 1956''. London: Frederick Warne Publishing, 1956.
*
*
*
*
* Hobson, Chris. ''Vietnam Air Losses, USAF/Navy/Marine, Fixed Wing Aircraft Losses in Southeast 1961–1973''. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2001. .
* ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985)''. London: Orbis Publishing, 1985.
* Krivinyi, Nikolaus. ''World Military Aviation''. New York: Arco Publishing Company, 1977. .
* Pocock, Chris. "Thailand Hones its Air Forces". ''Air International'', Vol. 31, No. 3, September 1986. pp. 113–121, 168. .
* Tate, Jess. "Ultimate Trojan: North American's YAT-28E Project". ''
Air Enthusiast
''Air Enthusiast'' was a British, bi-monthly, aviation magazine, published by the Key Publishing group. Initially begun in 1974 as ''Air Enthusiast Quarterly'', the magazine was conceived as a historical adjunct to '' Air International'' maga ...
'', No. 99, May/June 1999. pp. 58–59. ISSN 0143-5450.
* Taylor, John J.H. and Kenneth Munson.''Jane's Pocket Book of Major Combat Aircraft''. New York: Collier Books, 1973. .
* Thompson, Kevin. ''North American Aircraft: 1934–1998 Volume 2''. Santa Ana, California: Narkiewicz-Thompson, 1999. .
* Toperczer, Istvan. ''MiG-17 and MiG-19 Units of the Vietnam War.'' London: Osprey Publishing Limited, 2001. .
* ''United States Air Force Museum Guidebook''. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975.
Further reading
* Adcock, Al. ''T-28 Trojan in Action''. Squadron/Signal Publications Inc. 1989.
* Cupido, Joe., "Veteran United: A T-28D Trojan Meets Up with a Former Pilot." ''Air Enthusiast'', No. 83, September/October 1999, pp. 16–20
* Genat, Robert. "Final Tour of Duty - North American's T-28 Trojans". North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 1996.
*
External links
North American T-28B Trojan–
National Museum of the United States Air Force
The National Museum of the United States Air Force (formerly the United States Air Force Museum) is the official museum of the United States Air Force located at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, northeast of Dayton, Ohio. The NMUSAF is the ...
Warbird Alley: T-28 pageT-28 FENNEC : History + 2006 inventory*
ttp://www.warbirdalley.com/t28.htm North American T-28 Trojan (Variants/Other Names: AT-28; ''Fennec'')
{{Authority control
T-28
The T-28 was a Soviet multi-turreted medium tank. The prototype was completed in 1931, and production began in late 1932. It was an infantry support tank intended to break through fortified defences. The T-28 was designed to complement the hea ...
1940s United States military trainer aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Carrier-based aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1949