New International Economic Order

The New International Economic Order (NIEO) is a set of proposals advocated by developing countries to end economic colonialism and dependency through a new interdependent economy. The main NIEO document recognized that the current international economic order "was established at a time when most of the developing countries did not even exist as independent states and which perpetuates inequality." In the spirit of "trade not aid," the NIEO called for changes in trade, industrialization, agricultural production, finance, and transfer of technology. The United Nations General Assembly adopted th
''Declaration for the Establishment of a New International Economic Order''
and its accompanying program of action on 1 May 1974.

History

The idea of a new international economic order emerged from the experiences of decolonization after the Second World War. Newly decolonized countries gained political sovereignty but "felt that their ''de jure'' political colonization ended only to be replaced by a ''de facto'' economic colonization." This mission to achieve a more equitable international system was motivated also by increasing inequality in the share of global national income between developed and underdeveloped countries, which more than doubled between 1938 and 1966. From its beginnings in 1964, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), along with the associated Group of 77 and the Non-Aligned Movement, was the central forum for discussions of the NIEO. Key themes of the NIEO included both sovereign equality and the right of self-determination, especially when it comes to sovereignty over natural resources. Another key theme was the need for a new commodity order through international commodity agreements and a common fund for commodity price stabilization. Restructuring international trade was also central as a means to improve developing countries' terms of trade, such as by diversifying developing economies through industrialization, integrating developing countries economies into regional free trade blocs like the Caribbean Community, reducing developed-country tariffs and other obstacles to free trade, expanding generalized trade preferences, and designing other agreements to reduce trade barriers. These proposals to restructure the international economic system also sought to reform the Bretton Woods system, which had benefited the leading states that had created it – especially the United States. This set of proposals proclaimed that facilitating the rate of economic development and market share among developing countries will fight global issues such as hunger and despair more effectively than the current focus on philanthropy and development aid. This advocacy among nations of the Non-Aligned Movement can also be understood as an extension of the decolonization movement that was present in many developing countries during that time. In this perspective, political and economic equity were perceived as a metric to measure the success of independence movements and completing the decolonization process.

In 1974, the United Nations General Assembly adopted th
''Declaration for the Establishment of a New International Economic Order''
along with its accompanying program of action and formalized this sentiment among nation states. A few months later the UN General Assembly adopted th

Since then, there have been many meetings to realize the NIEO. In 2018, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the resolution "Towards a New International Economic Order," which reaffirmed "the need to continue working towards a new international economic order based on the principles of equity, sovereign equality, interdependence, common interest, cooperation and solidarity among all States."

Principles and proposed reforms

The main principles of the NIEO are:
# The sovereign equality of all States, with non-interference in their internal affairs, their effective participation in solving world problems and the right to adopt their own economic and social systems;
# Full sovereignty of each State over its natural resources and other economic activities necessary for development, as well as regulation of transnational corporations;
# Just and equitable relationship between the price of raw materials and other goods exported by developing countries, and the prices of raw materials and other goods exported by the developed countries;
# Strengthening of bilateral and multilateral international assistance to promote industrialization in the developing countries through, in particular, the provisioning of sufficient financial resources and opportunities for transfer of appropriate techniques and technologies.

The main reforms required by the NIEO are:
# An overhaul of the rules of international trade, especially those concerning raw materials, food, the system of preferences and reciprocity, commodity agreements, transportation, and insurance.
# A reform of the international monetary system and other financing mechanisms to bring them into line with development needs.
# Both financial and technology transfer incentives and assistance for industrialization projects in developing countries. This industrialization is understood as essential for the diversification of economies, which during colonization focused on a very restricted range of raw materials.
# Promotion of cooperation among the countries of the South, with a view to greater individual and collective autonomy, broader participation and enhanced involvement in international trade. This cooperation is called Economic Cooperation among Development Countries, which replaces colonial dependence with new interrelationships among developing countries based on trade, production, and markets and builds collective self-reliance.

Legacy

The legacy of the NIEO is mixed. Parts of the NIEO were realized, such as the non-legal, non-binding ''Restrictive Business Practice Code'' adopted in 1980 and the Common Fund for Commodities, which came in force in 1989. In addition, in ''World Trade Organization'', Matsushita et al. state, "The realization of the New International Economic Order was an impetus for developing country support for the Tokyo Round of trade negotiations. Critics of the WTO continue to state that little of substance for developing countries came out of either the Tokyo or Uruguay Rounds. The adoption of the 1974 Declaration and the much more recent resolution "Towards a New International Economic Order" keeps the ideas of the NIEO visible in the policy arena.

Some judge the NIEO as a failure. For example, the failure of NIEO proposals contributed to the formulation of the "Right to Development" in 1986. From the 1980s onward, the Bretton Woods framework would be replaced with the Washington Consensus and economic globalization on terms often described as neoliberal. The economic reach of multinational corporations, rather than being circumscribed, would be expanded significantly. Trade in commodities would shift away from state-dominated cartels towards increasingly financialized markets. The formation of the World Trade Organization and the proliferation of free trade agreements would compel the reduction of barriers to trade, generally on strictly reciprocal terms.

The United States government rejected the NIEO almost immediately. Neoconservatives and libertarians criticized the NIEO and became influential in US foreign policy circles. They understood this egalitarianism as requiring authoritarian central planning to reallocate resources, which would actively threaten US global power. Regarding resource allocation mechanisms, Haggard and Simmons claimed that:
:Regimes can endorse different social mechanisms for resource allocation. A market-oriented regime supports the private allocation of resources, discourages national controls, guarantees property rights, and facilitates private contracting....At the other extreme, authoritative allocation involves the direct control of resources by regime authorities, and will demand more extensive, and potentially autonomous, organizational structures. The IMF's role in the balance-of-payments financing regime provides an example....Virtually all of the NIEO debates centered on allocation mechanisms, with the South generally favoring authoritative ones.
Economist Harry Johnson criticized the NIEO for using central planning and monopolistic power to extort transfers of income and wealth from the developed countries. In his view, commanding prices for raw materials above their natural level usually reduces consumption and thus causes unemployment among producers, and price regulation typically gives the extra income to those in control of who is allowed to produce, e.g., to governments or land-owners.The New International Economic Order
Harry G. Johnson, professor of economics, Woodward Court Lecture, 5 Oct 1976, pp. 11–12 Newly elected President Ronald Reagan took these calls for market-led foreign policy to the North–South Summit in Cancun in 1981, where, according to historian Michael Franczak, "Reagan promised the attending heads of state that private investment and free markets were the surest path to development, prosperity, and, yes, democracy."

See also

* Group of 77
* New World Information and Communication Order (New International Information Order, NIIO)
* Non-Aligned Movement
* Trade justice
* Trade Justice Movement
* United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
* Washington Consensus

References

Further reading

* Bhagwati, Jagdish N. (editor) (1977
''The New International Economic Order: The North-South Debate''
.


in the ttp://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law* International Progress Organization (1979
International Meeting of Experts on the New International Economic Order–Philosophical and Socio-cultural Implications


[https://search.rsl.ru/ru/record/01001617356 Некоторые аспекты эволюции национальной экономики государства в. системе международного экономического порядка]
* Franczak, Michael. (2022
Global Inequality and American Foreign Policy in the 1970s
Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. (Details US foreign policy response to NIEO.)
* Looney, Robert. (1999

in ''Routledge Encyclopedia of International Political Economy''.
* Murphy, Craig. (1984
Emergence of the NIEO Ideology
Boulder, Colorado: Westview.
* Pavlič, Breda and Cees J. Hamelink (1985
The New International Economic Order: Links between Economics and Communications.
UNESCO.
* Prashad, Vijay
''The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World.''
New York and London: The New Press, 2007.
* Rao, M. P. (2004
The "New International Economic Order"
* Rist, Gilbert: ''Le développement, Histoire d'une croyance occidentale'', Presses de Sciences Po, Paris, 1996. (English version
''The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith.''
London: Zed Books, 2008, Chapter 9).
* Rothstein, Robert L. (1979) Global Bargaining: UNCTAD and the Quest for a New International Economic Order Princeton: Princeton University Press. (Traces formation of UNCTAD and its role in the NIEO.)
* Ruiz-Diaz, Hugo. (September 2005
Une tribune pour les pays du Sud.
''Le Monde diplomatique''. Pages 20 and 21.
* Sattar, Zaidi
Review of ''Threat to Development: Pitfalls of the NIEO'' by William Loehr and John P. Powelson
in ''Journal of Economic Literature'' 22(1)(March 1984): 130-131.
* Sneyd, Adam. (2005
"New International Economic Order"
in ''Globalization and Autonomy Online Compendium'' edited by William D. Coleman and Nancy Johnson.

"Toward a History of the New International Economic Order,"
special issue of ''Humanity'', 6(1), 2015.

External links

Centre for Research on New International Economic Order (CReNIEO)

{{South-South

History of international development
History of international trade
Global policy organizations