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The Nogai Horde was a
confederation A confederation (also known as a confederacy or league) is a union of sovereign groups or states united for purposes of common action. Usually created by a treaty, confederations of states tend to be established for dealing with critical iss ...
founded by the Nogais that occupied the
Pontic–Caspian steppe The Pontic–Caspian steppe, formed by the Caspian steppe and the Pontic steppe, is the steppeland stretching from the northern shores of the Black Sea (the Pontus Euxinus of antiquity) to the northern area around the Caspian Sea. It extend ...
from about 1500 until they were pushed west by the
Kalmyks The Kalmyks ( Kalmyk: Хальмгуд, ''Xaľmgud'', Mongolian: Халимагууд, ''Halimaguud''; russian: Калмыки, translit=Kalmyki, archaically anglicised as ''Calmucks'') are a Mongolic ethnic group living mainly in Russia, w ...
and south by the Russians in the 17th century. The Mongol tribe called the Manghuds constituted a core of the Nogai Horde. In the 13th century, the leader of the
Golden Horde The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus, 'Great State' in Turkic, was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the fragmen ...
,
Nogai Khan Nogai, or Noğay (; also spelled Nogay, Nogaj, Nohai, Nokhai, Noqai, Ngoche, Noche, Kara Nokhai, and Isa Nogai; died 1299/1300) was a general and kingmaker of the Golden Horde and a great-great-grandson of Genghis Khan. His grandfather was Bo'al/ ...
, a direct descendant of
Genghis Khan Genghis Khan (born Temüjin; ; xng, Temüjin, script=Latn; ., name=Temujin – August 25, 1227) was the founder and first Great Khan (Emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the List of largest empires, largest contiguous empire in history a ...
through Jochi, formed an army of the Manghits joined by numerous Turkic tribes. A century later the Nogays were led by Edigu, a commander of Manghit paternal origin and Jochid maternal origin, who founded the Nogai dynasty. In 1557, Nogai ''Nur-al-Din'' Qazi Mirza quarreled with Ismael Beg and founded the
Lesser Nogai Horde The Lesser Nogai Horde, not to be confused with the (Greater) Nogai Horde on the Caspian, was the Nogai Tatar territory in Kuban (on the eastern shore of the Sea of Azov), allied with the Crimean Khanate, during the 16th and 17th centuries. T ...
on the steppe of the
North Caucasus The North Caucasus, ( ady, Темыр Къафкъас, Temır Qafqas; kbd, Ишхъэрэ Къаукъаз, İṩxhərə Qauqaz; ce, Къилбаседа Кавказ, Q̇ilbaseda Kavkaz; , os, Цӕгат Кавказ, Cægat Kavkaz, inh, ...
. The Nogais north of the Caspian were thereafter called the Great Nogai Horde. In the early 17th century, the Horde broke down further under the onslaught of the Kalmyks. The Nogais north of the
Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Rom ...
were nominally subject to the Crimean Khanate rather than the Nogai Bey. They were divided into the following groups:
Budjak Budjak or Budzhak ( Bulgarian and Ukrainian: Буджак; ro, Bugeac; Gagauz and Turkish: ''Bucak''), historically part of Bessarabia until 1812, is a historical region in Ukraine and Moldova. Lying along the Black Sea between the Danu ...
(from the
Danube The Danube ( ; ) is a river that was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire and today connects 10 European countries, running through their territories or being a border. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for , pa ...
to the
Dniester The Dniester, ; rus, Дне́стр, links=1, Dnéstr, ˈdⁿʲestr; ro, Nistru; grc, Τύρᾱς, Tyrās, ; la, Tyrās, la, Danaster, label=none, ) ( ,) is a transboundary river in Eastern Europe. It runs first through Ukraine and t ...
), Yedisan (from the Dniester to the Bug), Jamboyluk (Bug to
Crimea Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a p ...
), Yedickul (north of Crimea) and
Kuban Kuban ( Russian and Ukrainian: Кубань; ady, Пшызэ) is a historical and geographical region of Southern Russia surrounding the Kuban River, on the Black Sea between the Don Steppe, the Volga Delta and the Caucasus, and separated ...
. In particular, the Yedisans are mentioned as a distinct group, and in various locations.


Society

There were two groups of Nogais: those north of the
Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. An endorheic basin, it lies between Europe and Asia; east of the Caucasus, west of the broad steppe of Central A ...
under their own Bey (leader), and those north of the
Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Rom ...
nominally subject to the Crimean Khan. The first group was broken up circa 1632 by the
Kalmyks The Kalmyks ( Kalmyk: Хальмгуд, ''Xaľmgud'', Mongolian: Халимагууд, ''Halimaguud''; russian: Калмыки, translit=Kalmyki, archaically anglicised as ''Calmucks'') are a Mongolic ethnic group living mainly in Russia, w ...
. The second shared the fate of the Khanate of Crimea. The Nogai language was a form of
Kypchak The Kipchaks or Qipchaks, also known as Kipchak Turks or Polovtsians, were a Turkic nomadic people and confederation that existed in the Middle Ages, inhabiting parts of the Eurasian Steppe. First mentioned in the 8th century as part of the Sec ...
Turkic, the same language group as that of the neighboring Kazakhs, Bashkirs and Crimean and Volga Tatars. Their religion was Muslim, but religious institutions were weakly developed. They were pastoral
nomad A nomad is a member of a community without fixed habitation who regularly moves to and from the same areas. Such groups include hunter-gatherers, pastoral nomads (owning livestock), tinkers and trader nomads. In the twentieth century, the po ...
s grazing sheep, horses, and camels. Outside goods were obtained by trade (mostly horses and slaves), raiding, and tribute. There were some subject peasants along the Yaik river. One of the main sources of income for the Nogais was raiding for slaves, who were sold in Crimea and
Bukhara Bukhara ( Uzbek: /, ; tg, Бухоро, ) is the seventh-largest city in Uzbekistan, with a population of 280,187 , and the capital of Bukhara Region. People have inhabited the region around Bukhara for at least five millennia, and the city ...
. Hunting, fishing, caravan taxation, and seasonal agricultural migration also played a role, although this is poorly documented. The basic
social unit The term "level of analysis" is used in the social sciences to point to the location, size, or scale of a research target. "Level of analysis" is distinct from the term " unit of observation" in that the former refers to a more or less integrated ...
was the semi-autonomous ''ulus'' or band. Aristocrats were called '' mirza''. The ruler of the Nogais was the Bey. The capital or winter camp was at Saraychik, a caravan town on the lower Yaik. From 1537 the second in rank was the ''Nur-al-Din'', usually the Bey's son or younger brother and expected successor. The ''Nur-al-Din'' held the right bank along the
Volga The Volga (; russian: Во́лга, a=Ru-Волга.ogg, p=ˈvoɫɡə) is the longest river in Europe. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea. The Volga has a length of , and a catch ...
. From the 1560s there was a second ''Nur-al-Din'', a sort of a war chief. Third in rank was the ''Keikuvat'', who held the Emba. Political organization was fluid and much depended on personal prestige since as nomads, the Nogai subjects could simply move away from a leader who was disliked. Ambassadors and merchants were regularly beaten and robbed. Stealing horses, looked down upon in many cultures, was an important part of social and economic life on the steppe. Beys and Mirzas would often declare themselves vassals of some outside power, but such declarations had little meaning.


Slavery and raids

The Nogai Horde along with the Crimean Khanate raided settlements in Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, and Poland. The slaves were captured in southern Russia, Poland-Lithuania,
Moldavia Moldavia ( ro, Moldova, or , literally "The Country of Moldavia"; in Romanian Cyrillic: or ; chu, Землѧ Молдавскаѧ; el, Ἡγεμονία τῆς Μολδαβίας) is a historical region and former principality in Centr ...
,
Wallachia Wallachia or Walachia (; ro, Țara Românească, lit=The Romanian Land' or 'The Romanian Country, ; archaic: ', Romanian Cyrillic alphabet: ) is a historical and geographical region of Romania. It is situated north of the Lower Danube and s ...
, and
Circassia Circassia (; also known as Cherkessia in some sources; ady, Адыгэ Хэку, Адыгей, lit=, translit=Adıgə Xəku, Adıgey; ; ota, چرکسستان, Çerkezistan; ) was a country and a historical region in the along the northeast ...
by
Tatar The Tatars ()Tatar
in the Collins English Dictionary
is an umbrella term for different
horsemen in a trade known as the "harvesting of the steppe". In
Podolia Podolia or Podilia ( uk, Поділля, Podillia, ; russian: Подолье, Podolye; ro, Podolia; pl, Podole; german: Podolien; be, Падолле, Padollie; lt, Podolė), is a historic region in Eastern Europe, located in the west-centra ...
alone, about one-third of all the villages were destroyed or abandoned between 1578 and 1583. Some researchers estimate that altogether more than 3 million people were captured and enslaved during the time of the Crimean Khanate.


History


Decline of the Golden Horde

*1299 Death of
Nogai Khan Nogai, or Noğay (; also spelled Nogay, Nogaj, Nohai, Nokhai, Noqai, Ngoche, Noche, Kara Nokhai, and Isa Nogai; died 1299/1300) was a general and kingmaker of the Golden Horde and a great-great-grandson of Genghis Khan. His grandfather was Bo'al/ ...
, the Mongol ruler for whom the Nogays were named *1406–1419 Edigu, another subject and king-maker, founds Nogay dynasty *1438
Kazan Khanate The Khanate of Kazan ( tt, Казан ханлыгы, Kazan xanlıgı; russian: Казанское ханство, Kazanskoye khanstvo) was a medieval Tatar Turkic state that occupied the territory of former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 155 ...
founded *1449 Crimean Khanate founded *1452 Qasim Khanate founded. Beginning of Russian rule over Turkic Muslims *1465
Kazakh Khanate The Kazakh Khanate ( kk, Қазақ Хандығы, , ), in eastern sources known as Ulus of the Kazakhs, Ulus of Jochi, Yurt of Urus, was a Kazakh state in Central Asia, successor of the Golden Horde existing from the 15th to 19th century, ...
founded *1466 Astrakhan Khanate founded *1466 At this point the
Golden Horde The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus, 'Great State' in Turkic, was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the fragmen ...
was left with only the steppe nomads, Sarai and some control over the caravan trade. The name "Great Horde" appears some time after this *1470s Nogais hostile to Great Horde *1475
Ottomans The Ottoman Turks ( tr, Osmanlı Türkleri), were the Turkic founding and sociopolitically the most dominant ethnic group of the Ottoman Empire ( 1299/1302–1922). Reliable information about the early history of Ottoman Turks remains scarce, ...
take Kaffa from Genoese *1480–1519 Moscow and Crimea allied against Horde and Lithuania *1480 Ugra standoff: Horde fails in attack on Moscow. Approximate start of Russian independence from Tatars *1481 Nogais kill the Khan of the Great Horde in battle *1502 Crimeans destroy remnant of Golden Horde. Sarai destroyed


Independence

This data is from the English-language sources below. A long list of Nogai raids on Russia and Poland, from Russian sources, can be found at Crimean-Nogai raids. *c. 1509 Nogais move into lands vacated by Great Horde *1519 end of Moscow–Crimean alliance *1521 Nogais, driven west by the Kazakhs, cross the Volga and attack Astrakhan. *c. 1522 Kazakhs capture Nogai capital *1523 Crimea briefly takes Astrakhan, but its army and Khan are destroyed by the Nogais. *1547
Ivan the Terrible Ivan IV Vasilyevich (russian: Ива́н Васи́льевич; 25 August 1530 – ), commonly known in English as Ivan the Terrible, was the grand prince of Moscow from 1533 to 1547 and the first Tsar of all Russia from 1547 to 1584. Iva ...
, Grand Prince of Moscow, becomes the first Tsar of All Rus'. *1552 Kazan annexed by Muscovy. Nogais lose tribute *c. 1550–1560 Crimean Tatars and Nogais again attack Ryazan land *1556 Astrakhan annexed by Muscovy. Nogais lose tribute *1557 Mirza Kazy crosses the Volga and founds Small Horde along the Kuban *1567–1571 Muscovite fort on the Terek, south of Nogais *1569 Ottomans and Crimeans with Small Horde fail to take Astrakhan *1570s Kazakh pressure shifts Nogai trade away from Central Asia toward Moscow *1571 Russo-Crimean Wars (1571) Crimean–Nogai attack on Moscow. 100,000 horsemen. Moscow burned *1572 second raid fails. *1577 Crimean Tatars and Nogais continue to raid the southern Muscovite lands and lead Temnikov to ruins *1580/81 or 1577: Saraichick destroyed by renegade Cossacks *1582/83 Muscovite peace with Sweden and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. *1584 Crimean–Nogai pillage Ryazan land. Nogais capture "countless Slavic people". *1588 many Nogais move to Don. Very destructive fighting between Big and Small Hordes *1593 Nogais operate in Voronezh and Livni *1594 Nogais (up to 8 thousand) raid southern Muscovite lands. The enemy is besieged and Nogais storm the city. *1598 Moscow pushes fortifications south *1600 Moscow 'appoints' a Nogai Bey for the first time. Civil war among Nogais


Decline

*1500–1850 Russian population expands southward and occupies forest-steppe and steppe. This is poorly documented *1605–1618 During the
Time of Troubles The Time of Troubles (russian: Смутное время, ), or Smuta (russian: Смута), was a period of political crisis during the Tsardom of Russia which began in 1598 with the death of Fyodor I (Fyodor Ivanovich, the last of the Rurik dy ...
so many captives were taken that the price of a slave at Kaffa dropped to fifteen or twenty gold pieces. Nogais ravage and burn many of the "Ukraine and Seversk" cities, towns, villages and suburbs, killing and taking prisoners from the locals. *1616 Raids on Russian borders by large numbers of Nogais *1617 Nogais and Azov Tatars invade southern Russia three times to plunder the village and capture prisoners. *1618 Nogais release 15,000 captives in peace treaty with Moscow. *1619 Isterek Bey dies. Civil war. Status of Beyship uncertain after this *1628 Crimean Tatars and Nogais begin to ravage the surrounding towns and villages of Poland, killing and capturing the local population. *1633 last Crimean–Nogai raid to reach the Oka *1634 major defeat of Nogais by Kalmyks *1637, 1641–1643: Raids by Nogais and Crimean nobles without permission of the Khan *1640 Crimean Tatars and Nogais terribly ravage Volhynia, Podolia and Galicia, taking a large number of captives. *1643 Kalmyks push back from Astrakhan *1664 Crimean Tatar and Nogai noblemen with their troops take part in the military campaign against the Polish king and devastate Livny and Bryansk counties *1693 Kalmyks attack Nogais, as agents of Russia *1699 Nogai forces continue to raid the southern Russian cities. *1711 20,474 Kalmyks and 4,100 Russians attack Kuban. They kill 11,460 Nogays, drown 5,060 others and return with 2,000 camels, 39,200 horses, 190,000 cattle, 220,000 sheep and 22,100 human captives, of whom only 700 are adult males. On the way home they meet and defeat a returning Nogai war party and free 2,000 Russian captives. *1720s 15,000 Nogai 'tents' flee Kalmyks for Kuban. *1736–1739 Russians temporarily hold Azov *1770 Yedisans ally with Russia, blocking the land route from the Balkans to Crimea *1771 Exodus of Trans-Volga Kalmyks back to Dzungaria *1772 many Crimean Nogais accept Russian protection *1774 Crimea is proclaimed independent from the Ottoman Empire by the Russo-Ottoman Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca. The khanate increasingly falls under Russia's influence *1783 Crimea annexed by Russia; many Nogais move from lower Dnieper to Kuban *1783:
Kuban Nogai Uprising The Kuban Nogai Uprising of 1783 was the last significant attempt of the Nogai steppe nomads to resist the expansion of Russia. Its defeat opened the way for Slavic colonization of the lands north of the Caucasus and was an early step in the Russ ...
: last attempt to resist During the next 150 years, Black Sea grain ports assist massive southward expansion of Russian agriculture and population. *1783 – 19th century: Nogais east of the Black Sea push southeast to their present location *c. 1860 Several hundred thousand Muslims migrate from Russia to the Ottoman Empire *1928 Nogaysky District, Dagestan established *2002 Nogay population: 90,700 *2007 Nogay District formed in Karachay-Cherkessia


Partial list of beys and mirzas

* Temir Khan Nogai (1480): at Ugra standoff, 1481: assassinated Ahmed Khan. * Musa Mirza (died 1506): said to have 17 sons, among them: ** Sheidiak (1521): defeated Astrakhan Khanate 1551: near Urgench ** Mamay Khan (died 1549): Murdered the Crimean khan in 1523. 1530s: near Yaik, then near Kazan. ** Yosuf Khan (1549–1555): (on Yaik, anti-Moscow) circa 1535: near
Kazan Kazan ( ; rus, Казань, p=kɐˈzanʲ; tt-Cyrl, Казан, ''Qazan'', IPA: Help:IPA/Tatar, ɑzan is the capital city, capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia. The city lies at the confluence of the Volga and t ...
. 1549: helped Moscow against Kazan. 1551: near Yaik, broke with Moscow, claimed to have 300,000 horsemen and 8 sons. circa 1552: dissuaded from raid on Moscow. 1555: murdered by Araslan Mirza. ** Ismail Khan Nogai (1555–1564) (on Volga, pro-Moscow) 1551: near Astrakhan. 1554: helped to take Astrakhan. 1555: sent 20,000 horses to Moscow 1555: Beg. 1556–57: Yosuf's sons (especially Yunus) seized his property. 1558: abandoned and starved, sent across Volga to buy food. 1560: tried to attack Crimea, blocked by Kazy Mirza * Söyembikä of Kazan, daughter of Yosuf, widow of Kazan Khan, Moscow's captive * Arslan Mirza, son of Kuchum, killed Yosuf, Keikuvat under Ismael * Kazi Mirza (died 1577): son of Mamay. 1551: near Jaxartes. 1555: Nureddin under Ismael. circa 1557: broke with Ismael when Ismael appoints Tin Ahmed his successor. Fled to Kuban, founding Small Horde. 1577: killed in war with Kabardians * Tin Ahmad (1564–1579): 1577 said to support raids on Moscow * Urus Khan Nogai (1579–1590): 1581 with Crimean Tatars attacked Moscow's frontiers. Killed in battle against the Small Horde * Ur Muhamed Khan (1590–1597) * Tin Muhamed (1597–1600) * Isterek (1600–1618): 1600: was installed by Russians at
Astrakhan Astrakhan ( rus, Астрахань, p=ˈastrəxənʲ) is the largest city and administrative centre of Astrakhan Oblast in Southern Russia. The city lies on two banks of the Volga, in the upper part of the Volga Delta, on eleven islands of the ...
. 1613: was attacked by
Kalmyks The Kalmyks ( Kalmyk: Хальмгуд, ''Xaľmgud'', Mongolian: Халимагууд, ''Halimaguud''; russian: Калмыки, translit=Kalmyki, archaically anglicised as ''Calmucks'') are a Mongolic ethnic group living mainly in Russia, w ...
, fled to
Caucasus The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. The Caucasus Mountains, including the Greater Caucasus range, have historica ...
, then
Azov Sea The Sea of Azov ( Crimean Tatar: ''Azaq deñizi''; russian: Азовское море, Azovskoye more; uk, Азовське море, Azovs'ke more) is a sea in Eastern Europe connected to the Black Sea by the narrow (about ) Strait of Kerch ...
region. Swore allegiance to both Russians and Turks, then made alliance with
Poland Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe. It is divided into 16 administrative provinces called voivodeships, covering an area of . Poland has a population of over 38 million and is the fifth-most populou ...
, and received ambassadors from
Persia Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...
, refused to be
vassal A vassal or liege subject is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch, in the context of the feudal system in medieval Europe. While the subordinate party is called a vassal, the dominant party is called a suzerai ...
of
Crimea Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a p ...
. 1616: was attacked by Crimea, sought Russian protection at Astrakhan. 1618: died under questionable circumstances * Kanai Khan (1622–1634)Khodarkovsky (2004)


See also

*
Turkic peoples The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.. "Turkic peoples, any of various peoples whose members speak languages belonging to ...
*
List of Turkic dynasties and countries The following is a list of dynasties, states or empires which are Turkic-speaking, of Turkic origins, or both. There are currently six recognised Turkic sovereign states. Additionally, there are six federal subjects of Russia in which a Turkic ...
*
List of Turkic states and empires The following is a list of dynasties, states or empires which are Turkic-speaking, of Turkic origins, or both. There are currently six recognised Turkic sovereign states. Additionally, there are six federal subjects of Russia in which a Turkic l ...
*
List of Sunni Muslim dynasties The following is a list of Sunni Muslim dynasties. Asia Middle East Arabian Peninsula * Banu Wajih (926–965) * Sharif of Mecca (967–1925) * Al Uyuniyun (1076–1253) * Sulaymanids (1063–1174) * Mahdids (1159–1174) *Kathiri (Hadhramau ...


Notes


References

* Khodarkovsky, Michael. ''Russia's Steppe Frontier'', 2004 * Related books by Willard Sunderland (Taming the Wild Field), Alan W Fisher (Crimean Tatars), Martha Brill Olcott (Volga Tatars) and Khodarkovsky (1992 ''Where Two Worlds Met'', on Kalmyks) can be found on Amazon.com and elsewhere. {{Authority control 1634 disestablishments Tatar states Early Modern history of Russia States and territories established in the 1440s States and territories disestablished in 1634 Historical Turkic states History of Ural Khanates Nogai people