The Navajo Livestock Reduction was imposed by the United States government upon the
Navajo Nation
The Navajo Nation ( nv, Naabeehó Bináhásdzo), also known as Navajoland, is a Native Americans in the United States, Native American Indian reservation, reservation in the United States. It occupies portions of northeastern Arizona, northwe ...
in the 1930s, during the
Great Depression
The Great Depression (19291939) was an economic shock that impacted most countries across the world. It was a period of economic depression that became evident after a major fall in stock prices in the United States. The economic contagio ...
. The reduction of herds was justified at the time by stating that grazing areas were becoming eroded and deteriorated due to too many animals.
Background
In a 1930 report, William Zeh, a forester for the Navajo Reservation, observed there was serious erosion in different parts of the reservation. He suggested a minor reduction in livestock, with an emphasis upon the number of goats. He believed the Navajo way of life was threatened. There was also a drought in the Midwest. By 1933, inappropriate crop cultivation had left the Great Plains susceptible to erosion and dust storms turning it into a
Dust Bowl
The Dust Bowl was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s. The phenomenon was caused by a combination of both natural factors (severe drought) a ...
. Thousands of people left the Midwest after their lands literally blew away.
In 1933, President
Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed
John Collier as Commissioner of what is now called the
Bureau of Indian Affairs
The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), also known as Indian Affairs (IA), is a United States federal agency within the Department of the Interior. It is responsible for implementing federal laws and policies related to American Indians and A ...
(BIA). He had studied issues of Native Americans and hoped to improve their lives. Agreeing with Zeh's and other later analysts, he concluded that the Navajo owned far too many livestock for the carrying capacity of their reservation. The capacity for sheep was about 500,000, but the people owned 2 million in 1931; the sheep provided half the cash income for the individual Navajo. Historians such as Lawrence A. Kuznar have noted that the analysis by Washington was quite thin, and dissent with its conclusions was suppressed.
Navajo and sheep
Spanish explorers and colonists had brought sheep and horses to North America and the Southwest for meat, wool, and transport. This was part of the
Columbian Exchange
The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, precious metals, commodities, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the New World (the Americas) in ...
, by which products, plants and animals were traded between the hemispheres. By the 18th century, the Navajo had adapted to these new animals, making use of them and developing their own flocks of
Navajo-Churro sheep and herds of horses. In the 19th century, the government killed many of the herd animals after defeating the Navajo, whom they forced on the
Long Walk and years as prisoners.
The United States government and Navajo signed a treaty in 1868 that returned the Navajo people to their traditional lands. Among the provisions of the treaty was giving each Navajo family two sheep, one male and one female, to start breeding their own herds again.
The Navajo were good shepherds and increased their number of livestock dramatically over the next 60 years. The government authorized increases in the size of their reservation, and stopped raiding and looting of the Navajo by outsiders. The Navajo marketed their wool both as a raw material and woven into
Navajo rugs and blankets. The revenues they earned gave them incentives to increase the number of sheep; from 15,000 in the 1870s, the number rose to 500,000 in the 1920s.
A reduction of livestock was against many Navajo traditions, and destroyed a main source of income. For example, the Navajo considered their
livestock
Livestock are the domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to provide labor and produce diversified products for consumption such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool. The term is sometimes used to refer solely to ani ...
sacred and integral to their lives. They were given to them by the
Holy People.
Federal reduction plan
The federal government at first recommended that the numbers of livestock on the reservation be dramatically reduced. The chairman of the
Navajo Tribal Council
The Navajo Nation Council ( nv, Béésh bąąh dah siʼání) is the legislative branch of the Navajo Nation government. The council meets four times per year, with additional special sessions, at the Navajo Nation Council Chamber, which is in W ...
,
Thomas Dodge
Thomas Henry Dodge (1899–1987) was a Native American lawyer and Navajo leader.
Biography
Dodge was the son of Henry Chee Dodge and half-brother of Annie Dodge Wauneka. He earned a law degree from St. Louis University Law School after which ...
, tried to present the government's arguments to the people. Because of the strong cultural and economic importance of the livestock, he was unable to sway most of the people.
Collier approved a program that resulted in the purchase and removal of more than half of the livestock.
Analysts did not understand the deep cultural ties the Navajo had to their herds. Many women suffered economically, often losing their only source of income. The Navajo became united in opposition to the program but, after Collier had opponents arrested, they were unable to stop it.
The Navajo did not agree with this plan. After purchasing animals, the government sent many animals to market or slaughtered them on the reservation. There was a "voluntary" program from 1933. In 1935 it became mandatory.
The Navajo referred to these events as the Second Long Walk, because they were so destructive on their economy, society and way of life.
Historian Brian Dippie notes that the
Indian Rights Association denounced Collier as a 'dictator' and accused him of a "near reign of terror" on the Navajo reservation. Dippie adds, "He became an object of 'burning hatred' among the very people whose problems so preoccupied him." The long-term result of livestock reduction was strong Navajo opposition to other elements of Collier's
Indian New Deal. He encouraged tribes to re-establish their governments, ended allotment of communal lands, and encouraged revival of Native American cultures.
[Donald A. Grinde Jr, "Navajo Opposition to the Indian New Deal," ''Integrated Education,'' (1981) 19#3-6, pp: 79-87.]
Outcomes
In the late 1930s, the government established a quota for different types of livestock on specific areas of the reservation. Navajo family grazing ranges were assigned quotas in each area. In the 1950s the Navajo Tribal Government took over administration of the quota system. in 1967 there were 600,000 sheep units. The livestock quota system is still being used today.
References
*
Further reading
* Bailey, Garrick and Roberta Bailey. ''A History of the Navajo: The Reservation Years'' (1986)
* Kelly, Lawrence C. ''The Navajo Indians and Federal Indian Policy'' (University of Arizona Press, 1974)
* McPherson, Robert S. ''The Northern Navajo Frontier 1860-1900'' (1988);
* Ortiz, Alfonso, ed. ''Handbook of North American Indians'' vol. 10 (1983).
*
* Spicer, E
ward
Ward may refer to:
Division or unit
* Hospital ward, a hospital division, floor, or room set aside for a particular class or group of patients, for example the psychiatric ward
* Prison ward, a division of a penal institution such as a pris ...
H. with John Collier. "Sheepmen and Technicians: A Program of Soil Conservation on the Navajo Indian Reservation," in ''Human Problems in Technological Change: A Casebook'' edited by Edward H. Spicer. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1952. 185-207.
* Weisiger, Marsha. ''Dreaming of Sheep in Navajo Country'' (University of Washington Press, 2009).
*
{{Navajo Nation
Navajo history
1930s in Arizona
Native American history of Arizona
History of agriculture in the United States
Animal husbandry
History of the government of the United States
United States Bureau of Indian Affairs
Sheep farming in the United States
Ethnic conflict
Environmental history
Great Depression in the United States
Sheep
1930 in Arizona