Baroness Kathleen Annie Pannonica de Koenigswarter (''née'' Rothschild; 10 December 1913 – 30 November 1988) was a British-born jazz
patron
Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows on another. In the history of art, arts patronage refers to the support that kings, popes, and the wealthy have provided to artists su ...
and writer. A leading patron of
bebop
Bebop or bop is a style of jazz developed in the early-to-mid-1940s in the United States. The style features compositions characterized by a fast tempo, complex chord progressions with rapid chord changes and numerous changes of key, instrumen ...
, she was a member of the
Rothschild family.
Personal life
Kathleen Annie Pannonica Rothschild was born in December 1913, in London, the youngest daughter of
Charles Rothschild and his wife, Hungarian baroness
Rózsika Edle von Wertheimstein, daughter of Baron Alfred von Wertheimstein of
Bihar County
Bihar was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary and a county of the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and Principality of Transylvania (since the 16th century, when it was under the rule of the Princes of Transylvania). Most of ...
. She was born into a branch of the wealthiest family in the world at the time.
Her paternal grandfather was
Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
Nathaniel Mayer Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild, Baron de Rothschild (8 November 1840 – 31 March 1915) was a British banker and politician from the wealthy international Rothschild family.
Early life
Nathaniel Mayer Rothschild was the e ...
. She grew up in
Tring Park Mansion
Tring Park Mansion or Mansion House, Tring Park, is a large country house in Tring, Hertfordshire. The house, as "Tring Park", was used, and from 1872 owned, by members of the Rothschild family from 1838 to 1945.
The mansion and its immediate g ...
as well as
Waddesdon Manor
Waddesdon Manor is a English country house, country house in the village of Waddesdon, in Buckinghamshire, England. Owned by National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, National Trust and managed by the Rothschild Foundation ...
, among other family houses. The name "Pannonica" (shortened to "Nica" as a nickname) derives from Eastern Europe's
Pannonian plain
The Pannonian Basin, or Carpathian Basin, is a large basin situated in south-east Central Europe. The geomorphological term Pannonian Plain is more widely used for roughly the same region though with a somewhat different sense, with only the ...
. Her friend
Thelonious Monk
Thelonious Sphere Monk (, October 10, 1917 – February 17, 1982) was an American jazz pianist and composer. He had a unique improvisational style and made numerous contributions to the standard jazz repertoire, including " 'Round Midnight", ...
reported that she was named after a species of butterfly her father had discovered, although her great-niece has found that the source of the name is a rare species of moth, ''
Eublemma pannonica''.
She was a niece of
Walter Rothschild
Lionel Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, Baron de Rothschild, (8 February 1868 – 27 August 1937) was a British banker, politician, zoologist and soldier, who was a member of the Rothschild family. As a Zionist leader, he was presen ...
, the 2nd Baron Rothschild, and her brother
Victor Rothschild
Nathaniel Mayer Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild (31 October 1910 – 20 March 1990) was a British banker, scientist, intelligence officer during World War II, and later a senior executive with Royal Dutch Shell and N M Rothschild & So ...
became the 3rd Baron Rothschild. Her elder sister was the zoologist and author
Dame Miriam Rothschild.
In 1935, she married French diplomat
Baron Jules de Koenigswarter, later a
Free French
Free France (french: France Libre) was a political entity that claimed to be the legitimate government of France following the dissolution of the Third Republic. Led by French general , Free France was established as a government-in-exile ...
hero.
In 1937, they bought and moved to the
Château d'Abondant, a 17th-century château in north-west France they acquired from the family of American banker
Henry Herman Harjes (who had acquired the château in 1920 from the
Duchesse de Vallombrosa).
She worked for
Charles de Gaulle during World War II. The couple, who had five children, separated in 1951, and she left the family and moved to New York City, renting a suite at
The Stanhope Hotel.
As a result of their separation, Koenigswarter was disinherited by her family, the Rothschilds.
The couple eventually divorced in 1956.
In 1958, she purchased a house in
Weehawken, New Jersey
Weehawken is a township in the northern part of Hudson County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is located largely on the Hudson Palisades overlooking the Hudson River. As of the 2020 United States census, the population was 17,197. with a Manhattan skyline view, originally built for film director
Josef von Sternberg.
Koenigswarter died of heart failure in 1988, aged 74, at the
Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center
NewYork-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center (NYP/CUIMC), also known as the Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), is an academic medical center and the largest campus of NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital. It includes Co ...
, in New York City. She had five children, two grandchildren, and four great-grandchildren.
Participation in the Free French Army
She joined the
Free French Army
Free France (french: France Libre) was a political entity that claimed to be the legitimate government of France following the dissolution of the Third Republic. Led by French general , Free France was established as a government-in-exile ...
to fight against
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
during
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
. She had refused to participate in the
North African Campaign, but she joined clandestinely to fight alongside her husband. The war imposed a suspension of her marital and family duties but she managed to send her children from France to America, secretly moving across continents.
She served as a decoder, ambulance driver, and radio host for the Free French.
At the close of the war she was decorated as a lieutenant by the allied armies.
Jazz
In New York, de Koenigswarter became a friend and patron of leading jazz musicians, hosting jam sessions in her hotel suite, often driving them in her Bentley when they needed a lift to gigs,
as well as sometimes helping them to pay rent, buy groceries, and making hospital visits.
Although not a musician herself,
she is sometimes referred to as the "
bebop
Bebop or bop is a style of jazz developed in the early-to-mid-1940s in the United States. The style features compositions characterized by a fast tempo, complex chord progressions with rapid chord changes and numerous changes of key, instrumen ...
baroness"
or "jazz baroness"
because of her patronage of
Thelonious Monk
Thelonious Sphere Monk (, October 10, 1917 – February 17, 1982) was an American jazz pianist and composer. He had a unique improvisational style and made numerous contributions to the standard jazz repertoire, including " 'Round Midnight", ...
and
Charlie Parker
Charles Parker Jr. (August 29, 1920 – March 12, 1955), nicknamed "Bird" or "Yardbird", was an American jazz saxophonist, band leader and composer. Parker was a highly influential soloist and leading figure in the development of bebop, a form ...
among others. Following Parker's death in her Stanhope rooms in 1955,
de Koenigswarter was asked to leave by the hotel management; she re-located to the Bolivar Hotel
at 230 Central Park West, a building commemorated in Thelonious Monk's 1956 composition "Ba-lue Bolivar Ba-lues-are".
She was introduced to Thelonious Monk by jazz pianist/composer
Mary Lou Williams
Mary Lou Williams (born Mary Elfrieda Scruggs; May 8, 1910 – May 28, 1981) was an American jazz pianist, arranger, and composer. She wrote hundreds of compositions and arrangements and recorded more than one hundred records (in 78, 45, an ...
in Paris while attending the "Salon du Jazz 1954".
She championed his work in the United States, writing the liner notes for his 1962
Columbia album ''
Criss-Cross''. She even took criminal responsibility when she and Monk were charged with marijuana possession by Delaware police in 1958, spending a few nights in jail.
De Koenigswarter was sentenced to three years in prison. After a two-year legal battle that was financed by her family, the case was dismissed in a court of appeals on a technicality.
She was a regular visitor to many of New York's jazz clubs, including the
Five Spot Café
The Five Spot Café was a jazz club located at 5 Cooper Square (1956–1962) in the Bowery neighborhood of New York City, between the East and West Village. In 1962, it moved to 2 St. Marks Place until closing in 1967. Its friendly, non-commerc ...
,
Village Vanguard
The Village Vanguard is a jazz club at Seventh Avenue South in Greenwich Village, New York City. The club was opened on February 22, 1935, by Max Gordon. Originally, the club presented folk music and beat poetry, but it became primarily a jazz ...
,
Birdland, and Small's.
In 1957, she bought a new piano for the Five Spot because she thought the existing one was not good enough for Monk's performances there.
During the 1950s, she was licensed as a manager by the
American Federation of Musicians. Her clients included
Horace Silver
Horace Ward Martin Tavares Silver (September 2, 1928 – June 18, 2014) was an American jazz pianist, composer, and arranger, particularly in the hard bop style that he helped pioneer in the 1950s.
After playing tenor saxophone and piano at sc ...
,
Hank Mobley,
Sir Charles Thompson, and
The Jazz Messengers
The Jazz Messengers were a jazz combo that existed for over thirty-five years beginning in the early 1950s as a collective, and ending when long-time leader and founding drummer Art Blakey died in 1990. Blakey led or co-led the group from the o ...
.
After Monk ended his public performances in the mid-1970s, he retired to de Koenigswarter's house in Weehawken, New Jersey, where he died in 1982.
She used her wealth to pay for the funerals and burial grounds for several jazz musician friends, including
Bud Powell,
Sonny Clark
Conrad Yeatis "Sonny" Clark (July 21, 1931 – January 13, 1963) was an American jazz pianist and composer who mainly worked in the hard bop idiom.
Early life
Clark was born and raised in Herminie, Pennsylvania, a coal mining town east of Pi ...
and
Coleman Hawkins
Coleman Randolph Hawkins (November 21, 1904 – May 19, 1969), nicknamed "Hawk" and sometimes "Bean", was an American jazz tenor saxophonist.Yanow, Scot"Coleman Hawkins: Artist Biography" AllMusic. Retrieved December 27, 2013. One of the first p ...
.
Dedications
There are many compositions dedicated to her: Thelonious Monk's "Pannonica",
Gigi Gryce
Gigi Gryce (born George General Grice Jr.; November 28, 1925 – March 14, 1983), later Basheer Qusim, was an American jazz saxophonist, flautist, clarinetist, composer, arranger, and educator.
While his performing career was relatively short, ...
's "
Nica's Tempo
''Nica's Tempo'' is the most common latter-day title of an album by the Gigi Gryce Orchestra and Quartet, recorded and first released in late 1955. The title track is a reference to Nica de Koenigswarter (born Kathleen Annie Pannonica Rothschild) ...
",
Sonny Clark
Conrad Yeatis "Sonny" Clark (July 21, 1931 – January 13, 1963) was an American jazz pianist and composer who mainly worked in the hard bop idiom.
Early life
Clark was born and raised in Herminie, Pennsylvania, a coal mining town east of Pi ...
's "Nica",
Horace Silver
Horace Ward Martin Tavares Silver (September 2, 1928 – June 18, 2014) was an American jazz pianist, composer, and arranger, particularly in the hard bop style that he helped pioneer in the 1950s.
After playing tenor saxophone and piano at sc ...
's "
Nica's Dream "Nica's Dream" is a jazz standard composed by Horace Silver
Horace Ward Martin Tavares Silver (September 2, 1928 – June 18, 2014) was an American jazz pianist, composer, and arranger, particularly in the hard bop style that he helped pioneer ...
",
Kenny Dorham's "Tonica",
Kenny Drew
Kenneth Sidney "Kenny" Drew (August 28, 1928 – August 4, 1993) was an American-Danish jazz pianist.
Biography
Drew was born in New York City, United States, and received piano lessons from the age of five.Feather, Leonard, & Ira Gitler ( ...
's "Blues for Nica",
Freddie Redd
Freddie Redd (May 29, 1928 – March 17, 2021) was an American hard-bop pianist and composer. He is best known for writing music to accompany '' The Connection'' (1959), a play by Jack Gelber. According to Peter Watrous, writing in ''The New Y ...
's "Nica Steps Out",
Barry Harris
Barry Doyle Harris (December 15, 1929 – December 8, 2021) was an American jazz pianist, bandleader, composer, arranger, and educator. He was an exponent of the bebop style.
Life and career
Harris was born in Detroit, Michigan, on December ...
's "Inca",
Tommy Flanagan's "Thelonica",
Frank Turner
Francis Edward Turner (born 28 December 1981), is an English punk and folk singer-songwriter from Meonstoke, Hampshire. He began his career as the vocalist of post-hardcore band Million Dead, then embarked upon a primarily acoustic-based sol ...
's "Nica" and were all named after her.
The San Francisco art rock band
Oxbow __NOTOC__
An oxbow is a U-shaped metal pole (or larger wooden frame) that fits the underside and the sides of the neck of an ox or bullock. A bow pin holds it in place.
The term " oxbow" is widely used to refer to a U-shaped meander in a rive ...
released a recording entitled "Pannonica" (unrelated to the Thelonious Monk composition) with reissues of their 1991 album ''King of the Jews''. A famous jazz club in
Nantes, France, is called "Le Pannonica".
Literature
De Koenigswarter (Nica) appears prominently in "El perseguidor", a one-hundred page story by Julio Cortázar in the book ''Las armas secretas'' (''The Secret Weapons'', 1959). The latter four stories of this book appeared in translation in the volume ''Blow-up and Other Stories'' (alternatively titled ''The End of the Game and Other Stories''); "El perseguidor", "The Pursuer", is a homage to Charlie Parker.
In October 2006, the French company Buchet Chastel published de Koenigswarter's book ''Les musiciens de jazz et leurs trois vœux'' ("The jazz musicians and their three wishes"). Compiled between 1961 and 1966, it is a book of interviews with 300 musicians who told her what their "three wishes" would be, and is accompanied by her
Polaroid photographs. The book was edited for publication by Nadine de Koenigswarter, whom Nica always introduced to people as her granddaughter but who was in fact her great-niece.
An English-language version was published in 2008 as ''Three Wishes: An Intimate Look at Jazz Greats''.
Her photographs were exhibited in 2007 at the
Rencontres d'Arles
The Rencontres d’Arles (formerly called ''Rencontres internationales de la photographie d’Arles'') is an annual summer photography festival founded in 1970 by the Arles photographer Lucien Clergue, the writer Michel Tournier and the historia ...
festival.
Media depictions
Film
Nica was played by
Diane Salinger
Diane Louise Salinger (born January 25, 1951) is an American actress. She is best known for Apollonia in ''Carnivàle
''Carnivàle'' () is an American television series set in the United States Dust Bowl during the Great Depression of the 1 ...
in the
Clint Eastwood biographical film ''
Bird
Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweig ...
'' (1988) about
Charlie "Bird" Parker. In the Eastwood-produced documentary film ''
Thelonious Monk: Straight, No Chaser'' (1988) she is seen in library footage and heard in an interview.
Television
In April 2009, a television portrait entitled ''The Jazz Baroness'', written and directed by her great-niece
Hannah Rothschild, was broadcast on the television channel
BBC Four and repeated on 19 February 2012. It was broadcast in the US by
HBO on 25 November 2009.
A radio documentary by Rothschild of Nica, ''The Jazz Baroness'', was broadcast on
BBC Radio 4
BBC Radio 4 is a British national radio station owned and operated by the BBC that replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967. It broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes, including news, drama, comedy, science and history from the BBC' ...
on 12 February 2008.
Rothschild has also written the biography detailed below.
Biographies
* Hannah Rothschild, ''The Baroness: The Search for Nica the Rebellious Rothschild'' (2012)
* David Kastin, ''Nica's Dream: The Life and Legend of the Jazz Baroness'' (2011)
References
Further reading
*Kastin, David (2006). "Nica's Story: the Life and Legend of the Jazz Baroness", ''Popular Music & Society'', Volume 29, Number 3, July 2006, pp. 279–298.
*Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh (1996), ''The Daily Telegraph Book of Obituaries: a Celebration of Eccentric Lives''. London: Pan.
*"La baronne du jazz" - La vraie vie de légende de Pannonica de Koenigswarter by Stéphane Tamaillon and Priscilla Horviller (2020, French)
External links
*
*
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Koenigswarter, Pannonica De
1913 births
1988 deaths
English Jews
Daughters of barons
People from the Upper East Side
People from Weehawken, New Jersey
Rothschild family
Charlie Parker
Thelonious Monk
English people of German-Jewish descent
English people of Hungarian-Jewish descent
Writers from London
English patrons of music
Jewish women philanthropists
British expatriates in the United States