Oligacanthorhynchida is an order containing a single

parasitic worm Parasitic worms, also known as helminths, are large macroparasites; adults can generally be seen with the naked eye. Many are intestinal worms that are soil-transmitted and infect the gastrointestinal tract. Other parasitic worms such as sc ...

family, Oligacanthorhynchidae, that attach themselves to the intestinal wall of terrestrial

vertebrates Vertebrates () comprise all animal taxa within the subphylum Vertebrata () (chordates with backbones), including all mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Vertebrates represent the overwhelming majority of the phylum Chordata, with ...

Taxonomy and description

Species

''Oligacanthorhynchida'' contains twelve genera and numerous species.

Cucullanorhynchus

The genus ''Cucullanorhynchus'' Amin, Ha and Heckmann, 2008 is named for the anterior hood. It was described in 2008 based on samples collected from the intestines of mammals between 1998 and 2004 in Vietnam. *''Cucullanorhynchus constrictruncatus'' Amin, Ha and Heckmann, 2008 ''C. constrictruncatus'' is the only species in the genus ''Cucullanorhynchus''. It has been found in the intestine of the

leopard The leopard (''Panthera pardus'') is one of the five extant species in the genus '' Panthera'', a member of the cat family, Felidae. It occurs in a wide range in sub-Saharan Africa, in some parts of Western and Central Asia, Southern Russia, ...

(''Panthera pardus'') in

Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making ...

. The trunk has an anterior hood in both sexes and a posterior constriction in females. The species name derives from this constriction near the posterior end of females.

Heptamegacanthus

The genus ''Heptamegacanthus'' Spencer-Jones, 1990 contains 1 species. *''Heptamegacanthus niekerki'' Spencer-Jones, 1990 ''H. niekerki'' is a parasite of the

giant golden mole The giant golden mole (''Chrysospalax trevelyani'') is a small mammal found in Africa. At in length, it is the largest of the golden mole species. The mole has dark, glossy brown fur; the name ''golden'' comes from the Greek word for green-gold, ...

(''Chrysospalax trevelyani'') found in South-East

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

Macracanthorhynchus

The genus ''Macracanthorhynchus'' Travassos, 1917 contains many species. *''Macracanthorhynchus catulinus'' Kostylev, 1927 *''Macracanthorhynchus erinacei'' Dollfus, 1953 *''Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus'' (Pallas, 1781) ''M. hirudinaceus'' is a

parasite Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life. The entomologist E. O. Wilson h ...

which lives in the

intestine The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans an ...

s of pigs and other suids, and very occasionally in

human Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, cultu ...

s or dogs. It causes

enteritis Enteritis is inflammation of the small intestine. It is most commonly caused by food or drink contaminated with pathogenic microbes,Dugdale, David C., IIII, and George F Longretc"Enteritis" MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia, 18 October 2008. Access ...

gastritis Gastritis is inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It may occur as a short episode or may be of a long duration. There may be no symptoms but, when symptoms are present, the most common is upper abdominal pain (see dyspepsia). Other possi ...

peritonitis Peritonitis is inflammation of the localized or generalized peritoneum, the lining of the inner wall of the abdomen and cover of the abdominal organs. Symptoms may include severe pain, swelling of the abdomen, fever, or weight loss. One part o ...

. Its life cycle includes

beetle Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 describ ...

s of the genus '' Melolontha'' as

intermediate host In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist ''guest'' ( symbiont). The guest is typically provided with nourishment and shelter. Examples include ...

s. This species has many synonyms which include: ''Echinorhynchus gigas'' (Block, 1782), ''Macracanthorhynchus gigas'' (Block, 1782), ''Echinorhynchus hirundinacea'' (Palas, 1781), ''Gigantorhynchus hirundinaceus'' (Pallas, 1781), ''Gigantorhynchus gigas'' (Block, 1782), ''Hormorhynchus gigas'' (Block, 1782), ''Taenia haeruca'' (Pallas, 1776), and ''Taenia hirundinaceus'' (Pallas, 1781) The complete mitochondrial genome of ''M. hirudinaceus'' has been sequenced. The eggs have 4 membranes are 98 um long and have an elongation ratio of 1.85.Pfenning, A. C. (2017). Egg morphology, dispersal, and transmission in acanthocephalan parasites: integrating phylogenetic and ecological approaches.Url=https://via.library.depaul.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1273&context=csh_etd *''Macracanthorhynchus ingens'' (

Linstow Linstow or von Linstow may refer to: * Linstow AS, one of the largest companies of Norway * Dobbin-Linstow, a municipality in the Rostock district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany * Hans Linstow (1787–1851), a Danish-born, Norwegian archite ...

, 1879) The eggs have 3 membranes are 94 um long and have an elongation ratio of 1.66. It parasitizes the

raccoon The raccoon ( or , ''Procyon lotor''), sometimes called the common raccoon to distinguish it from other species, is a mammal native to North America. It is the largest of the procyonid family, having a body length of , and a body weight of ...

(''Procyon lotor'') in the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country Continental United States, primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., ...

Multisentis

The genus ''Multisentis'' Smales, 1997 contains 1 species. * ''Multisentis myrmecobius'' Smales, 1997

Neoncicola

The genus ''Neoncicola'' Schmidt, 1972 contains several species. *''Neoncicola artibei'' Smales, 2007 ''N. artibei'' was found infesting the great fruit-eating bat (''Artibeus lituratus'') in

Paraguay Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavakuairetã Paraguái, links=si), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to t ...

. *''Neoncicola avicola'' (Travossos, 1917) *''Neoncicola bursata'' (Meyer, 1931) *''Neoncicola curvata'' (

, 1897) *''Neoncicola novellae'' (Parona, 1890) *''Neoncicola pintoi'' (Machado, 1950) *''Neoncicola potosi'' (Machado, 1950) *''Neoncicola sinensis'' Schmidt and Dunn, 1974 *''Neoncicola skrjabini'' (Morosow, 1951)

Nephridiacanthus

The genus ''Nephridiacanthus'' Meyer, 1931 contains several species. *''Nephridiacanthus gerberi'' Baer, 1959 *''Nephridiacanthus kamerunensis'' Meyer, 1931 *''Nephridiacanthus longissimus'' Golvan, 1962 *''Nephridiacanthus major'' (Bremser, 1811) ''N. major'' has been found infesting the long-eared hedgehog (''Hemiechinus auritus'') and the

southern white-breasted hedgehog The southern white-breasted hedgehog (''Erinaceus concolor''), sometimes referred to as white-bellied hedgehog or white-chested hedgehog, is a hedgehog native to Eastern Europe and Southwestern Asia. Description It is very similar in lifestyle an ...

(''Erinaceus concolor'') in

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwee ...

Morocco Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to A ...

central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes the fo ...

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning the North Africa, northeast corner of Africa and Western Asia, southwest corner of Asia via a land bridg ...

Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...

Tajikistan Tajikistan (, ; tg, Тоҷикистон, Tojikiston; russian: Таджикистан, Tadzhikistan), officially the Republic of Tajikistan ( tg, Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Jumhurii Tojikiston), is a landlocked country in Centr ...

Lebanon Lebanon ( , ar, لُبْنَان, translit=lubnān, ), officially the Republic of Lebanon () or the Lebanese Republic, is a country in Western Asia. It is located between Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus lie ...

Sicily (man) it, Siciliana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = Ethnicity , demographics1_footnotes = , demographi ...

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

Nigeria Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf o ...

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula ...

and

Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million ...

. Phylogenetic analysis has been done on the small subunit ribosomal DNA and cytochrome c genes, and have determined that it belongs to the family Oligacanthorhynchidae. *''Nephridiacanthus manisensis'' Meyer, 1931 *''Nephridiacanthus maroccanus'' Dollfus, 1951 *''Nephridiacanthus palawanensis'' (Tubangui and Masiluñgan, 1938) *''Nephridiacanthus thapari'' (Sen and Chauhan, 1972)

Oligacanthorhynchus

The genus ''Oligacanthorhynchus'' Travassos, 1915 contains numerous species. The trunk is cylindrical and smooth or irregularly ringed. The

proboscis A proboscis () is an elongated appendage from the head of an animal, either a vertebrate or an invertebrate. In invertebrates, the term usually refers to tubular mouthparts used for feeding and sucking. In vertebrates, a proboscis is an elong ...

is generally globular being somewhat longer than it is wide and has stout hooks in left handed spiral rows, with their point obliquely cut and their root produced forwards. The proboscis receptacle consists of a thick inner wall i inserted into inside of proboscis which is shrinks along the ventral side, and a thinner outer wall inserted at base of neck. A series of intercommunicating spaces branching from two median main vessels and numerous longitudinal and circular

anastomoses An anastomosis (, plural anastomoses) is a connection or opening between two things (especially cavities or passages) that are normally diverging or branching, such as between blood vessels, leaf veins, or streams. Such a connection may be norm ...

in the

hypodermis The subcutaneous tissue (), also called the hypodermis, hypoderm (), subcutis, superficial fascia, is the lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. The types of cells found in the layer are fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macro ...

form the lacunar system. Protonephridia are present. The lemnisci are

filiform Filiform, thread or filament like, can refer to: * Filiform, a common term used in botany to describe a thread-like shape *Filiform, or filiform catheter, a medical device whose component parts or segments are all cylindrical and more or less un ...

with a central canal and numerous nuclei. In the far posterior of the male, there are testes and eight cement glands used to temporarily close the posterior end of the female after copulation.Rabie, S. A., AbdEl-Latif, M. E. D. Z., Mohamed, N. I., & El-Hussin, O. F. A. Description of Some Acanthocephalan Species from Some Reptiles in Qena Governorate. url=http://www.aun.edu.eg/uploaded_full_txt/27206_full_txt.pdf The eggs are almost spherical with shells that are radially

striated Striations means a series of ridges, furrows or linear marks, and is used in several ways: * Glacial striation * Striation (fatigue), in material * Striation (geology), a ''striation'' as a result of a geological fault * Striation Valley, in ...

. Hosts include birds with snakes being the

s. *''Oligacanthorhynchus aenigma'' (Reichensperger, 1922) *''Oligacanthorhynchus atratus'' (Meyer, 1931) *''Oligacanthorhynchus bangalorensis'' (Pujatti, 1951) *''Oligacanthorhynchus carinii'' (Travassos, 1917) ''O. carinii'' was found infesting the southern three-banded armadillo (''Tolypeutes matacus'') in

. *''Oligacanthorhynchus cati'' (Gupta and Lata, 1967) *''Oligacanthorhynchus circumplexus'' (Molin, 1858) *''Oligacanthorhynchus citilli'' (Rudolphi, 1806) *''Oligacanthorhynchus compressus'' (Rudolphi, 1802) *''Oligacanthorhynchus decrescens'' (Meyer, 1931) *''Oligacanthorhynchus erinacei'' (Rudolphi, 1793) *''Oligacanthorhynchus hamatus'' ( von Linstow, 1897) *''Oligacanthorhynchus iheringi'' Travassos, 1917 *''Oligacanthorhynchus indicus'' Rengaraju and Das, 1981 *''Oligacanthorhynchus kamerunensis'' (Meyer, 1931) *''Oligacanthorhynchus kamtschaticus'' Hokhlova, 1966 *''Oligacanthorhynchus lagenaeformis'' (Westrumb, 1821) *''Oligacanthorhynchus lamasi'' (Freitas and Costa, 1964) *''Oligacanthorhynchus lerouxi'' (Bisseru, 1956) *''Oligacanthorhynchus major'' (Machado-Filho, 1963) *''Oligacanthorhynchus manifestus'' (Leidy, 1851) *''Oligacanthorhynchus mariemily'' (Tadros, 1969) *''Oligacanthorhynchus microcephala'' (Rudolphi, 1819) *''Oligacanthorhynchus minor'' Machado-Filho, 1964 *''Oligacanthorhynchus oligacanthus'' (Rudolphi, 1819) *''Oligacanthorhynchus oti'' Machado-Filho, 1964 *''Oligacanthorhynchus pardalis'' (Westrumb, 1821) The eggs are 58 um long and have an elongation ratio of 1.45. *''Oligacanthorhynchus ricinoides'' (Rudolphi, 1808) ''O. ricinoides'' was found inside the body cavity of 0.68% of the African five-lined skink (''Trachylepis quinquetaeniata'' reported as ''Mabuya quinquetaeniata'') sampled in the

Qena Governorate Qena Governorate is one of the governorates of Egypt. Located in the southern part of the country, it covers a stretch of the Nile valley. Its capital is the city of Qena. Overview The rate of poverty is more than 60% in this governorate but re ...

. The worm is cylindrical and white. The wall of the body consists of a thin

cuticle A cuticle (), or cuticula, is any of a variety of tough but flexible, non-mineral outer coverings of an organism, or parts of an organism, that provide protection. Various types of "cuticle" are non- homologous, differing in their origin, structu ...

over a syncytical

. The

is cylindrical and contains recurved sclerotized hooks. The trunk measures 1.9–3.1 mm long by 0.56–0.77 mm wide in the female and 1.9–2.99 mm. in length and 0.58–0.98 mm in width in the much smaller male. A series of intercommunicating spaces branching from two median main vessels and numerous longitudinal and circular

in the

form the lacunar system. The proboscis receptacle is inserted in the inner side of proboscis. The lemnisci are

with a central canal and numerous nuclei. The testes are located in the mid-region of the body and each measure 0.14–0.15 mm long by 0.10–0.11 mm wide. *''Oligacanthorhynchus shillongensis'' (Sen and Chauhan, 1972) *''Oligacanthorhynchus spira'' (Diesing, 1851) *''Oligacanthorhynchus taenioides'' (Diesing, 1851) *''Oligacanthorhynchus thumbi'' Haffner, 1939 *''Oligacanthorhynchus tortuosa'' (Leidy, 1850) *''Oligacanthorhynchus tumidus'' (Van Cleve, 1947)

Oncicola

The genus ''Oncicola'' Travassos, 1916 contains many species. *''Oncicola campanulata'' (Diesing, 1851) *''Oncicola canis'' (Kaupp, 1909) ''O. canis'' was found infesting the

Red fox The red fox (''Vulpes vulpes'') is the largest of the true foxes and one of the most widely distributed members of the Order (biology), order Carnivora, being present across the entire Northern Hemisphere including most of North America, Europe ...

(''Vulpes vulpes'') in

. *''Oncicola chibigouzouensis'' Machado-Filho, 1963 *''Oncicola confusa'' (Machado-Filho, 1950) *''Oncicola dimorpha'' Meyer, 1931 *''Oncicola freitasi'' (Machado-Filho, 1950) *''Oncicola gigas'' Meyer, 1931 *''Oncicola justatesticularis'' (Machado-Filho, 1950) *''Oncicola luehei'' (Travassos, 1917) The complete mitochondrial genome of ''O. luehei'' has been sequenced. *''Oncicola machadoi'' Schmidt, 1917 *''Oncicola macrurae'' Meyer, 1931 *''Oncicola magalhaesi'' Machado-Filho, 1962 *''Oncicola malayanus'' Toumanoff, 1947 *''Oncicola martini'' Schmidt, 1977 *''Oncicola michaelseni'' Meyer, 1932 *''Oncicola micracantha'' Machado-Filho, 1949 *''Oncicola oncicola'' (von Ihering, 1892) *''Oncicola paracampanulata Machado-Filho, 1963 *''Oncicola pomatostomi'' (Johnston and Cleland, 1912) *''Oncicola schacheri'' Schmidt, 1972 ''O. schacheri'' is named after the collector of the samples Dr. John F. Schacher. It was found in the small intestines of around 20% of foxes (''

Vulpes vulpes The red fox (''Vulpes vulpes'') is the largest of the true foxes and one of the most widely distributed members of the order Carnivora, being present across the entire Northern Hemisphere including most of North America, Europe and Asia, plus ...

'', ''palestina'' subspecies) and juveniles were also found in the mesentaries of a badger (''Meles meles'') and are considered incidental hosts. All samples were collected in

. There is no marked sexual dimorphism apart from a small size difference: males were between 30.0 and 39.0 mm long and females were 39.0 to 44.0 mm long. There are twelve regularly alternative longitudinal rows of 3 hooks each. The hooks vary in size between 95 and 210 microns. *''Oncicola signoides'' (Meyer, 1932) *''Oncicola spirula'' (Olferas, 1819) South American species that is common in captive primates. *''Oncicola travassosi'' Witenberg, 1938 *''Oncicola venezuelensis'' Marteau, 1977 This species was described by a sample infecting the intestine of the

ocelot The ocelot (''Leopardus pardalis'') is a medium-sized spotted wild cat that reaches at the shoulders and weighs between on average. It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. Two subspecies are recognized. It is native to the southwe ...

(''Leopardus pardalis'') in

Venezuela Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...

, where it gets its name. It differs from other species of the genus mainly by its longer lemnisci which have six nuclei. There is no sexual dimorphism, with males ranging in length from 13.5 to 14.4 mm (without proboscis) and 2 mm maximum width and females ranging in length from 15 to 16 mm (also without proboscis) with a maximum width of 1.9 to 2.2 mm. Cystacanths of ''O. venezuelensis'' are present in the hemocoel of Caribbean termites (''

Nasutitermes acajutlae ''Nasutitermes'' is a genus of termites with a tropical distribution world-wide. Species The ''Termite Catalogue'' lists the following: # ''Nasutitermes acajutlae'' # ''Nasutitermes acangussu'' # ''Nasutitermes acutus'' # ''Nasutitermes adun ...

'') from St. Thomas and St. John islands in the U.S. Virgin Islands as an intermediate host. Cystacanths were present in Other intermediate hosts including in subcutaneous nodules of lizards ('' Anolis cristatellus'' and ''

Anolis stratulus ''Anolis stratulus'' is a moderately-sized species of anole () (family Dactyloidae) found in Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands. It is a gray-colored lizard spotted with brown markings. It is arboreal, ...

''), in the greater omentum of small Indian mongooses ('' Urva auropunctata''), and embedded in mesenteries of pearly-eyed thrashers (''Margarops fuscatus''). The host from the U.S Virgin Islands is yet to be determined.

Pachysentis

The genus ''Pachysentis'' Meyer, 1931 contains ten species.full key to species here: https://link.springer.com/article/10.2478/s11686-019-00080-6 Generally, they look identical to ''Oncicola'' apart from the number of hooks on the proboscis. Species of ''Oncicola'' have 36 or less hooks whereas species of ''Pachysentis'' have more. Specifically, the

is not quite spherical and contains 42 to 102 hooks arranged into 12 longitudinal rows 3 to 12 hooks each. The rows may be regularly or irregularly alternating and straight or crooked. Hooks have tips with or without barbs, and the larger hooks with complex manubria and roots with the remaining spines being rootless. The trunk is fairly wide relative to the length with the anterior half usually wider than the posterior half. The testes are in tandem with at least one located before the middle of the worm. There are eight cement glands compactly arranged each with single giant nucleus used to temporarily close the posterior end of the female after copulation. The eggs have a sculptured outer membrane. Hosts include

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

ian or

ian carnivores. Species can be distinguished based on the number and arrangements of proboscis hooks, whether these hooks are barbed, the arrangement of the cement glands, host, and the length of lemnisci. *''Pachysentis angolensis'' (Golvan, 1957) *''Pachysentis canicola'' Meyer, 1931 *''Pachysentis dollfusi'' (Machado-Filho, 1950) *''Pachysentis ehrenbergi'' Meyer, 1931 *''Pachysentis gethi'' (Machado-Filho, 1950) *''Pachysentis lenti'' (Machado-Filho, 1950) *''Pachysentis procumbens'' Meyer, 1931 *''Pachysentis procyonis'' (Machado-Filho, 1950) *''Pachysentis rugosus'' (Machado-Filho, 1950) *''Pachysentis septemserialis'' (Machado-Filho, 1950)

Paraprosthenorchis

''Paraprosthenorchis'' Amin, Ha and Heckmann, 2008 have a trunk over 200 mm long, ornate proboscis with three non-barbed hooks in each of 16 rows. They have simple hook roots without manubria, and a large oblong horizontally posterior hook base. There are about 35 festoons. Protonephridia are gill-like and capsular. Gonopore is terminal. The primary host are Manidae in

with ants and

termites Termites are small insects that live in colonies and have distinct castes ( eusocial) and feed on wood or other dead plant matter. Termites comprise the infraorder Isoptera, or alternatively the epifamily Termitoidae, within the order Blat ...

as intermediate hosts. This genus is named for its nearest oligacanthorhynchid genus, ''Prosthenorchis''. *''Paraprosthenorchis ornatus'' Amin, Ha and Heckmann, 2008 ''P. ornatus'' has been found in the intestine of the

Chinese pangolin The Chinese pangolin (''Manis pentadactyla'') is a pangolin native to the northern Indian subcontinent, northern parts of Southeast Asia and southern China. It has been listed as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 2014, as the ...

(''Manis pentadactyla'') collected from the Hanoi Zoological Park,

. The anterior trunk has many small festoons and proboscis hooks are inserted in elevated papillae separated by beady, near hexagonal, ornate grids. The species is named for its uniquely ornate proboscis.

Prosthenorchis

''Prosthenorchis'' Travassos, 1915 have a trunk up to 50 mm long, a proboscis that is not ornate with three barbed hooks in each of 12 rows. They have complex hook roots with large manubria, and a small discoid posterior hook base. There are up to 23 festoons. Gonopore is subterminal. The primary host are primates in South America and Felidae in Africa with cockroaches and

beetles Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 describe ...

as intermediate hosts. *''Prosthenorchis elegans'' (Diesing, 1851) *''Prosthenorchis fraterna'' (Baer, 1959) *''Prosthenorchis lemuri'' Machado-Filho, 1950 *''Prosthenorchis sinicus'' Hu-Jiand, 1990

Tchadorhynchus

The genus ''Tchadorhynchus'' Troncy, 1970 was erected as the single species contained within differs from related Oligacanthorhynchidae genera by morphological features of bot the adult and embryo as well as the group of hosts, hyenas, the worms parasitize. *''Tchadorhynchus quentini'' Troncy, 1970Troncy, P. M. (1970). A contribution to the study of helminths in Africa, mainly Chad. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 41(6), 1487-1511. ''T. quentini'' was found parasitizing the striped hyena (''Hyaena hyaena'') and the

spotted hyena The spotted hyena (''Crocuta crocuta''), also known as the laughing hyena, is a hyena species, currently classed as the sole extant member of the genus ''Crocuta'', native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is listed as being of least concern by the IUC ...

(''Crocuta crocuta'')in

Chad Chad (; ar, تشاد , ; french: Tchad, ), officially the Republic of Chad, '; ) is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic ...

Hosts

''Oligacanthorhynchidae'' species parasitize mammals with insect and lizard intermediate hosts. File:Leopard africa.jpg, The

is a host of ''Cucullanorhynchus constrictruncatus'' File:Vulpes vulpes at Eshel HaNasi3, israel.jpg, '' Oncicola schacheri'' was found parasitizing the Palestinian subspecies of the

red fox The red fox (''Vulpes vulpes'') is the largest of the true foxes and one of the most widely distributed members of the Order (biology), order Carnivora, being present across the entire Northern Hemisphere including most of North America, Europe ...

File:Manis pentadactyla (29054818144).jpg, alt=Chinese pangolin in grass, The

is a host of ''Paraprosthenorchis ornatus''

Notes

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q1806420 Acanthocephala families Archiacanthocephala