National Football League Draft

The National Football League Draft, also called the NFL Draft or (officially) the Player Selection Meeting, is an annual event which serves as the league's most common source of player recruitment. Each team is given a position in the drafting order in reverse order relative to its record in the previous year, which means that the last place team is positioned first and the Super Bowl champion is last. From this position, the team can either select a player or trade its position to another team for other draft positions, a player or players, or any combination thereof. The round is complete when each team has either selected a player or traded its position in the draft. The first draft was held in 1936, and has been held every year since.

Certain aspects of the draft, including team positioning and the number of rounds in the draft, have been revised since its creation in 1936, but the fundamental method has remained the same. Currently, the draft consists of seven rounds. The original rationale in creating the draft was to increase the competitive parity between the teams as the worst team would, ideally, be able to choose the best player available. In the early years of the draft, players were chosen based on hearsay, print media, or other rudimentary evidence of ability. In the 1940s, some franchises began employing full-time scouts. The ensuing success of these teams eventually forced the other franchises to also hire scouts.

Colloquially, the name of the draft each year takes on the form of the NFL season in which players picked could begin playing. For example, the 2010 NFL Draft was for the 2010 NFL season. However, the NFL-defined name of the process has changed since its inception. The location of the draft has continually changed over the years to accommodate more fans, as the event has gained popularity. The draft's popularity now garners prime-time television coverage. In the league's early years, from the mid-1930s to the mid-1960s, the draft was held in various cities with NFL franchises until the league settled on New York City starting in 1965, where it remained for fifty years until 2015, when future draft locations started being determined through a yearly bidding process.

History

Precursor and rational

In the early 1930s, Stan Kostka had an excellent college career as a University of Minnesota running back, leading the Minnesota Gophers to an undefeated season in 1934. Every NFL team wanted to sign him. Kostka took advantage of the lack of a draft and held out for the highest possible offer. While a free agent, he even ran for Mayor of Inver Grove Heights, Minnesota. Although his political career did not take off, Kostka's nine-month NFL holdout succeeded and he became the league's highest-paid player, signing a $5,000 contract with the Brooklyn Dodgers on August 25, 1935. As a response to the bidding war for Stan Kostka, the NFL instituted the draft in 1936.

In late 1934, Art Rooney, owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers, gave the right of usage of two players to the New York Giants because Rooney's team had no chance to participate in the postseason. After the owner of the Boston Redskins, George Preston Marshall, protested the transaction, the president of the NFL, Joe F. Carr, disallowed the Giants the ability to employ the players.Coenen, 2005, pp. 92–93. At a league meeting in December 1934, the NFL introduced a waiver rule to prevent such transactions. Any player released by a team during the season would be able to be claimed by other teams. The selection order to claim the player would be in inverse order to the teams' standings at the time.

Throughout this time, Bert Bell, co-owner of the Philadelphia Eagles, felt his team's lack of competitiveness on the field made it difficult for the Eagles to sell tickets and to be profitable.Lyons, 2010, p. 54. Compounding the Eagles' problems were players signed with teams that offered the most money,MacCambridge, 2005, p. 43. or if the money being equal, players chose to sign with the most prestigious teams at the time,The three most prestigious teams at the time were the Bears, Giants, and the Packers. Maule, 1964, p. 15. who had established a winning tradition.The players had an auxiliary financial incentive to play with the best teams because 60% of the profit for the NFL championship game went to the players on the winning team and 40% went to the players on the losing team. As a result, the NFL was dominated by the Chicago Bears, Green Bay Packers, Giants, and Redskins.Lyons, 2010, p. 56.Ruck; Patterson and Weber, 2010, p. 108. Bell's inability to sign a desired prospect, Stan Kostka, in 1935,Lyons writes Bell tried to sign Kostka in 1933.Lyons, 2010, p. 56.Willis, 2010, p. 338. eventually led Bell to believe the only way for the NFL to have enduring success was for all teams to have an equal opportunity to sign eligible players.Peterson, 1997, p. 119.Williams, 2006, pp. 41–42. At a league meeting on May 18, 1935, Bell proposed a draft be instituted to enhance the possibility of competitive parity on the field in order to ensure the financial viability of all franchises. His proposal was adopted unanimously that day,Didinger writes the proposal was accepted the next day, on May 19, 1935. Didinger; Lyons, 2005, p. 256.Lyons, 2010, p. 57–58.Willis, 2010, p. 341–343.DeVito, 2006, p. 84. although the first draft would not occur until the next off-season.

The rules for the selection of the players in the first draft were, first, that a list of college seniorsBaldwin, 2000, p. 192. would be assembled by each franchise and submitted into a pool. From this pool, each franchise would select, in inverse order to their team's record in the previous year, a player. With this selection, the franchise had the unilateral right to negotiate a contract with that player,Lyons, 2010, pp. 58–59Willis, 2010, p. 342. or the ability to trade that player to another team for a player, or players. If, for any reason, the franchise was unsuccessful in negotiating a contract with the player and was unable to trade the player, the president of the NFL could attempt to arbitrate a settlement between the player and the franchise. If the president was unable to settle the dispute, then the player would be placed in the ''reserve list'' of the franchise and would be unavailable to play for any team in the NFL that year. In the 1935 NFL season, the Eagles finished in last place at 2–9, thus securing themselves the first pick in the draft.MacCambridge, 2005, p. 44.Didinger; Lyons, 2005, p. 256.Willis, 2010, p. 337.

The first draft (1936)

The first NFL draft began at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Philadelphia on February 8, 1936. Ninety names were written on a blackboard in the meeting room from which the teams would choose.Lyons, 2010, p. 60.Willis, 2010, p. 350. As no team had a scouting department, the list was created from either print media sources, visits to local colleges by team executives, or by recommendations to team executives.Davis, 2005, p. 131. The draft would last for nine rounds,Lyons and Willis write the draft was originally set up to have only five rounds, but it was changed to nine rounds during the selection meeting. Lyons, 2010, p. 350. and it had no media coverage. The first player ever selected in the draft was Jay Berwanger. Bell, prior to the draft, was not successfully able to negotiate a contract with Berwanger so Bell traded him to the Bears.Lyons writes Bell offer of $150 per game was declined by Berwanger. Lyons, 2010, p. 60.Willis, 2010, p. 351. George Halas, owner of the Bears, was also unsuccessful in signing Berwanger.Davis writes Berwanger requested a two-year no cut contract for $12,500 per year which George Halas declined to meet. Davis, 2005, pp. 131–132. Berwanger's decision to not play in the NFL was not unusual, as only twenty-four of the eighty-one players selected chose to play in the NFL that year.Willis writes four players chosen in the draft eventually changed their minds and entered into the NFL in 1937. Willis, 2010, p. 351. The draft was recessed on the first day and it was continued and finished on the next day.Lyons, 2010, p. 59.

This draft saw the emergence of Wellington Mara as a savant, as he had been subscribing to magazines and local and out-of-town papers to build up dossiers of college players across the country, which resulted in the Giants' drafting of Tuffy Leemans.Devito, 2006, p. 85. As a result of the institution of the draft, Tim Mara, owner of the Giants, reduced Ken Strong's salary offer to $3,200 from $6,000 a year for 1936 because Mara felt the draft would alter the salary structure of the NFL.Coenen, 2005, pp. 96–97. Generally, the franchises' exclusivity in negotiating with draft picks produced the immediate effect of, depending on sources, stopping the escalating salaries of new players, or reducing their salaries.Coenen, 2005, p. 90."The players coming out of college were not happy, as salaries dropped by almost half." Devito, 2006, pp. 84. Consequently, contemporary critics charged it was anti-labor.Peterson, 1997, pp. 119–120.

Early drafts (1937–1946)

Art Rooney, owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers, chose Byron "Whizzer" White in the first round of the 1938 draft despite White's known public declaration that he would not play professional football and would instead begin work on his Rhodes scholarship. White did, however, agree to play for the 1938 season after Rooney publicly gave him a guaranteed contract of $15,000, double what any other player had ever made in the NFL.Ruck; Patterson and Weber, 2010, pp. 138–140. The size of the dollar amount brought condemnation from other owners because it altered the pay expectations of college draftees.Ruck; Patterson and Weber, 2010, pp. 143, 148. For the 1939 draft Wellington, for the first time, was put in charge of drafting players for the Giants. He submitted the list of players into the pool that the Giants—or other franchises—could choose players from. However, in the first round he selected a player, Walt Nielsen, not on the list of players that the Giants or any other franchise had submitted. With a grin Wellington stated, "I didn't think I said I put every name on that list."Devito, 2006, pp. 95–96.

In 1939, Kenny Washington was, to no small extent, viewed as one of the greatest college football players of all time. After information was made available to at least one owner of a franchise that Washington was African-American, he was not drafted by any team for the 1940 NFL Draft.Pervin writes that "Some NFL owners, including Tim Mara, were encouraged to draft Washington but none chose to break the racial barrier." Pervin, 2009, p. 16.

The draft would be eventually codified into the ''NFL Constitution'',. Password protected except at participating U.S. Library. although no information is available on when that originally occurred.

"Bullet Bill" Dudley was the first overall pick in the 1942 draft and he would eventually become the first player picked first overall in the draft to enter the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

Scouting era begins (1946–1959)

Eddie Kotal became the first player scout in 1946 when he was hired by Dan Reeves of the Los Angeles Rams.MacCambridge, 2005, pp. 55–57.

The NFL's competition with the AAFC in 1947 resulted in a temporary institution of a ''bonus pick''. Under this system, the first overall selection was awarded as a bonus pick by a random draw, while the last place team picked second, and so on. The team that won this draft lottery then forfeited its selection in the final round of the draft. The winner was then also eliminated from the draw in future years. By 1958, all twelve clubs in the league at the time had received a bonus choice and this system was abolished.

Competitive parity did not, however, quickly arrive in the NFL as perennial losers, such as the Eagles and Chicago Cardinals, standings' did not improve until 1947.MacCambridge, 2005, p. 41.

In the thirteenth round, George Taliaferro became the first African-American selected when he was chosen in the 1949 NFL draft. He however, chose to sign with an AAFC team. Wally Triplett was chosen in the nineteenth and he would be the first African-American to be selected in the draft and make an NFL team. After the draft and prior to the start of the season, Paul "Tank" Younger was signed by the Los Angeles Rams as a free agent and became the first NFL player from an historically black college. Eddie Robinson, Younger's coach at Grambling, promptly and unequivocally, impressed upon him that the future of the recruitment and drafting of his colleagues at other black colleges lay in the balance based on his success with the Rams.Levy incorrectly writes Younger was drafted by the Rams. Levy 2003, p. 102.

Technology (1960–1979)

The 1960 NFL Draft marked a turning point in the draft's history because of the pending arrival of the American Football League (AFL), as it became a "high-stakes, competitive affair."Williams, 2006, p. 46.

In 1976, former NFL wide receiver Paul Salata first coined the moniker "Mr. Irrelevant" to refer to the last overall player selected in the draft.

ESPN and the digital age (1980–2017)

In 1980, Chet Simmons, president of the year-old ESPN, asked Pete Rozelle if the fledgling network could broadcast coverage of the draft live on ESPN. Although Rozelle did not believe it would be entertaining television, he agreed.Williams, 2006, pp. 52–53.Sandomir, Richar
"Chet Simmons, a Founding Force of ESPN, Dies at 81"
''The New York Times'', Saturday, March 27, 2010 In 1988, the NFL moved the draft from weekdays to the weekend and ESPN's ratings of the coverage improved dramatically.

In 2006, ESPN received competition when the NFL Network, which had launched in October 2003, began to produce its own draft coverage. ESPN pays the NFL a rights fee for the non-exclusive rights to draft coverage, a fee that is included in its overall contract to televise games ('' ESPN Sunday Night NFL'' from 1987 to 2005, and '' Monday Night Football'' from 2006 to the present).

In 2010, the NFL moved to a three-day draft with the first day encompassing the first round beginning at 8:00 pm EDT Thursday, the second day encompassing the second and third rounds beginning at 7:00 pm EDT Friday, and third day concluding the process with the final four rounds beginning at 11:00 am EDT Saturday.

Fox, NFL Network, ESPN, and ABC (2018)

2018 was the first time ever that the Draft was carried on broadcast television. As a prelude to their new Thursday Night Football contract, Fox and NFL Network simulcast the first two nights of the draft, with both nights featuring personnel from both NFL Network and Fox. ESPN continued to produce its own coverage of the draft, with ESPN2 simulcasting days 1 and 2, and ABC simulcasting day 3. NFL Network's main set featured the crew of host Rich Eisen, Daniel Jeremiah, Draft Expert Mike Mayock, and Stanford head coach David Shaw, with Steve Mariucci, Steve Smith Sr., and Fox NFL lead analyst Troy Aikman joining from an outside set for day 1. Other analysts included: Fox College Football lead analyst Joel Klatt, Charles Davis, and Deion Sanders.

NFL Network, ABC, and ESPN (2019–present)

The Fox/NFL Network simulcast would only last one year, as ABC picked up the broadcast television rights for all 3 days of the draft in 2019. ABC's coverage would have the College GameDay crew on days 1 and 2, with Good Morning America anchor Robin Roberts, joined by 2018 NFL MVP and Kansas City Chiefs quarterback Patrick Mahomes, and Grammy Award winner Taylor Swift, co-hosting with GameDay host Rece Davis on day 1. Also, on day 1, Swift announced her new single ME!, featuring Panic! at the Disco's Brendon Urie, being released at midnight ET, with the music video debuting on YouTube at the same time. Day 3 featured the ESPN crew of Trey Wingo, NFL insiders Louis Riddick, and draft experts Todd McShay and Mel Kiper Jr., hosting ABC's coverage, which was a simulcast of ESPN's coverage.

For the 2020 NFL Draft, which was supposed to be in Las Vegas but was moved to a virtual format due to the COVID-19 pandemic, NFL Network decided to simulcast ESPN's coverage of all 3 days. Personalities from NFL Network like: draft guru Daniel Jeremiah, Hall of Fame QB Kurt Warner, and Hall of Fame WR Michael Irvin joined ESPN personnel on all 3 days. ABC continued to carry a feed with the College GameDay crew for the first two days of the draft. Majority of the analysts joined remotely from their homes with Trey Wingo, Rece Davis, Jesse Palmer, and Maria Taylor working from ESPN's Bristol, CT studios. Todd McShay was to also participate in the Draft, but was unable to due to him testing positive for COVID.

2021 saw a return to normalcy, as after a one-year hiatus, NFL Network returned to producing their own coverage of the Draft. ESPN and ABC continued to carry separate feeds, one with all the “X’s and O’s” on ESPN, and the other with the College GameDay crew on ABC. After Wingo left ESPN in 2020, Mike Greenberg, host of Get Up!, took over as ESPN’s host for the first two nights, while Davis, who continued as ABC’s host, hosted ESPN’s coverage of Day 3, which was also simulcast on ABC.

2022 will finally see the Draft head to Las Vegas after a two year wait. NFL Network saw no personnel changes, but ESPN and ABC took a few hits. ESPN announced that insider Adam Schefter would miss the Draft to attend his son’s college graduation, and Mel Kiper Jr. would participate virtually because of his COVID-19 vaccination status. Kirk Herbstreit meanwhile, announced himself that he would be dropping out of ABC’s Draft coverage due to blood clots.

Current format

Players who have been out of high school for at least three years are eligible for the NFL draft. The rules do not state that a player must attend college, but virtually all of the players selected in the NFL draft have played college football, usually in the United States but occasionally from Canadian universities as well. A few players are occasionally selected from other football leagues like the Arena Football League (AFL), the Canadian Football League (CFL), and the German Football League (GFL). A small handful of players have also been drafted from colleges who played sports other than football.

Rules state only that a player must be three years removed from high school graduation, regardless of what the prospective draftee did during that time. A year as a redshirt player in college counts toward eligibility even though the player was not allowed to participate in games during that year, therefore players who have completed their redshirt sophomore year can enter the NFL draft.

Rules for determining draft order

The selection order is based on each team's win–loss record in the previous season and whether the team reached the playoffs. Teams that did not reach the playoffs the previous season are ranked in reverse order of their records (thus the team with the fewest wins is awarded the first selection). Ties between teams with identical records are determined by the following tiebreakers (in order):
#Strength of schedule, which is the combined win–loss record for all 17 of the team's opponents in the previous season (ties count as a half win and half loss). The team with the ''lower'' strength of schedule (i.e. their opponents compiled fewer wins) is granted the ''earlier'' pick in round one.
#If any teams are in the same division, the other playoff tiebreakers will be applied in the specified order.
#If any teams are in the same conference, the other playoff tiebreakers will be applied in the specified order.
#If two teams remain from opposing conferences, a series of tiebreakers starting with head-to-head (if one team lost to the other in the previous regular season), win percentage of common games, and strength of victory are applied. Prior to the 2020 NFL Draft, interconference ties were only broken by a coin flip.

Teams that reached the playoffs the previous season are then slotted in the order in which they were eliminated as indicated in the table below. Within each tier, the slotting is determined as above (i.e. worst record picks first and the same tiebreakers apply).

Once the order for the first round is determined as described above, the selection order remains the same for subsequent rounds with the exception of teams with identical records within their tier. These tied teams "cycle" picks in each subsequent round. For example, in the 2014 draft, the Jacksonville Jaguars, Cleveland Browns, Oakland Raiders, Atlanta Falcons, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers all finished 4–12, and selected in that order in the first round (based on the tiebreakers described above). In the second round, Jacksonville cycled to the back of the line with the order becoming Cleveland, Oakland, Atlanta, Tampa Bay, and Jacksonville. That cycling continued in each round.

An exception to this ordering strategy occurs when " expansion teams" are added to the league. Any expansion team is automatically granted the first selection; if there are two or more expansion teams added, a coin toss (for two expansion teams) or a drawing of lots (for three expansion teams or more) determines which team is awarded the first selection in the regular draft. The winner of the coin toss (or of the drawing of lots in the event there are three or more expansion teams) is awarded the first selection in the expansion draft.

Timing

Each team has its representatives attend the draft. During the draft, one team is always "on the clock." Teams have 10 minutes to make their choice in the first round, 7 minutes in the second round, 5 minutes in the third through sixth rounds, and 4 minutes in the seventh round. Until 2007, the limits were 15 minutes in the first round, 10 minutes in the second, and 5 minutes for all subsequent rounds. The time for seventh-round selections was shortened from 5 minutes to 4 minutes in 2015. If a team does not make a decision within its allotted time, the team still can submit its selection at any time after its time is up, but the next team can pick before it, thus possibly 'stealing' a player the team with the earlier pick may have been considering. This occurred in the 2003 draft, when the Minnesota Vikings, with the 7th overall pick, were late with their selection. The Jacksonville Jaguars drafted quarterback Byron Leftwich and the Carolina Panthers drafted offensive tackle Jordan Gross before the Vikings were able to submit their selection of defensive tackle Kevin Williams. This also happened in 2011; as the Baltimore Ravens were negotiating a trade with the Chicago Bears, their time expired and allowed the Kansas City Chiefs to pick ahead of Baltimore, who were unable to finalize the trade with Chicago.

Pick trades

Teams may negotiate with one another both before and during the draft (including when they are not "on the clock") for the right to pick an additional player in a given round. For example, a team may include draft picks in future drafts in order to acquire a player during a trading period. Teams may also make negotiations during the draft relinquishing the right to pick in a given round for the right to have an additional pick in a later round. Thus teams may have multiple picks or no picks in a given round. Teams are only allowed to trade picks for the next three draft cycles and picks for the subsequent draft cycle become eligible for trading upon the start of the upcoming draft. For example, for the 2022 draft, only picks through the 2024 draft can be traded prior to the draft, and once the 2022 draft starts, picks from the 2025 draft are eligible to be traded.

Compensatory picks

In addition to the 32 selections in each of the seven rounds, a total of 32 compensatory picks are awarded to teams based on the players they lost and gained in free agency. The league defines a class of unrestricted free agents as "compensatory free agents" (CFA). Teams that have lost more compensatory free agents than they signed in the previous year receive between one and four picks somewhere in the third through seventh rounds. Teams that gain and lose equal numbers of players but lose higher-valued players can also be awarded a single seventh-round pick. Compensatory picks are awarded each year at the NFL annual meeting which is held at the end of March; typically, about three or four weeks before the draft. Compensatory picks can be traded; this began with the 2017 NFL Draft.

The placement of picks is determined by a proprietary formula based on the player's average annual salary, playing time, and postseason honors with his new team, with salary being the primary factor. So, for example, a team that lost a linebacker who signed for $2.5 million per year in free agency might get a sixth-round compensatory pick, while a team that lost a wide receiver who signed for $5 million per year might receive a fourth-round pick. The formula used prior to the 2020 free agency season was never revealed by the NFL, though observers from outside the NFL have been able to reverse engineer it to some degree of certainty. The 2020 CBA explicitly provided the details of a new formula, still based primarily on salary.

If fewer than 32 such picks are awarded, the remaining picks are awarded after the final Round 7 compensatory picks in the order in which teams would pick in a hypothetical eighth round of the draft; these picks are known as "supplemental compensatory selections". On two occasions, 33 compensatory picks have been awarded instead of 32:

* In 2016, the additional pick was awarded (under an agreement between the NFL Management Council and the NFLPA) to the Buffalo Bills for losing Da'Norris Searcy to free agency and signing Charles Clay as a transition tagged player from the Miami Dolphins, who had not qualified as a CFA.
* In 2021, the NFL announced compensatory picks — the first under a new formula — on March 10. On March 19, it published a revised list after "a correction by the Management Council to the calculation of average yearly compensation." The revised calculation meant that Damiere Byrd did not qualify as a CFA, giving the New England Patriots an additional fifth-round compensatory pick for Jamie Collins. Rather than remove the last compensatory pick (a sixth-round pick for the Chicago Bears), a 33rd pick was awarded.

2020 Resolution JC-2A

In November 2020, the NFL passed 2020 Resolution JC-2A, which rewards teams for developing minority candidates for head coach or general manager positions. The resolution rewards teams whose minority candidates are hired away for one of those positions by awarding draft picks:

* Two draft picks are awarded if a team has one qualified candidate hired for either a coach or a general manager position.
* Three draft picks are awarded if a team has two qualified candidates hired for both positions, whether by the same team or two different teams.
* These draft picks are at the end of the third round in consecutive years, after standard compensatory picks. For example, the first team to receive such picks, the Los Angeles Rams, will receive picks in 2021 and 2022 after the Detroit Lions hired their director of college scouting, Brad Holmes, as their general manager.
* if multiple teams qualify in a given year, they are awarded in draft order from the first round. The number of picks awarded via the resolution has no impact on the 32 compensatory picks described above.

The resolution followed moves strengthening the league's Rooney Rule to require two minority candidates be interviewed for head coach positions (previously one), and one minority candidate for open coordinator positions (previously not required). It also replaced an earlier resolution that would have rewarded teams for hiring minority candidates rather than for developing them.

Salaries

The NFL allows each team a certain amount of money from its salary cap to sign its drafted rookies for their first season. That amount is based on an undisclosed formula that assigns a certain value to each pick in the draft; thus, having more picks, or earlier picks, will increase the allotment. In 2008 the highest allotment was about $8.22 million for the Kansas City Chiefs, who had 12 picks, including two first-rounders, while the lowest was the $1.79 million for the Cleveland Browns who had only five picks, and none in the first three rounds. The exact mechanism for the rookie salary cap is set out in the NFL's collective bargaining agreement (CBA) with the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA). (Those numbers represent the cap hits that each rookie's salary may contribute, not the total amount of money paid out.)

The drafted players are paid salaries commensurate with the position in which they were drafted. High first-round picks get paid the most, and low-round picks get paid the least. There is a de facto pay scale for drafted rookies. After the draft, non-drafted rookies may sign a contract with any team in the league. These rookie free-agents are not usually paid as well as drafted players, nearly all of them signing for the predetermined rookie minimum and a small signing bonus.

Two other facets of the rookie salary cap affect the makeup of rosters. First, the base salaries of rookie free agents do ''not'' count towards the rookie salary cap, though certain bonuses do. Second, if a rookie is traded, his cap allotment remains with the team that originally drafted him, which make trades involving rookie players relatively rare. (This rule does not apply, however, to rookies that are waived by the teams that drafted them.)

Teams used to be able to agree to a contract with a draft-eligible player before the draft itself starts. They could only do this if they have the first overall pick, as by agreeing to terms with a player the team has already "selected" which player they will draft. The last example of this was quarterback Matthew Stafford and the Detroit Lions in the 2009 NFL Draft: the Lions picked Stafford with the first overall selection in the draft, and had agreed to a six-year, $78 million deal ($41.7 million guaranteed) with Stafford a day before the draft officially started.

Since 2011, all rookies that are drafted, even those drafted first overall, now have their compensation and duration predetermined each year before the draft occurs, and can no longer negotiate beforehand.

Forfeiture

The NFL commissioner has the authority to forfeit picks any team is allotted in a draft for rules violations.

A total of 26 selections have been forfeited since 1980 for 21 rules violations by 14 teams, while three other selections have been moved down from their original position. The New England Patriots have been the most penalized team, losing five draft picks for four violations. The Denver Broncos, Las Vegas Raiders (as the Oakland Raiders), New Orleans Saints and San Francisco 49ers have each committed two violations. The Pittsburgh Steelers, who have forfeited only one pick since 1980 (a third rounder in 2001 due to trying to circumvent the salary cap involving offensive lineman Will Wolford in 1998), have also forfeited multiple picks, with the other one coming in the form of a third-rounder in 1979 for the now-infamous 1978 Shouldergate controversy.

In addition, teams selecting a player in the Supplemental Draft will forfeit the corresponding selection in the following year's NFL Draft.

Team policies

Teams vary greatly in their selection methodologies. Owners, general managers, coaches, and others may or may not participate. For the 1983 draft, for example, Pittsburgh Steelers' head coach Chuck Noll had what team executive Art Rooney, Jr. later described as "the final say" over picks, even over his father, team owner Art Rooney; this infamously led to the team drafting Gabriel Rivera over Rooney's favorite, Pittsburgh Panthers football, local product & Oakland (Pittsburgh), Oakland native Dan Marino, which later came back to haunt the Steelers due to Rivera only playing six games before becoming paralyzed in a drunk-driving accident while Terry Bradshaw's sudden retirement the following year and Marino's eventual Pro Football Hall of Fame, Hall of Fame career with the Dolphins leading to the elder Rooney to remind his sons daily until his death in 1988 that the team "should've drafted Marino". Long-term, the team not drafting Marino benefitted the Steelers when Dan Rooney overrode Bill Cowher's choice of Shawn Andrews in the 2004 NFL Draft when Ben Roethlisberger was available and the team selecting Roethlisberger instead.

New England Patriots head coach Ron Meyer, by contrast, later stated that the team, led by owner Billy Sullivan (American football), Billy Sullivan, excluded the coaching staff from any personnel-related decisions, even prohibiting him from reading scouting reports. Had he had the decision-making authority, Meyer said, he would not have chosen Tony Eason in the first round of the 1983 draft.

Events leading up to the draft

NFL Draft Advisory Board decisions

College football players who are considering entering the NFL draft but who still have eligibility to play football can request an expert opinion from the NFL-created Draft Advisory Board. The Board, composed of scouting experts and team executives, makes a prediction as to the likely round in which a player would be drafted. This information, which has proven to be fairly accurate, can help college players determine whether to enter the draft or to continue playing and improving at the college level. There are also many famous reporting scouts, such as Mel Kiper Jr.

NFL Scouting Combine

The NFL Scouting Combine is a six-day assessment of skills occurring every year in late February or early March in Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana. College football players perform physical and mental tests in front of NFL coaches, general managers, and scouts. With increasing interest in the NFL draft, the scouting combine has grown in scope and significance, allowing personnel directors to evaluate upcoming prospects in a standardized setting. Its origins have evolved from the National, BLESTO, and Quadra Scouting services in 1977 to the media frenzy it has become today.
Athletes attend by invitation only. Implications of one's performance during the Combine can affect perception, draft status, salary, and ultimately his career. The draft has popularized the term "Workout Warrior" (sometimes known as a "Workout Wonder"), describing an athlete who, based on superior measurables such as size, speed, and strength, has increased his "draft stock" despite having a possibly average or subpar college career.Isaac Cheifetz, ''Hiring Secrets of the NFL: How Your Company Can Select Talent Like a Champion'' (2007), 68, available a
Google Books
/ref>Rich Eisen, ''Total Access: A Journey to the Center of the NFL Universe'' (2007), 128, available a
Google Books
/ref>David Schoenfield, ''Page 2: The 100 worst draft picks ever'', ESPN.com, April 26, 2006
(see No. 45, Mike Mamula, a "workout wonder")

Pro Day

Each university has a Pro Day, during which the NCAA allows NFL scouts to visit the school and watch players participate in NFL Scouting Combine-like events and drills. Some smaller universities join with nearby schools. They are essentially job fairs for prospective NFL players.

Pre-draft visits

Each NFL team is allowed to transport a maximum of 30 draft-eligible players for the purposes of physical examinations, interviews, and written tests. If a player attends a school or grew up in the same "metropolitan area" as the team that is inviting the player, that visit is not counted towards the 30-player limit.

Senior Bowl

The Senior Bowl takes place 3-4 weeks after the NCAA Division I Football Championship in Mobile, Alabama. The purpose of this game is for college football players to show off their skills for NFL scouts. Kevin Faulk, Von Miller, Dak Prescott, Phillip Rivers, and Patrick Willis were some of the players who had successful NFL careers after playing in the Senior Bowl.

East-West Shrine Bowl

The East-West Shrine Bowl started in 1925. The game is played by college players that plan on joining the NFL draft. The East-West Shrine Bowl is played because it gives coaches and players an opportunity to show off their abilities and learn from NFL coaches and players. Some popular East-West Shrine Bowl alumni are Tom Brady, John Elway, and Brett Favre. The game also raises money for Shriners Hospitals for Children.

Tickets

Tickets to the NFL draft are free and made available to fans on a first-come first-served basis. The tickets are distributed at the box office the morning of the draft, one ticket per person.

Host venues

History

From the mid-1930s to the mid-1960s, the draft was held in various Northeastern United States, Northeastern, Midwest United States, Midwestern, Mid-Atlantic United States, Mid-Atlantic, and Western United States, Western cities with NFL franchises.

Between 1965 and 2014, the NFL held the draft at various venues in New York City. The Theater at Madison Square Garden hosted the event for a ten-year period from 1995 to 2004, before it was moved to Javits Convention Center in 2005 following a dispute with the Cablevision-owned arena, who were opposing the West Side Stadium, which would have served as home of the New York Jets and the centerpiece of the New York City bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics, because the new stadium would have competed with the Garden for concerts and other events. The draft was then held at Radio City Music Hall from 2006 to 2014.

Starting in 2015, the league opened the draft location to a bidding process. Chicago won the bidding in both 2015 and 2016, hosting the draft for the first time since 1964. The draft then moved to Philadelphia (2017), Dallas (2018), and Nashville, Tennessee, Nashville (2019), with increasing attendance numbers every year.

The 2020 draft was originally scheduled to be held in Las Vegas, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, COVID-19 pandemic, it was held virtually with team coaches and GMs conducting it via phone and internet.

Future venues

Future venues are as follows:
* Kansas City Missouri, Kansas City, 2023 NFL Draft, 2023
* Detroit, 2024 NFL Draft, 2024

Summary by city

Chicago: ''1938, 1942–1943, 1951, 1962–1964, 2015–2016'' (9)
*Auditorium Theatre and Grant Park (Chicago), Grant Park: ''2015 NFL draft, 2015'', ''2016 NFL draft, 2016'' (2)
*Renaissance Blackstone Hotel, Blackstone Hotel: ''1951 NFL draft, 1951 (1)
*InterContinental Chicago Magnificent Mile, InterContinental Chicago Magnificent Mile/Sheraton Hotel & Towers: 1962 NFL draft, 1962, 1963 NFL draft, 1963, 1964 NFL draft, 1964'' (3)
*The Palmer House Hilton, Palmer House Hotel: ''1942 NFL draft, 1942, 1943 NFL draft, 1943'' (2)
*Sherman House Hotel: ''1938 NFL draft, 1938'' (1)

Cleveland: ''2021'' (1)
*FirstEnergy Stadium: ''2021'' (1)

Dallas: ''2018'' (1)
*AT&T Stadium (Arlington, Texas): ''2018'' (1)

Kansas City, Missouri, Kansas City: ''2023 NFL Draft, 2023'' (1)

Las Vegas: ''2022'' (1)
*The Linq, Linq Promenade (Paradise, Nevada) ''2022'' (1)

Los Angeles: ''1956'' (1)
*Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles), Ambassador Hotel: ''1956 NFL draft, 1956*'' (1)

Milwaukee: ''1940'' (1)
*Hilton Milwaukee City Center, Schroeder Hotel: ''1940 NFL draft, 1940'' (1)

Nashville, Tennessee, Nashville: ''2019'' (1)
*Broadway (Nashville, Tennessee), Lower Broadway: ''2019 NFL Draft, 2019''

New York City: ''1937, 1939, 1945–1947, 1952, 1955, 1965–2014'' (57)
*Americana Hotel: ''1973 NFL draft, 1973, 1974 NFL draft, 1974'' (2)
*Belmont Plaza Hotel: ''1968 NFL draft, 1968, 1969 NFL Draft, 1969, 1970 NFL Draft, 1970, 1971 NFL draft, 1971'' (4)
*JW Marriott Essex House, Essex House: ''1972 NFL draft, 1972'' (1)
*Gotham Hotel: ''1967 NFL draft, 1967'' (1)
*New York Hilton Midtown, Hilton at Rockefeller Center: ''1975 NFL draft, 1975'' (1)
*Grand Hyatt New York, Commodore Hotel: ''1945 NFL draft, 1945, 1946 NFL draft, 1946, 1947 NFL draft, 1947'' (3)
*Row NYC Hotel, Hotel Lincoln: ''1937 NFL draft, 1937'' (1)
*Hotel Pennsylvania, Hotel Statler: ''1952 NFL draft, 1952'' (1)
*Javits Convention Center: ''2005 NFL draft, 2005'' (1)
*New York Marriott Marquis ''1986 NFL draft, 1986, 1987 NFL draft, 1987, 1988 NFL draft, 1988, 1989 NFL draft, 1989, 1990 NFL draft, 1990, 1991 NFL draft, 1991, 1992 NFL draft, 1992, 1993 NFL draft, 1993, 1994 NFL draft, 1994'' (9)
*Park Central Hotel, New York Sheraton Hotel/Omni Park Central Hotel: ''1980 NFL draft, 1980, 1981 NFL draft, 1981, 1982 NFL draft, 1982, 1983 NFL draft, 1983, 1984 NFL draft, 1984, 1985 NFL draft, 1985'' (6)
*New Yorker Hotel: ''1939 NFL draft, 1939'' (1)
*Radio City Music Hall: ''2006 NFL draft, 2006, 2007 NFL draft, 2007, 2008 NFL draft, 2008, 2009 NFL draft, 2009, 2010 NFL draft, 2010, 2011 NFL draft, 2011, 2012 NFL draft, 2012, 2013 NFL draft, 2013, 2014 NFL draft, 2014'' (9)
*The Roosevelt Hotel (New York), Roosevelt Hotel ''1976 NFL draft, 1976, 1977 NFL draft, 1977, 1978 NFL draft, 1978'' (3)
*Summit Hotel: ''1965 NFL draft, 1965, 1966 NFL draft, 1966'' (2)
*Theater at Madison Square Garden: ''1995 NFL draft, 1995, 1996 NFL draft, 1996, 1997 NFL draft, 1997, 1998 NFL draft, 1998, 1999 NFL draft, 1999. 2000 NFL draft, 2000, 2001 NFL draft, 2001, 2002 NFL draft, 2002, 2003 NFL draft, 2003, 2004 NFL draft, 2004'' (10)
*Waldorf-Astoria Hotel: ''1979 NFL draft, 1979'' (1)
*Warwick Hotel (New York), Warwick Hotel: ''1955 NFL draft, 1955'' (1)

Philadelphia: ''1936, 1944, 1949–1961, 2017'' (15)
*Bellevue-Stratford Hotel: ''1949 NFL draft, 1949*, 1950 NFL draft, 1950, 1953 NFL draft, 1953, 1954 NFL draft, 1954, 1955 NFL draft, 1955, 1956 NFL draft, 1956*, 1957 NFL draft, 1957*'' (8)
*Eakins Oval: ''2017 NFL draft, 2017'' (1)
*Racquet Club of Philadelphia: ''1950 NFL draft, 1950*'' (1)
* Ritz-Carlton Hotel: ''1936 NFL draft, 1936'' (1)
*The Warwick, Warwick Hotel: ''1944 NFL draft, 1944, 1957 NFL draft, 1957*, 1958 NFL draft, 1958, 1959 NFL Draft, 1959, 1960 NFL draft, 1960, 1961 NFL draft, 1961'' (6)

Pittsburgh: ''1948–1949'' (2)
*Fort Pitt Hotel: ''1948 NFL draft, 1948'' (1)
*William Pitt Union, Schenley Hotel: ''1949 NFL draft, 1949*'' (1)

Washington, D.C.: ''1941'' (1)
*Willard Hotel: ''1941 NFL draft, 1941'' (1)

No location (by various electronic communications): 2020 NFL Draft, 2020* (1)

''*: Year with more than one Draft venue''

''Source
NFL Draft Locations
'

AFL draft venues

Before the NFL-AFL merger, the American Football League (AFL) held its own draft in several locations.

Dallas: ''1961–1963'' (3)
*Dallas Statler Hilton (1961–1963)

Minneapolis: ''1960'' (1)
*Nicollet Hotel (1960)

New York: ''1964–1966'' (3)
*Waldorf Astoria New York, Waldorf Astoria (1964–1966*)

No location (by telephone): ''1965*'' (1)

''*: Year with more than one draft venue''

''Source
NFL Draft Locations
'

Supplemental draft

Since 1977, the NFL has also held a supplemental draft to accommodate players who did not enter the regular draft. Players generally enter the supplementary draft because they missed the filing deadline for the NFL draft or because issues developed which affected their eligibility (such as academic or disciplinary matters). The supplemental draft is scheduled to occur at some point after the regular draft and before the start of the next season. In 1984 the NFL held an 1984 NFL Supplemental Draft of USFL and CFL Players, additional draft for players who were under contract with either USFL or CFL teams.

Draft order is determined by a weighted system that is divided into three groupings. First come the teams that had six or fewer wins last season, followed by non-playoff teams that had more than six wins, followed by the 12 (now 14) playoff teams. In the supplemental draft, a team is not required to use any picks. Instead, if a team wants a player in the supplemental draft, they submit a "bid" to the Commissioner with the round they would pick that player. If no other team places a bid on that player at an earlier spot, the team is awarded the player and has to give up an equivalent pick in the following year's draft. (For example, FS Paul Oliver (American football), Paul Oliver was taken by the San Diego Chargers in the fourth round of the supplemental draft in 2007; thus, in the 2008 NFL draft, the Chargers forfeited a fourth-round pick.)

The 1985 supplemental draft was particularly controversial. Quarterback Bernie Kosar who had led the University of Miami to its first National Championship in 1984 Orange Bowl, 1983 was earning his academic degree as a junior. Rather than finish his eligibility at Miami he wanted to turn pro. At this time college players had to wait for their class unless they themselves graduated early.

Football agent AJ Faigin devised a plan to get Kosar to his preferred team, the Cleveland Browns. Faigin was representing former University of Miami QB Jim Kelly, then in the USFL, but whose NFL rights were held by the Buffalo Bills. The USFL was in its last days and Kelly would soon be available to the Bills. Faigin's first step was to ask Bill Polian, the GM of Buffalo, if he would be willing to trade the number one supplemental pick (worth next to nothing at that time) to Cleveland. Polian agreed and Faigin told the Cleveland Browns a trade was available. He next notified Kosar's father he should not formally submit his son's application for the standard NFL draft that was weeks away and declare only afterward; which would put him into the supplemental draft.

The result of Kosar's withdrawal resulted in rare, open warfare among NFL teams played out in the newspapers with threats of lawsuits between them, notably the Minnesota Vikings and New York Giants, who had expressed interest in choosing him in that season's regular draft. But as no rules were broken the Giants and eventually Minnesota had to back down. Following that season, the NFL instituted the current semi-random supplemental draft order.

The strategy devised by A.J. Faigin, to not declare for the NFL until after the regular draft, was subsequently used by other top players for various reasons. In some cases, it was because they did not want to play for the team that would have drafted them in the regular draft. For example, Brian Bosworth did not declare because he did not want to play for the Indianapolis Colts or the Buffalo Bills, the teams who drafted second and third that year. The Colts had offered him a 4-year, $2.2 million deal before the draft. The Seattle Seahawks won the right to draft first in the supplemental draft, and later signed him to a 10-year, $11 million contract. At the time that was the largest rookie contract in NFL history.

As of the 1990 season, only players who had graduated or exhausted their college eligibility were made available for the supplemental draft. Since 1993, only players who had planned to attend college but for various reasons could not, have been included in the supplemental draft.

List of NFL supplemental draft picks

See also

* Draftnik
* Draft (sports), Drafts in sports
* List of NFL drafts
* List of professional American football drafts
* List of NFL draft broadcasters
* Mr. Irrelevant, List of final selections of NFL drafts
* List of first overall National Football League draft picks, List of NFL Draft first overall picks

References

Citations

Sources

''Organized Professional Team Sports: Part 3''. (password protected except at participating U.S. library) by United States House Committee on the Judiciary III, Subcommittee on Antitrust (1957).
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* Maule, Tex (1964). ''The Game; The Official Picture History of the National Football League''. New York: Random House
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* Ruck, Rob; with Paterson, Maggie Jones and Weber, Michael P. (2010) ''Rooney:a Sporting Life''. Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press.
* Peterson, Robert W. (1997). ''Pigskin'' New York, NY: Oxford University Press. .
* Williams, Pete (2006). ''The Draft: a year inside the NFL's search for talent''. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. .
* Willis, Chris (2010). ''The Man Who Built the National Football League: Joe F. Carr''. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, Inc. .
* Brown, Paul; with Clary, Jack (1979). ''PB, the Paul Brown Story''. New York, NY: Atheneum.
* Carroll, John M. (1999). ''Red Grange and the Rise of Modern Football''. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
*
* Gottehrer, Barry (1963), ''The Giants of New York''. New York, NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
* Hession, Joseph (1987). ''The Rams: Five Decades of Football''. San Francisco: Foghorn Press.
* Knight, Jonathan (2006). "Bernie Comes Home" in ''Sundays in the Pound: The Heroics and Heartbreak of the 1985–89 Cleveland Browns''. Kent, Ohio: The Kent State University Press. . pp. 15–25.
* Maule, Tex (1964). ''The Game; The Official Picture History of the National Football League''. New York, NY: Random House.
* Staudohar, Paul D. (1986). ''The Sports Industry and Collective Bargaining''. Ithaca, New York: ILR Press.
* Yost, Mark (2006). ''Tailgating, Sacks and Salary Caps.'' Chicago, IL: Kaplan Publishing. .

Further reading

The Year Greasy Neale was Fired

1936–37 NFL Draft by Jim Campbell

Draft Productivity: A Study by Gary Keller







Oh, for another '58 Packer draft
!--uses the term "sleeper" pick -->

Yazoo Smith v. NFL

External links

*

{{NFL

National Football League Draft,
Recurring sporting events established in 1936
Annual sporting events in the United States