Nepenthes ampullaria

''Nepenthes ampullaria'' (; Latin ''ampulla'' meaning "flask") is a very distinctive and widespread species of tropical pitcher plant, present in Borneo, the Maluku Islands, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, and Thailand.McPherson, S.R. 2009. ''Pitcher Plants of the Old World''. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. Catalano, M. 2010. '' Nepenthes della Thailandia: Diario di viaggio''. Prague.McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. '' Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia and Indochina''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.

''Nepenthes ampullaria'', unlike other members of its genus, has evolved away from carnivory and the plants are partly detritivores, collecting and digesting falling leaf litter in their pitchers.Moran, J.A., C.M. Clarke & B.J. Hawkins 2003. From carnivore to detritivore? Isotopic evidence for leaf litter utilization by the tropical pitcher plant ''Nepenthes ampullaria''. ''International Journal of Plant Sciences'' 164(4): 635–639. Pavlovič, A., Ľ. Slováková & J. Šantrůček 2011. Nutritional benefit from leaf litter utilization in the pitcher plant ''Nepenthes ampullaria''. ''Plant, Cell & Environment'' 34(11): 1865–1873.

In the 1996 book '' Pitcher-Plants of Borneo'', ''N. ampullaria'' is given the vernacular name flask-shaped pitcher-plant.Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. '' Pitcher-Plants of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. This name, along with all others, was dropped from the much-expanded second edition, published in 2008.Phillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. '' Pitcher Plants of Borneo''. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

Description

Due to its unique pitcher morphology and unusual growth habit, it is difficult to confuse ''N. ampullaria'' with any other species in the genus. Francis Ernest Lloyd translated Troll's 1932 account of this species as follows:Lloyd, F.E. 1942. ''The Carnivorous Plants''. Chronica Botanica 9. Ronald Press Company, New York, U.S.A. xvi + 352 pp.

"I came across ''N. ampullaria'' among the massive vegetations of a swamp-forest on the island of Siberut off the west coast of Sumatra. It was a fabulous, unforgettable sight. Everywhere, through the network of lianas the peculiarly-formed pitchers of this species gleamed forth, often in tight clusters and, most remarkably, the muddy moss-overgrown soil was spotted with the pitchers of this plant, so that one got the impression of a carpet."

The stem of ''N. ampullaria'' is light brown in colour and may climb to 15 m in height. Leaves are light green, up to 25 cm long, and 6 cm wide. Pitchers are produced at the ends of short tendrils no more than 15 cm long.

The urceolate pitchers are generally quite small, rarely exceeding 10 cm in height and 7 cm in width. The peristome is greatly incurved, with the inner section accounting for around 85% of its total cross-sectional surface length.Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plants. ''Journal of Evolutionary Biology'' 25(1): 90–102. Upper pitchers are very rarely produced and are considerably smaller than those formed on rosettes or offshoots. Pitchers range in colouration from light green throughout to completely dark red, with many intermediate forms recorded. The pitchers of ''N. ampullaria'' from Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia are almost exclusively green throughout or green with red speckles; the red forms are mostly confined to Borneo. A large-pitchered form has been recorded from New Guinea.

The inflorescence of ''N. ampullaria'' is a dense panicle. It is the only ''Nepenthes'' species recorded from Sumatra or Peninsular Malaysia that produces paniculate inflorescences.

All parts of the plant are densely covered with short, brown hairs when young. The indumentum of mature plants is more sparse, except on the inflorescenes.

Distribution and habitat

One of the most widespread ''Nepenthes'' species, ''N. ampullaria'' is native to Borneo, the Maluku Islands, New Guinea, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, and Thailand. It has also been recorded from many smaller islands, including Bangka, Bengkalis, Ko Lanta, Ko Tarutao, Langkawi, Mendol, the Mentawai Islands ( Siberut), the Meranti Islands (Padang, Rangsang, Tebing Tinggi), Nias, Penang, the Riau Islands (Lingga Islands, Natuna Islands, Mansur, M. 2012. Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna. iversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island.''Berita Biologi'' 11(1): 33–42
Abstract
Riau Archipelago), and Rupat.Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: ''Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.

''Nepenthes ampullaria'' generally grows in damp, shady forest from sea-level to 2100 m altitude.Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae). ''Blumea'' 42(1): 1–106. In Borneo, it occurs usually on relatively flat terrain in ''kerangas'' forest, peat swamp forest, and degraded swamp forest, at elevations of 0 to 1000 m.Clarke, C.M. 1997. '' Nepenthes of Borneo''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

In Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, it grows from sea-level to 1100 m altitude on flat terrain in heath forest, ''padang'' (meaning "field" in Malay), '' belukar'', peat swamp forest, degraded swamp forest, and in padi fields.Clarke, C.M. 2001. ''Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

In New Guinea, it is predominantly present in '' Araucaria'' forests. The species has also been recorded from secondary forests, open microphyllous vegetation, and swamp grassland.

Carnivory

''Nepenthes ampullaria'' has largely moved away from carnivory and acquires a substantial portion of its nutrients from digesting leaf matter that falls to the forest floor. It is thus partially detritivorous.

The species has developed several unique traits as a consequence of its adaptation to trapping leaf litter:

* It is one of the few species in the genus to lack "lunate" cells in its pitchers.Moran, J.A., B.J. Hawkins, B.E. Gowen & S.L. Robbins 2010. Ion fluxes across the pitcher walls of three Bornean ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plant species: flux rates and gland distribution patterns reflect nitrogen sequestration strategies. ''Journal of Experimental Botany'' 61(5): 1365–1374. These are modified stomatal guard cells which, it is thought, deny prey a foothold in the pitcher.
* The pitcher lid is atypical, being very small and reflexed, such that leaf litter is allowed to fall directly into the pitcher.
* Nectar glands, which play an important role in prey capture, are very rare and in some cases completely absent from the pitcher lid.
* The marginal glands of the peristome are greatly reduced compared to those of other species.
* In terrestrial pitchers, the glandular region extends almost to the peristome, such that there is little or no conductive waxy zone. The waxy zone functions by causing prey to slip and fall into the digestive fluid.
* The plant's architecture, consisting of subsurface runners and offshoots, is unusual for the genus. The species often forms a "carpet" of pitchers covering the soil. This serves to maximise the area over which falling debris may be intercepted.
* The pitchers of ''N. ampullaria'' are relatively long-lived, as the species relies on a slow accumulation of nutrients over time.
* It is thought that infaunal organisms, such as mosquito larvae, facilitate breakdown of leaf litter and aid in the transfer of nitrogen from it to the plant by means of the excretion of ammonium ions. Bacterial breakdown of leaf matter is also known to produce ammonium ions.

It has been shown that foliar stable nitrogen isotope ( ¹⁵N) abundance in ''N. ampullaria'' plants growing under forest canopy (litterfall present) is significantly lower than in plants without access to litterfall. Conversely, total nitrogen concentrations are higher in these plants compared to those growing in open sites with no litterfall. A 2003 study estimated that ''N. ampullaria'' plants growing under forest canopy derive 35.7% (±0.1%) of their foliar nitrogen from leaf litter. A 2011 study found that ''N. ampullaria'' derives 41.7% (±5.5%) of its laminar nitrogen and 54.8% (±7.0%) of its pitcher nitrogen from leaf litter, and showed that detritivory increased the rate of net photosynthesis in the laminae.

Pitcher infauna

At least 59 infaunal species have been recorded from the pitchers of ''N. ampullaria''. Among these are one of the smallest known species of Old World frog, '' Microhyla nepenthicola'', and the crab spider, '' Misumenops nepenthicola''. The bacterial communities found in the pitchers of this species have also been studied.

Infraspecific taxa

The most recently described variety, ''N. ampullaria'' var. ''racemosa'', occurs in Sarawak and has a racemose inflorescence. B. H. Danser considered the other varieties to be unimportant. A complete list of published varietal names includes:Schlauer, J.
''Nepenthes ampullaria''
Carnivorous Plant Database.

*''N. ampullacea'' var. ''picta'' Hort.Parker ''ex'' Rafarin (1869)
*''N. ampullacea'' var. ''vittata'' Hort.Van Houtte ''ex'' Rafarin (1869)
*''N. ampullaria'' var. ''geelvinkiana'' Becc. (1886)
*''N. ampullaria'' var. ''guttata'' D.Moore (1872)
*''N. ampullaria'' var. ''longicarpa'' Becc. (1886)
*''N. ampullaria'' var. ''microsepala'' Macfarl. (1911)
*''N. ampullaria'' var. ''papuana'' Becc. ''in sched.'' '' nom.nud.''

*''N. ampullaria'' var. ''racemosa'' J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1990)
*''N. ampullaria'' var. ''viridis'' Hort. ''ex'' Teijsm. (1859) '' nom.nud.''

*''N. ampullaria'' var. ''vittata-major'' Mast. (1872)

Natural hybrids

''N. ampullaria'' flowers once or twice annually for several weeks at a time. Its flowering period often coincides with those of other ''Nepenthes'' species; consequently, it readily forms natural hybrids. The following natural hybrids involving ''N. ampullaria'' have been recorded.

*'' N. albomarginata'' × ''N. ampullaria''
*''N. ampullaria'' × '' N. bicalcarata''
*''N. ampullaria'' × '' N. eustachya''
*''N. ampullaria'' × '' N. gracilis'' N._×_trichocarpa''.html" ;"title="Nepenthes × trichocarpa">N. × trichocarpa''">Nepenthes × trichocarpa">N. × trichocarpa''ref name=Clarke1997 />
*(''N. ampullaria'' × '' N. gracilis'') × '' N. bicalcarata'' N. × trichocarpa'' × '' N. bicalcarata'']
*''N. ampullaria'' × ''Nepenthes hemsleyana, N. hemsleyana''Scharmann, M. & T.U. Grafe 2013. Reinstatement of ''Nepenthes hemsleyana'' (Nepenthaceae), an endemic pitcher plant from Borneo, with a discussion of associated ''Nepenthes'' taxa. ''Blumea'' 58(1): 8–12.
*''N. ampullaria'' × '' N. hirsuta''
*''N. ampullaria'' × '' N. mirabilis'' N._×_kuchingensis'',_''Nepenthes_cutinensis''.html" ;"title="Nepenthes × kuchingensis">N. × kuchingensis'', ''Nepenthes cutinensis''">Nepenthes × kuchingensis">N. × kuchingensis'', ''Nepenthes cutinensis''ref name=Clarke1997 />
*''N. ampullaria'' × '' N. neoguineensis''
*''N. ampullaria'' × '' N. rafflesiana'' N._×_hookeriana''.html" ;"title="Nepenthes × hookeriana">N. × hookeriana''">Nepenthes × hookeriana">N. × hookeriana''ref name=Clarke1997 />
*? (''N. ampullaria'' × '' N. rafflesiana'') × '' N. mirabilis'' N. × hookeriana'' × '' N. mirabilis'']
*''N. ampullaria'' × ''Nepenthes reinwardtiana, N. reinwardtiana''
*''N. ampullaria'' × ''Nepenthes spathulata, N. spathulata'' Akhriadi, P. 2007
Kajian taksonomi hibrid alami ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae) di Kerinci
. Working paper, Andalas University, Padang
Abstract

*''N. ampullaria'' × '' N. tobaica''

Image:Nampullariaeustachya2.jpg, ? ''N. ampullaria'' × ''N. eustachya''
Image:Ntrichocarpa1.jpg, ''N. ampullaria'' × ''N. gracilis''
File:Nepenthes ampullaria x mirabilis.jpg, ''N. ampullaria'' × ''N. mirabilis''
Image:Nepampneo1.jpg, ''N. ampullaria'' × ''N. neoguineensis''
Image:N.hookerianaWhite3.jpg, ''N. ampullaria'' × ''N. rafflesiana''

References

Further reading

* nonymous1881
Messrs. Veitch's ''Nepenthes''-house.
''The Gardeners' Chronicle'', new series, 16(410): 598–599.
* nonymous1883
Mr. A. E. Ratcliff's ''Nepenthes''
''The Gardeners' Chronicle'' 20(497): 18–19.
* Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992
The ecology and distribution of Bornean ''Nepenthes''.
''Journal of Tropical Forest Science'' 5(1): 13–25.
* Adam, J.H. 1997
Prey spectra of Bornean ''Nepenthes'' species (Nepenthaceae) in relation to their habitat.
''Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science'' 20(2–3): 121–134.
* Adam, J.H. & C.C. Wilcock 1999
Palynological study of Bornean ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae).
''Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science'' 22(1): 1–7.
* Adam, J.H., J.N. Maisarah, A.T.S. Norhafizah, A.H. Hafiza, M.Y. Harun & O.A. Rahim ''et al.'' 2009. Ciri Tanih Pada Habitat ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae) di Padang Tujuh, Taman Negeri Endau-Rompin Pahang. oil Properties in ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae) Habitat at Padang Tujuh, Endau-Rompin State Park, Pahang.In: J.H. Adam, G.M. Barzani & S. Zaini (eds.) ''Bio-Kejuruteraan and Kelestarian Ekosistem''. 'Bio-Engineering and Sustainable Ecosystem''.Kumpulan Penyelidikan Kesihatan Persekitaran, Pusat Penyelidikan Bukit Fraser and Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia. pp. 147–157.
* André, E. 1877
''Nepenthes ampullaria'', Jack. ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' var. ''vittata major''.
''L'Illustration horticole: revue mensuelle des serres et des jardins'' 24: 45–46, t. 272.
alternate scan

* Baloari, G., R. Linda & Mukarlina 2013
Keanekaragaman jenis dan pola distribusi ''Nepenthes'' spp di Gunung Semahung Kecamatan Sengah Temila Kabupaten Landak
''Protobiont'' 2(1): 1–6
Abstract

* Beaman, J.H. & C. Anderson 2004. ''The Plants of Mount Kinabalu: 5. Dicotyledon Families Magnoliaceae to Winteraceae''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
* Besnard, J. 1991

'' Dionée'' 23.
* Beveridge, N.G.P., C. Rauch, P.J.A. Keßler, R.R. van Vugt & P.C. van Welzen 2013. A new way to identify living species of ''Nepenthes'' (Nepenthaceae): more data needed! ''Carnivorous Plant Newsletter'' 42(4): 122–128.
* Blume, C.L. 1852
Ord. Nepenthaceae.
In:
Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1.
' E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
* Bonhomme, V., H. Pelloux-Prayer, E. Jousselin, Y. Forterre, J.-J. Labat & L. Gaume 2011. Slippery or sticky? Functional diversity in the trapping strategy of ''Nepenthes'' carnivorous plants. ''New Phytologist'' 191(2): 545–554.
* Bourke, G. 2011. The ''Nepenthes'' of Mulu National Park. '' Carniflora Australis'' 8(1): 20–31.
* Brearley, F.Q. & M. Mansur 2012. Nutrient stoichiometry of ''Nepenthes'' species from a Bornean peat swamp forest. ''Carnivorous Plant Newsletter'' 41(3): 105–108.
* Burnett, J.B., M. Davies & G. Taylor (eds.) 2003
''Flora and Fauna Survey of the Tangguh LNG Site Papua Province, Indonesia''.
P.T. Hatfindo Prima, Bogor.
* Chung, A.Y.C. 2006. ''Biodiversity and Conservation of The Meliau Range: A Rain Forest in Sabah's Ultramafic Belt''. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. .
* Clarke, C.M. & J.A. Moran 1994. A further record of aerial pitchers in ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' Jack. ''Malayan Nature Journal'' 47: 321–323.
* Cresswell, J.E. 1998. Morphological correlates of necromass accumulation in the traps of an Eastern tropical pitcher plant, ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' Jack, and observations on the pitcher infauna and its reconstitution following experimental removal. ''Oecologia'' 113(3): 383–390.
* Desti 2009
Anatomi daun dua jenis kantung semar (''Nepenthes ampullaria'' Jack dan ''Nepenthes singalana'' Becc.).
Thesis, Andalas University, Padang
Abstract

* Deswita, E. 2010
Perkembangan ginesium beberapa jenis ''Nepenthes'' (''N. ampullaria'' Jack., ''N. gracilis'' Korth. dan ''N. reinwardtiana'' Miq.).
Thesis, Andalas University, Padang
Abstract

* Dixon, W.E. 1889
''Nepenthes''.
''The Gardeners' Chronicle'', series 3, 6(144): 354.
* Enjelina, W. 2012
Analisis hibrid alam kantung semar (''Nepenthes'') di Bukit Taratak Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan Sumatera Barat dengan teknik RAPD.
MSc thesis, Andalas University, Padang.
* Fashing, N.J. 2010
Two novel adaptations for dispersal in the mite family Histiostomatidae (Astigmata).
In: M.W. Sabelis & J. Bruin (eds.)
Trends in Acarology: Proceedings of the 12th International Congress
'. Springer Science, Dordrecht. pp. 81–84.
* Frazier, C.K. 2000
Reproductive isolating mechanisms and fitness among tropical pitcher plants (''Nepenthes'') and their hybrids
ideoThe 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
* Green, T.L. & S. Green 1964. Stem pitchers on ''Nepenthes ampullaria''. ''Malayan Nature Journal'' 18: 209–211.
* Hanafi, H. 2010
Pertumbuhan ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' Jack. pada medium MS modifikasi dan penambahan beberapa konsentrasi BAP.
Thesis, Andalas University, Padang
Abstract

* Hanafiah, L. 2008
Studi habitat ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' Jack di Kawasan Taman Wisata Alam Lembah Harau.
MSc thesis, Andalas University, Padang
Abstract

* Handayani, T. 1999
Konservasi ''Nepenthes'' di kebun raya Indonesia.
onservation of ''Nepenthes'' in Indonesian botanic gardens.In: A. Mardiastuti, I. Sudirman, K.G. Wiryawan, L.I. Sudirman, M.P. Tampubolon, R. Megia & Y. Lestari (eds.) ''Prosiding II: Seminar Hasil-Hasil Penelitian Bidang Ilmu Hayat''. Pusat Antar Universitas Ilmu Hayat IPB, Bogor. pp. 365–372.
* Handayani, T. & R. Hendrian 1999
Strategi konservasi ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' Jack.
onservation strategy of ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' Jack.In: ''Workshop & Promosi Flora Kawasan Timur Indonesia''. Kebun Raya Ekakarya Bali, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 1–6.
* Handayani, T., D. Latifah & Dodo 2005
Diversity and growth behaviour of ''Nepenthes'' (pitcher plants) in Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan Province.
''Biodiversitas'' 6(4): 248–252 .
Cover

* Hansen, E. 2001
Where rocks sing, ants swim, and plants eat animals: finding members of the ''Nepenthes'' carnivorous plant family in Borneo
''Discover'' 22(10): 60–68.
* Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. '' A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra''. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
* Hirst, S. 1928. A new tyroglyphid mite (''Zwickia nepenthesiana'' sp. n.) from the pitchers of ''Nepenthes ampullaria''. ''Journal of the Malayan Branch of the British Royal Asiatic Society'' 6: 19–22.
* Hooker, J.D. 1859
XXXV. On the origin and development of the pitchers of ''Nepenthes'', with an account of some new Bornean plants of that genus
''The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London'' 22(4): 415–424.
* Hwee, K.C. 1996. Carnivorous plants and sites in Singapore. '' Bulletin of the Australian Carnivorous Plant Society, Inc.'' 15(4): 12–15.
* Kato, M., M. Hotta, R. Tamin & T. Itino 1993. Inter- and intra-specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in ''Nepenthes'' pitchers in Sumatra. ''Tropical Zoology'' 6(1): 11–25
Abstract
* Kitching, R.L. 2000
''Food Webs and Container Habitats: The natural history and ecology of phytotelmata''
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
* Korthals, P.W. 1839. Over het geslacht ''Nepenthes''. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. ''Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde''. Leiden. pp. 1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22.
* Koudela, I. 1998
Klíčí nebo neklíčí
'' Trifid'' 1998(2): 36–37.
page 2

* Kurup, R., A.J. Johnson, S. Sankar, A.A. Hussain, C.S. Kumar & S. Baby 2013. Fluorescent prey traps in carnivorous plants. ''Plant Biology'' 15(3): 611–615.
* Lam, S.Y. 1982. ''Tripteroides aranoides'' (Theobald) in two pitcher plants, ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' Jack and ''N. gracilis'' Korth., at Kent Ridge (Diptera: Culicidae). BSc (Hons.) thesis, National University of Singapore.
* Lecoufle, M. 1990. ''Nepenthes ampullaria''. In: ''Carnivorous Plants: Care and Cultivation''. Blandford, London. pp. 130–131.
* Lee, C.C. 2000
Recent ''Nepenthes'' Discoveries
ideoThe 3rd Conference of the International Carnivorous Plant Society, San Francisco, USA.
* Lim, S.H., D.C.Y. Phua & H.T.W. Tan 2000. Primer design and optimization for RAPD analysis of ''Nepenthes''. ''Biologia Plantarum'' 43(1): 153–155.
* Macfarlane, J.M. 1914
Family XCVI. Nepenthaceæ.
p. 279–288In: J.S. Gamble
Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula, No. 24.
''Journal & Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal'' 75(3): 279–391.
* Mansur, M. 2001
Koleksi ''Nepenthes'' di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias.
In: ''Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional''. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
* Mansur, M. 2007. Keanekaragaman jenis ''Nepenthes'' (kantong semar) dataran rendah di Kalimantan Tengah. iversity of lowland ''Nepenthes'' (kantong semar) in Central Kalimantan.''Berita Biologi'' 8(5): 335–341
Abstract
* Mansur, M. 2008
Penelitian ekologi ''Nepenthes'' di Laboratorium Alam Hutan Gambut Sabangau Kereng Bangkirai Kalimantan Tengah
cological studies on ''Nepenthes'' at Peat Swamps Forest Natural Laboratory, Kereng Bangkirai Sabangau, Central Kalimantan.''Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan'' 9(1): 67–73
Abstract

* Mansur, M. & F.Q. Brearley 2008
Ecological studies on ''Nepenthes'' at Barito Ulu, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
''Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan'' 9(3): 271–276.
* Marwinski, D. 2014. Eine Expedition nach West-Papua oder auf den Spuren von ''Nepenthes paniculata''. '' Das Taublatt'' 78: 11–44.
* McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. '' Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Borneo''. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
* Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. ''Plant Biology'' 3(2): 164–175.
* Meimberg, H. 2002.�
Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l..
PhD thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
* Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. ''Plant Biology'' 8(6): 831–840.
* Meimberg, H., S. Thalhammer, A. Brachmann & G. Heubl 2006. Comparative analysis of a translocated copy of the ''trnK'' intron in carnivorous family Nepenthaceae. ''Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution'' 39(2): 478–490.
* Meriko, L. 2010
Perkembangan androesium beberapa jenis ''Nepenthes'' (''N. ampullaria'' Jack., ''N. gracilis'' Korth. dan ''N. reinwardtiana'' Miq.).
MSc thesis, Andalas University, Padang
Abstract

* Mey, F.S. 2014

''Strange Fruits: A Garden's Chronicle'', 25 February 2014.
* Mogi, M. & K.L. Chan 1997. Variation in communities of dipterans in ''Nepenthes'' pitchers in Singapore: predators increase prey community diversity. ''Annals of the Entomological Society of America'' 90(2): 177–183.
* Moran, J.A., W.E. Booth & J.K. Charles 1999
Aspects of pitcher morphology and spectral characteristics of six Bornean ''Nepenthes'' pitcher plant species: implications for prey capture.
''Annals of Botany'' 83: 521–528.
* Mullins, J. & M. Jebb 2009

National Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin.
* Murniati, Syamswisna & A. Nurdini 2013
Pembuatan ''flash card'' dari hasil inventarisasi ''Nepenthes'' di hutan adat desa Teluk Bakung
''Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pembelajaran'' 2(1): [unpaginated; 14 pp.
Abstract

* Oikawa, T. 1992. ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' Jack. In: . [''The Grief Vanishing''.] Parco Co., Japan. pp. 34–37.
* Osunkoya, O.O., S.D. Daud & F.L. Wimmer 2008. Longevity, lignin content and construction cost of the assimilatory organs of ''Nepenthes'' species. ''Annals of Botany'' 102(5): 845–853.
* Rahmawati, Y. 2010
Pengawetan polen ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' Jack. dengan beberapa pelarut organik.
Thesis, Andalas University, Padang
Abstract

* Rice, B. 2007. Carnivorous plants with hybrid trapping strategies. ''Carnivorous Plant Newsletter'' 36(1): 23–27.
* Ridley, H.N. 1916
Nepenthaceæ.
p. 139–141In
I. Report on the botany of the Wollaston Expedition to Dutch New Guinea, 1912–13.
''The Transactions of the Linnean Society of London'', series 2: botany, 9(1): 1–269.
* Robinson, A. 1995 1994/95' Plant findings in Malaysia. '' The Carnivorous Plant Society Journal'' 18: 44–47.
* Rottloff, S., R. Stieber, H. Maischak, F.G. Turini, G. Heubl & A. Mithöfer 2011. Functional characterization of a class III acid endochitinase from the traps of the carnivorous pitcher plant genus, ''Nepenthes''. ''Journal of Experimental Botany'' 62(13): 4639–4647.
* Shivas, R.G. 1984. '' Pitcher Plants of Peninsular Malaysia & Singapore''. Maruzen Asia, Kuala Lumpur.
* Slack, A. 1979. ''Nepenthes ampullaria''. In: ''Carnivorous Plants''. Ebury Press, London. pp. 82–84.
* Steffan, W.A. & N.L. Evenhuis 1982
A new species of ''Toxorhynchites'' from Papua New Guinea (Diptera: Culicidae).
''Mosquito Systematics'' 14(1): 1–13.
* Syamsuardi & R. Tamin 1994
Kajian kekerabatan jenis-jenis ''Nepenthes'' di Sumatera Barat.
Project report, Andalas University, Padang
Abstract

* Syamsuardi 1995
Klasifikasi numerik kantong semar (''Nepenthes'') di Sumatera Barat.
umerical classification of pitcher plants (''Nepenthes'') in West Sumatra.''Journal Matematika dan Pengetahuan Alam'' 4(1): 48–57
Abstract

* Takeuchi, Y., M.M. Salcher, M. Ushio, R. Shimizu-Inatsugi, M.J. Kobayashi, B. Diway, C. von Mering, J. Pernthaler & K.K. Shimizu 2011. ''In situ'' enzyme activity in the dissolved and particulate fraction of the fluid from four pitcher plant species of the genus ''Nepenthes''. ''PLOS One'' 6(9): e25144.
* Tan, W.K. & C.L. Wong 1996. Aerial pitchers of ''Nepenthes ampullaria''. ''Nature Malaysiana'' 21(1): 12–14.
* Teo, L.L. 2001
Study of natural hybridisation in some tropical plants using amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis
MSc thesis, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
* Thorogood, C. 2010. '' The Malaysian Nepenthes: Evolutionary and Taxonomic Perspectives''. Nova Science Publishers, New York.
* Wong, D. 1996
Thoughts, reflections, and upper ''Nepenthes ampullaria'' pitcher.
''Carnivorous Plant Newsletter'' 25(1): 10–14.
* Yogiara 2004
Analisis komunitas bakteri cairan kantung semar (''Nepenthes'' spp.) menggunakan teknik ''terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism'' (T-RFLP) dan ''amplified ribosomul DNA restriction analysis'' (ARDRA).
MSc thesis, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor.
* Yogiara, A. Suwanto & M.T. Suhartono 2006
A complex bacterial community living in pitcher plant fluid
''Jurnal Mikrobiologi Indonesia'' 11(1): 9–14.

James Wong and the Malaysian Garden
ideoBBC Two.

External links

Photographs of ''N. ampullaria''
at the Carnivorous Plant Photofinder

{{Taxonbar, from=Q134453

Carnivorous plants of Asia
Detritivores
ampullaria
Flora of Malesia
Flora of New Guinea
Flora of Thailand