Naturally occurring

niobium Niobium is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol Nb (formerly columbium, Cb) and atomic number 41. It is a light grey, crystalline, and Ductility, ductile transition metal. Pure niobium has a Mohs scale of mineral hardness, Mohs h ...

(₄₁Nb) is composed of one

stable A stable is a building in which working animals are kept, especially horses or oxen. The building is usually divided into stalls, and may include storage for equipment and feed. Styles There are many different types of stables in use tod ...

isotope Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or ''nuclides'') of the same chemical element. They have the same atomic number (number of protons in their Atomic nucleus, nuclei) and position in the periodic table (and hence belong to the same chemica ...

(⁹³Nb). The most stable

radioisotope A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is a nuclide that has excess numbers of either neutrons or protons, giving it excess nuclear energy, and making it unstable. This excess energy can be used in one of three ...

is ⁹²Nb with a

half-life Half-life is a mathematical and scientific description of exponential or gradual decay. Half-life, half life or halflife may also refer to: Film * Half-Life (film), ''Half-Life'' (film), a 2008 independent film by Jennifer Phang * ''Half Life: ...

of 34.7 million years. The next longest-lived niobium isotopes are ⁹⁴Nb (half-life: 20,300 years) and ⁹¹Nb with a half-life of 680 years. There is also a

meta state A nuclear isomer is a metastable state of an atomic nucleus, in which one or more nucleons (protons or neutrons) occupy excited state levels (higher energy levels). "Metastable" describes nuclei whose excited states have half-lives of 10−9 s ...

of ⁹³Nb at 31

keV In physics, an electronvolt (symbol eV), also written electron-volt and electron volt, is the measure of an amount of kinetic energy gained by a single electron accelerating through an electric potential difference of one volt in vacuum. When us ...

whose half-life is 16.13 years. Twenty-seven other radioisotopes have been characterized. Most of these have half-lives that are less than two hours, except ⁹⁵Nb (35 days), ⁹⁶Nb (23.4 hours) and ⁹⁰Nb (14.6 hours). The primary

decay mode Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay, radioactivity, radioactive disintegration, or nuclear disintegration) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by radiation. A material containing unstable nuclei is conside ...

before stable ⁹³Nb is

electron capture Electron capture (K-electron capture, also K-capture, or L-electron capture, L-capture) is a process in which the proton-rich nucleus of an electrically neutral atom absorbs an inner atomic electron, usually from the K or L electron shells. Th ...

and the primary mode after is

beta emission In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a beta particle (fast energetic electron or positron), transforming into an isobar of that nuclide. For example, beta decay of a neutron t ...

with some

neutron emission Neutron emission is a mode of radioactive decay in which one or more neutrons are ejected from a Atomic nucleus, nucleus. It occurs in the most neutron-rich/proton-deficient nuclides, and also from excited states of other nuclides as in photodisin ...

occurring in ^104–110Nb. Only ⁹⁵Nb (35 days) and ⁹⁷Nb (72 minutes) and heavier isotopes (half-lives in seconds) are

fission products Nuclear fission products are the atomic fragments left after a large atomic nucleus undergoes nuclear fission. Typically, a large nucleus like that of uranium fissions by splitting into two smaller nuclei, along with a few neutrons, the releas ...

in significant quantity, as the other isotopes are shadowed by stable or very long-lived ( ⁹³Zr) isotopes of the preceding element

zirconium Zirconium is a chemical element; it has Symbol (chemistry), symbol Zr and atomic number 40. First identified in 1789, isolated in impure form in 1824, and manufactured at scale by 1925, pure zirconium is a lustrous transition metal with a greyis ...

from production via

beta decay In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a beta particle (fast energetic electron or positron), transforming into an isobar of that nuclide. For example, beta decay of a neutron ...

of neutron-rich fission fragments. ⁹⁵Nb is the

decay product In nuclear physics, a decay product (also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope, radio-daughter, or daughter nuclide) is the remaining nuclide left over from radioactive decay. Radioactive decay often proceeds via a sequence of steps ( d ...

of ⁹⁵Zr (64 days), so disappearance of ⁹⁵Nb in

used nuclear fuel Spent nuclear fuel, occasionally called used nuclear fuel, is nuclear fuel that has been irradiated in a nuclear reactor (usually at a nuclear power plant). It is no longer useful in sustaining a nuclear reaction in an ordinary thermal reactor and ...

is slower than would be expected from its own 35-day half-life alone. Small amounts of other isotopes may be produced as direct fission products.

List of isotopes

, -id=Niobium-82 , ⁸²Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 41 , 81.94438(32) , 51(5) ms , β⁺ , ⁸²Zr , (0+) , , -id=Niobium-82m , style="text-indent:1em" , ^82mNb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 1180(1) keV , 93(20) ns , IT , ⁸²Nb , (5+) , , -id=Niobium-83 , ⁸³Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 42 , 82.93815(17) , 3.9(2) s , β⁺ , ⁸³Zr , 9/2+# , , -id=Niobium-84 , ⁸⁴Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 43 , 83.93430571(43) , 9.8(9) s , β⁺ , ⁸⁴Zr , (1+) , , -id=Niobium-84m1 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^84m1Nb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 48(1) keV , 176(46) ns , IT , ⁸⁴Nb , (3+) , , -id=Niobium-84m2 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^84m2Nb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 337.7(4) keV , 92(5) ns , IT , ⁸⁴Nb , (5−) , , -id=Niobium-85 , ⁸⁵Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 44 , 84.9288458(44) , 20.5(7) s , β⁺ , ⁸⁵Zr , 9/2+# , , -id=Niobium-85m , rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" , ^85mNb , rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 150(80)# keV , rowspan=2, 3.3(9) s , IT (?%) , ⁸⁵Nb , rowspan=2, (1/2−) , rowspan=2, , - , β⁺ (?%) , ⁸⁵Zr , -id=Niobium-86 , ⁸⁶Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 45 , 85.9257815(59) , 88(1) s , β⁺ , ⁸⁶Zr , (6+) , , -id=Niobium-86m , style="text-indent:1em" , ^86mNbOrder of ground state and isomer is uncertain. , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 150(100)# keV , 20# s , β⁺ , ⁸⁶Zr , (0−,1−,2−) , , -id=Niobium-87 , ⁸⁷Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 46 , 86.9206925(73) , 3.7(1) min , β⁺ , ⁸⁷Zr , (1/2)− , , -id=Niobium-87m , style="text-indent:1em" , ^87mNb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 3.9(1) keV , 2.6(1) min , β⁺ , ⁸⁷Zr , (9/2)+ , , -id=Niobium-88 , ⁸⁸Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 47 , 87.918226(62) , 14.50(11) min , β⁺ , ⁸⁸Zr , (8+) , , -id=Niobium-88m , style="text-indent:1em" , ^88mNb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 130(120) keV , 7.7(1) min , β⁺ , ⁸⁸Zr , (4−) , , -id=Niobium-89 , ⁸⁹Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 48 , 88.913445(25) , 2.03(7) h , β⁺ , ⁸⁹Zr , (9/2+) , , -id=Niobium-89m , style="text-indent:1em" , ^89mNb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 0(30)# keV , 1.10(3) h , β⁺ , ⁸⁹Zr , (1/2)− , , -id=Niobium-90 , ⁹⁰Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 49 , 89.9112592(36) , 14.60(5) h , β⁺ , ⁹⁰Zr , 8+ , , -id=Niobium-90m1 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^90m1Nb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 122.370(22) keV , 63(2) μs , IT , ⁹⁰Nb , 6+ , , -id=Niobium-90m2 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^90m2Nb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 124.67(25) keV , 18.81(6) s , IT , ⁹⁰Nb , 4- , , -id=Niobium-90m3 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^90m3Nb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 171.10(10) keV , <1 μs , IT , ⁹⁰Nb , 7+ , , -id=Niobium-90m4 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^90m4Nb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 382.01(25) keV , 6.19(8) ms , IT , ^90m1Nb , 1+ , , -id=Niobium-90m5 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^90m5Nb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 1880.21(20) keV , 471(6) ns , IT , ⁹⁰Nb , (11−) , , -id=Niobium-91 , rowspan=2, ⁹¹Nb , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 41 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 50 , rowspan=2, 90.9069903(31) , rowspan=2, 680(130) y , EC (99.99%) , rowspan=2, ⁹¹Zr , rowspan=2, 9/2+ , rowspan=2, , - , β⁺ (0.0138%) , -id=Niobium-91m1 , rowspan=3 style="text-indent:1em" , ^91m1Nb , rowspan=3 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 104.60(5) keV , rowspan=3, 60.86(22) d , IT (96.6%) , ⁹¹Nb , rowspan=3, 1/2− , rowspan=3, , - , EC (3.4%) , rowspan=2, ⁹¹Zr , - , β⁺ (.0028%) , -id=Niobium-91m2 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^91m2Nb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 2034.42(20) keV , 3.76(12) μs , IT , ⁹¹Nb , (17/2−) , , - , ⁹²Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 51 , 91.9071886(19) , 3.47(24)×10⁷ y , β⁺ , ⁹²Zr , 7+ , Trace , -id=Niobium-92m1 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^92m1Nb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 135.5(4) keV , 10.116(13) d , β⁺ , ⁹²Zr , (2)+ , , -id=Niobium-92m2 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^92m2Nb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 225.8(4) keV , 5.9(2) μs , IT , ⁹²Nb , (2)− , , -id=Niobium-92m3 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^92m3Nb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 2203.3(4) keV , 167(4) ns , IT , ⁹²Nb , (11−) , , -id=Niobium-93 , ⁹³Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 52 , 92.9063732(16) , colspan=3 align=center, Stable , 9/2+ , 1.0000 , -id=Niobium-93m1 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^93m1Nb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 30.760(5) keV , 16.12(12) y , IT , ⁹³Nb , 1/2− , , -id=Niobium-93m2 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^93m2Nb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 7460(17) keV , 1.5(5) μs , IT , ⁹³Nb , 33/2−# , , -id=Niobium-94 , ⁹⁴Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 53 , 93.9072790(16) , 2.04(4)×10⁴ y , β⁻ , ⁹⁴Mo , 6+ , Trace , -id=Niobium-94m , rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" , ^94mNb , rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 40.892(12) keV , rowspan=2, 6.263(4) min , IT (99.50%) , ⁹⁴Nb , rowspan=2, 3+ , rowspan=2, , - , β⁻ (0.50%) , ⁹⁴Mo , -id=Niobium-95 , ⁹⁵Nb

Fission product Nuclear fission products are the atomic fragments left after a large atomic nucleus undergoes nuclear fission. Typically, a large nucleus like that of uranium fissions by splitting into two smaller nuclei, along with a few neutrons, the releas ...

, style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 54 , 94.90683111(55) , 34.991(6) d , β⁻ , ⁹⁵Mo , 9/2+ , , -id=Niobium-95m , rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" , ^95mNb , rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 235.69(2) keV , rowspan=2, 3.61(3) d , IT (94.4%) , ⁹⁵Nb , rowspan=2, 1/2− , rowspan=2, , - , β⁻ (5.6%) , ⁹⁵Mo , -id=Niobium-96 , ⁹⁶Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 55 , 95.90810159(16) , 23.35(5) h , β⁻ , ⁹⁶Mo , 6+ , , -id=Niobium-97 , ⁹⁷Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 56 , 96.9081016(46) , 72.1(7) min , β⁻ , ⁹⁷Mo , 9/2+ , , -id=Niobium-97m , style="text-indent:1em" , ^97mNb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 743.35(3) keV , 58.7(18) s , IT , ⁹⁷Nb , 1/2− , , -id=Niobium-98 , ⁹⁸Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 57 , 97.9103326(54) , 2.86(6) s , β⁻ , ⁹⁸Mo , 1+ , , -id=Niobium-98m , style="text-indent:1em" , ^98mNb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 84(4) keV , 51.1(4) min , β⁻ , ⁹⁸Mo , (5)+ , , -id=Niobium-99 , ⁹⁹Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 58 , 98.911609(13) , 15.0(2) s , β⁻ , ⁹⁹Mo , 9/2+ , , -id=Niobium-99m , rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" , ^99mNb , rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 365.27(8) keV , rowspan=2, 2.5(2) min , β⁻ (?%) , ⁹⁹Mo , rowspan=2, 1/2− , rowspan=2, , - , IT (?%) , ⁹⁹Nb , -id=Niobium-100 , ¹⁰⁰Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 59 , 99.9143406(86) , 1.5(2) s , β⁻ , ''¹⁰⁰Mo'' , 1+ , , -id=Niobium-100m1 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^100m1Nb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 313(8) keV , 2.99(11) s , β⁻ , ''¹⁰⁰Mo'' , (5+) , , -id=Niobium-100m2 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^100m2Nb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 347(8) keV , 460(60) ns , IT , ¹⁰⁰Nb , (4−,5−) , , -id=Niobium-100m3 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^100m3Nb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 734(8) keV , 12.43(26) μs , IT , ¹⁰⁰Nb , (8−) , , -id=Niobium-101 , ¹⁰¹Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 60 , 100.9153065(40) , 7.1(3) s , β⁻ , ¹⁰¹Mo , 5/2+ , , -id=Niobium-102 , ¹⁰²Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 61 , 101.9180904(27) , 4.3(4) s , β⁻ , ¹⁰²Mo , (4+) , , -id=Niobium-102m , style="text-indent:1em" , ^102mNb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 94(7) keV , 1.31(16) s , β⁻ , ¹⁰²Mo , (1+) , , -id=Niobium-103 , ¹⁰³Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 62 , 102.9194534(42) , 1.34(7) s , β⁻ , ¹⁰³Mo , 5/2+ , , -id=Niobium-104 , rowspan=2, ¹⁰⁴Nb , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 41 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 63 , rowspan=2, 103.9229077(19) , rowspan=2, 0.98(5) s , β⁻ (99.95%) , ¹⁰⁴Mo , rowspan=2, (1+) , rowspan=2, , - , β⁻, n (0.05%) , ¹⁰³Mo , -id=Niobium-104m , rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" , ^104mNb , rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 9.8(26) keV , rowspan=2, 4.9(3) s , β⁻ (99.94%) , ¹⁰⁴Mo , rowspan=2, (0−,1−) , rowspan=2, , - , β⁻, n (0.06%) , ¹⁰³Mo , -id=Niobium-105 , rowspan=2, ¹⁰⁵Nb , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 41 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 64 , rowspan=2, 104.9249426(43) , rowspan=2, 2.91(5) s , β⁻ (98.3%) , ¹⁰⁵Mo , rowspan=2, (5/2+) , rowspan=2, , - , β⁻, n (1.7%) , ¹⁰⁴Mo , -id=Niobium-106 , rowspan=2, ¹⁰⁶Nb , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 41 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 65 , rowspan=2, 105.9289285(15) , rowspan=2, 900(20) ms , β⁻ (95.5%) , ¹⁰⁶Mo , rowspan=2, 1−# , rowspan=2, , - , β⁻, n (4.5%) , ¹⁰⁵Mo , -id=Niobium-106m1 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^106m1Nb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 100(50)# keV , 1.20(6) s , β⁻ , ¹⁰⁶Mo , (4−) , , -id=Niobium-106m2 , style="text-indent:1em" , ^106m2Nb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 204.8(5) keV , 820(38) ns , IT , ¹⁰⁶Nb , (3+) , , -id=Niobium-107 , rowspan=2, ¹⁰⁷Nb , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 41 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 66 , rowspan=2, 106.9315897(86) , rowspan=2, 286(8) ms , β⁻ (92.6%) , ¹⁰⁷Mo , rowspan=2, (5/2+) , rowspan=2, , - , β⁻, n (7.4%) , ¹⁰⁶Mo , -id=Niobium-108 , rowspan=2, ¹⁰⁸Nb , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 41 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 67 , rowspan=2, 107.9360756(88) , rowspan=2, 201(4) ms , β⁻ (93.7%) , ¹⁰⁸Mo , rowspan=2, (2+) , rowspan=2, , - , β⁻, n (6.3%) , ¹⁰⁷Mo , -id=Niobium-108m , style="text-indent:1em" , ^108mNb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 166.6(5) keV , 109(2) ns , IT , ¹⁰⁸Nb , 6−# , , -id=Niobium-109 , rowspan=2, ¹⁰⁹Nb , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 41 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 68 , rowspan=2, 108.93914(46) , rowspan=2, 106.9(49) ms , β⁻ (69%) , ¹⁰⁹Mo , rowspan=2, 3/2−# , rowspan=2, , - , β⁻, n (31%) , ¹⁰⁸Mo , -id=Niobium-109m , style="text-indent:1em" , ^109mNb , colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 312.5(4) keV , 115(8) ns , IT , ¹⁰⁹Nb , 7/2+# , , -id=Niobium-110 , rowspan=2, ¹¹⁰Nb , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 41 , rowspan=2 style="text-align:right" , 69 , rowspan=2, 109.94384(90) , rowspan=2, 75(1) ms , β⁻ (60%) , ¹¹⁰Mo , rowspan=2, 5+# , rowspan=2, , - , β⁻, n (40%) , ¹⁰⁹Mo , -id=Niobium-110m , rowspan=2 style="text-indent:1em" , ^110mNb , rowspan=2 colspan="3" style="text-indent:2em" , 100(50)# keV , rowspan=2, 94(9) ms , β⁻ (60%) , ¹¹⁰Mo , rowspan=2, 2+# , rowspan=2, , - , β⁻, n (40%) , ¹⁰⁹Mo , -id=Niobium-111 , ¹¹¹Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 70 , 110.94744(32)# , 54(2) ms , β⁻ , ¹¹¹Mo , 3/2−# , , -id=Niobium-112 , ¹¹²Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 71 , 111.95269(32)# , 38(2) ms , β⁻ , ¹¹²Mo , 1+# , , -id=Niobium-113 , ¹¹³Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 72 , 112.95683(43)# , 32(4) ms , β⁻ , ¹¹³Mo , 3/2−# , , -id=Niobium-114 , ¹¹⁴Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 73 , 113.96247(54)# , 17(5) ms , β⁻ , ¹¹⁴Mo , 2−# , , -id=Niobium-115 , ¹¹⁵Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 74 , 114.96685(54)# , 23(8) ms , β⁻ , ¹¹⁵Mo , 3/2−# , , -id=Niobium-116 , ¹¹⁶Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 75 , 115.97291(32)# , 12# ms
550 ns, , , 1−# , , -id=Niobium-117 , ¹¹⁷Nb , style="text-align:right" , 41 , style="text-align:right" , 76 , , , , , ,

Niobium-92

Niobium-92 is an

extinct radionuclide An extinct radionuclide is a radionuclide that was formed by nucleosynthesis before the formation of the Solar System, about 4.6 billion years ago, but has since decayed to virtually zero abundance and is no longer detectable as a primordial nu ...

with a half-life of 34.7 million years, decaying predominantly via β⁺ decay. Its abundance relative to the stable ⁹³Nb in the early Solar System, estimated at 1.7×10⁻⁵, has been measured to investigate the origin of

p-nuclei p-nuclei (''p'' stands for proton-rich) are certain proton-rich, naturally occurring isotopes of some elements between selenium and mercury inclusive which cannot be produced in either the s- or the r-process. Definition The classical, gro ...

. A higher initial abundance of ⁹²Nb has been estimated for material in the outer protosolar disk (sampled from the meteorite NWA 6704), suggesting that this nuclide was predominantly formed via the

gamma process A gamma process, also called the ''Moran-Gamma subordinator'', is a two-parameter stochastic process which models the accumulation of ''effort'' or ''wear'' over time. The gamma process has independent and stationary increments which follow the ...

(

photodisintegration Photodisintegration (also called phototransmutation, or a photonuclear reaction) is a nuclear process in which an atomic nucleus absorbs a high-energy gamma ray, enters an excited state, and immediately decays by emitting a subatomic particle. The ...

) in a nearby

core-collapse supernova A supernova (: supernovae or supernovas) is a powerful and luminous explosion of a star. A supernova occurs during the last evolutionary stages of a massive star, or when a white dwarf is triggered into runaway nuclear fusion. The original obj ...

. Niobium-92, along with niobium-94, has been detected in refined samples of terrestrial niobium and may originate from bombardment by

cosmic ray Cosmic rays or astroparticles are high-energy particles or clusters of particles (primarily represented by protons or atomic nuclei) that move through space at nearly the speed of light. They originate from the Sun, from outside of the ...

muon A muon ( ; from the Greek letter mu (μ) used to represent it) is an elementary particle similar to the electron, with an electric charge of −1 '' e'' and a spin of ''ħ'', but with a much greater mass. It is classified as a ...

s in Earth's crust.

References

* Isotope masses from: ** * Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from: ** ** * Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. ** ** ** {{Authority control Niobium

Niobium Niobium is a chemical element; it has chemical symbol, symbol Nb (formerly columbium, Cb) and atomic number 41. It is a light grey, crystalline, and Ductility, ductile transition metal. Pure niobium has a Mohs scale of mineral hardness, Mohs h ...

List of isotopes

Niobium-92

See also

References