In human anatomy, the neurocranium, also known as the braincase, brainpan, or brain-pan is the upper and back part of the

skull The skull is a bone protective cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of four types of bone i.e., cranial bones, facial bones, ear ossicles and hyoid bone. However two parts are more prominent: the cranium and the mandible. In humans, th ...

, which forms a protective case around the

brain A brain is an organ (biology), organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. It is located in the head, usually close to the sensory organs for senses such as Visual perception, vision. I ...

. In the human skull, the neurocranium includes the calvaria or skullcap. The remainder of the skull is the

facial skeleton The facial skeleton comprises the ''facial bones'' that may attach to build a portion of the skull. The remainder of the skull is the braincase. In human anatomy and development, the facial skeleton is sometimes called the ''membranous visceroc ...

. In

comparative anatomy Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species. It is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny (the evolution of species). The science began in the classical era, continuing in ...

, neurocranium is sometimes used synonymously with

endocranium The endocranium in comparative anatomy is a part of the skull base in vertebrates and it represents the basal, inner part of the cranium. The term is also applied to the outer layer of the dura mater in human anatomy. Structure Structurally, ...

chondrocranium The chondrocranium (or ''cartilaginous neurocranium'') is the primitive cartilaginous skeletal structure of the fetal skull that grows to envelop the rapidly growing embryonic brain.Salentijn, L. ''Biology of Mineralized Tissues: Prenatal Skull De ...

Structure

The neurocranium is divided into two portions: * the membranous part, consisting of flat bones, which surround the

; and * the cartilaginous part, or

, which forms bones of the base of the skull. In humans, the neurocranium is usually considered to include the following eight bones: * 1 ethmoid bone * 1

frontal bone The frontal bone is a bone in the human skull. The bone consists of two portions.'' Gray's Anatomy'' (1918) These are the vertically oriented squamous part, and the horizontally oriented orbital part, making up the bony part of the forehead, ...

* 1

occipital bone The occipital bone () is a cranial dermal bone and the main bone of the occiput (back and lower part of the skull). It is trapezoidal in shape and curved on itself like a shallow dish. The occipital bone overlies the occipital lobes of the cer ...

* 2

parietal bone The parietal bones () are two bones in the skull which, when joined at a fibrous joint, form the sides and roof of the cranium. In humans, each bone is roughly quadrilateral in form, and has two surfaces, four borders, and four angles. It is n ...

s * 1

sphenoid bone The sphenoid bone is an unpaired bone of the neurocranium. It is situated in the middle of the skull towards the front, in front of the basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the o ...

* 2

temporal bone The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. The temporal bones are overlaid by the sides of the head known as the temples, and house the structures of the ears. ...

s The

ossicles The ossicles (also called auditory ossicles) are three bones in either middle ear that are among the smallest bones in the human body. They serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth (cochlea). The absence of the auditor ...

(three on each side) are usually not included as bones of the neurocranium. There may variably also be extra

sutural bones Wormian bones, also known as intrasutural bones or sutural bones, are extra bone pieces that can occur within a suture (joint) in the skull. These are irregular isolated bones that can appear in addition to the usual centres of ossification of the ...

present. Below the neurocranium is a complex of openings ( foramina) and bones, including the

foramen magnum The foramen magnum ( la, great hole) is a large, oval-shaped opening in the occipital bone of the skull. It is one of the several oval or circular openings (foramina) in the base of the skull. The spinal cord, an extension of the medulla oblon ...

which houses the neural spine. The auditory bullae, located in the same region, aid in hearing.Elbroch, M. 2006. Animal skulls: A guide to North American species. Stackpole Books, pp. 20–22. The size of the neurocranium is variable among mammals. The roof may contain ridges such as the temporal crests.

Development

The neurocranium arises from paraxial mesoderm. There is also some contribution of ectomesenchyme. In Chondrichthyes and other cartilaginous vertebrates this portion of the cranium does not ossify; it is not replaced via

endochondral ossification Endochondral ossification is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system by which bone tissue is produced. Unlike intramembranous ossification, the other process by which bone tissue is produced ...

Other animals

The neurocranium is formed by the

, the lower portions of the

cranial vault The cranial vault is the space in the skull within the neurocranium, occupied by the brain. Development In humans, the cranial vault is imperfectly composed in newborns, to allow the large human head to pass through the birth canal. During bi ...

, and the

skull roof The skull roof, or the roofing bones of the skull, are a set of bones covering the brain, eyes and nostrils in bony fishes and all land-living vertebrates. The bones are derived from dermal bone and are part of the dermatocranium. In compar ...

. Evolutionarily, the human neurocranium has expanded from comprising the back part of the mammalian skull to being also the upper part: during the evolutionary expansion of the brain, the neurocranium has overgrown the splanchnocranium. The upper-frontmost part of the cranium also houses the evolutionarily newest part of the mammal brain, the frontal lobes.

Additional images

File:Neurocranium - superior view - animation03.gif, Animation without left

, showing

cranial cavity The cranial cavity, also known as intracranial space, is the space within the skull that accommodates the brain. The skull minus the mandible In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest bone in the hu ...

and inner surface of

base of skull The base of skull, also known as the cranial base or the cranial floor, is the most inferior area of the skull. It is composed of the endocranium and the lower parts of the calvaria. Structure Structures found at the base of the skull are for ...

. File:Schädelbasis1.jpg, Inner surface of

. File:703 Parts of Skull-01.jpg, Neurocranium (labeled as "Brain case") and

facial bones The facial skeleton comprises the ''facial bones'' that may attach to build a portion of the skull. The remainder of the skull is the braincase. In human anatomy and development, the facial skeleton is sometimes called the ''membranous viscerocr ...

. File:BodyParts3D Neurocranium.stl, 3D model. Click to move.

References

External links

Earliest Directly-Dated Human Skull-Cups

External links

* {{Authority control Bones of the head and neck Human anatomy

Structure

Development

Other animals

Additional images

See also

References

External links

External links