population ecology Population ecology is a sub-field of ecology that deals with the dynamics of species populations and how these populations interact with the environment, such as birth and death rates, and by immigration and emigration. The discipline is import ...

and demography, the net reproduction rate, ''R''₀, is the average number of offspring (often specifically daughters) that would be born to a female if she passed through her lifetime conforming to the age-specific fertility and mortality rates of a given year. This rate is similar to the

gross reproduction rate The gross reproduction rate (GRR) is the average number of daughters a woman would have if she survived all of her childbearing years, which is roughly to the age of 45, subject to the age-specific fertility rate and sex ratio at birth throughout t ...

but takes into account that some females will die before completing their childbearing years. An ''R''₀ of one means that each generation of mothers is having exactly enough daughters to replace themselves in the population. If the R₀ is less than one, the reproductive performance of the population is below replacement level. The ''R''₀ is particularly relevant where sex ratios at birth are significantly affected by the use of reproductive technologies, or where life expectancy is low. The current (2015–20) estimate for the R₀ worldwide under the UN's medium variant model is 1.09 daughters per woman.

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Net reproduction rate (daughters per woman)

UNdata UNdata is an Internet search engine, retrieving data series from statistical databases provided by the UN System. UNdata was launched in February 2008. It is a product of the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) developed in partnership with ...

. Human geography Fertility Demographic economics Rates Population ecology {{statistics-stub

See also

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