Ngalandou Diouf (also Galandou Diouf; 14 September 1875 – 6 August 1941) was a French and

Senegalese Demographic features of the population of Senegal include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. About 42% of Senegal's population i ...

politician A politician is a person who participates in Public policy, policy-making processes, usually holding an elective position in government. Politicians represent the people, make decisions, and influence the formulation of public policy. The roles ...

who was a member of the

French Chamber of Deputies The Chamber of Deputies (, ) was the lower house of parliament in France at various times in the 19th and 20th centuries: * 1814–1848 during the Bourbon Restoration and the July Monarchy, the Chamber of Deputies was the lower house of the Fr ...

representing the Four Communes from 1934 until his death in 1941. He was the last person to represent the Four Communes under the

French Third Republic The French Third Republic (, sometimes written as ) was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France durin ...

Early life

Diouf was born to the aristocratic Diouf family. He was of

Wolof Wolof or Wollof may refer to: * Wolof people, an ethnic group found in Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania * Wolof language, a language spoken in Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania * The Wolof or Jolof Empire, a medieval West African successor of the Mal ...

and Serer background, and as a native of one of the Four Communes of Senegal considered part of France, was granted the (nominally) full rights of French citizenship. He began his career as a schoolteacher and minor government clerk but became progressively involved in politics.

Political career

Diouf was elected in 1909 to represent the commune of

Rufisque Rufisque (; Wolof: Tëngeéj) is a city in the Dakar region of western Senegal, at the base of the Cap-Vert Peninsula east of Dakar, the capital. It has a population of 295,459 (2023 census).

at the advisory General Assembly (''Conseil Général'') of Saint-Louis, then capital of colonial Senegal. He was an editor of the influential ''La Démocratie'' newspaper, and founding editor of "''Le Sénégal''". As a journalist and political leader, he was the political godfather of Blaise Diagne, whose fame and political success quickly supplanted Diouf's own. Diouf and Diagne finally broke in 1928 over Diouf's view that Diagne had conceded too much to French interests, and over Diouf's increasingly anti-communist and anti-socialist views. After Diagne's death, Diouf was elected to his seat in the

Chamber of Deputies The chamber of deputies is the lower house in many bicameral legislatures and the sole house in some unicameral legislatures. Description Historically, French Chamber of Deputies was the lower house of the French Parliament during the Bourb ...

, leading a coalition of the centre-left, small farmers, Senegalese veterans of the French military, and followers of the

Tijaniyyah The Tijjani order () is a Sufi Tariqa, order of Sunni Islam named after Ahmad al-Tijani. It originated in Algeria but now more widespread in Maghreb, West Africa, particularly in Senegal, The Gambia, Gambia, Mauritania, Mali, Guinea, Niger, ...

Sufi brotherhood which defeated the socialist and

Mouride The Mouride brotherhood (, ''aṭ-Ṭarīqat al-Murīdiyyah'' or simply , ''al-Murīdiyyah'') is a large ''tariqa'' (Sufism, Sufi order) most prominent in Senegal and The Gambia with headquarters in the city of Touba, which is a holy city for t ...

brotherhood coalition of

Amadou Lamine-Guèye Amadou Lamine-Guèye (20 September 1891 – 10 June 1968) was a Senegalese politician who was the first President of the National Assembly of Senegal from 1960 until his death in 1968. The leader of the Senegalese Party of Socialist Action and ...

, an attorney who would later carry out much of Diagne's political program.

In the Chamber of Deputies

In the Assembly, Diouf joined with the Independent Left, connected to the Radical-Socialist Party Camille Pelletan. Diouf fled France during the

Battle of France The Battle of France (; 10 May – 25 June 1940), also known as the Western Campaign (), the French Campaign (, ) and the Fall of France, during the Second World War was the Nazi Germany, German invasion of the Low Countries (Belgium, Luxembour ...

and was not present to vote against the

French Constitutional Law of 1940 The French Constitutional Law of 1940 is a set of bills that were voted into law on 10 July 1940 by the National Assembly, which comprised both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies during the French Third Republic. The law established the Vich ...

, which gave power to

Philippe Pétain Henri Philippe Bénoni Omer Joseph Pétain (; 24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), better known as Marshal Pétain (, ), was a French marshal who commanded the French Army in World War I and later became the head of the Collaboration with Nazi Ger ...

and

Vichy France Vichy France (; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the French State ('), was a French rump state headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II, established as a result of the French capitulation after the Battle of France, ...

. Diouf had opposed the armistice with the Germans, even drafting an appeal on 19 June 1940 with the Guadeloupean deputies Gratien Candace and Maurice Satineau to President Albert François Lebrun that called on the government to continue the war in the

colonies A colony is a territory subject to a form of foreign rule, which rules the territory and its indigenous peoples separated from the foreign rulers, the colonizer, and their '' metropole'' (or "mother country"). This separated rule was often or ...

. Diouf was among the ''Massilia'' Deputies, a group of 27 deputies also including

Édouard Daladier Édouard Daladier (; 18 June 1884 – 10 October 1970) was a French Radical Party (France), Radical-Socialist (centre-left) politician, who was the Prime Minister of France in 1933, 1934 and again from 1938 to 1940. he signed the Munich Agreeme ...

Georges Mandel Georges Mandel (born Louis George Rothschild; 5 June 1885 – 7 July 1944) was a French journalist and politician who was a member of the Chamber of Deputies representing Gironde from 1919 to 1924 and from 1928 until the dissolution of the Fren ...

Jean Zay Jean Élie Paul Zay (6 August 1904 – 20 June 1944) was a French politician. He served as Minister of National Education and Fine Arts from 1936 until 1939. He was imprisoned by the Vichy government from August 1940 until he was murdered in 19 ...

, and

Pierre Mendès-France Pierre is a masculine given name. It is a French language, French form of the name Peter (given name), Peter. Pierre originally meant "rock" or "stone" in French (derived from the Greek word πέτρος (''petros'') meaning "stone, rock", via ...

. The group boarded the ''

SS Massilia SS ''Massilia'' was an ocean liner of the Compagnie de Navigation Sud-Atlantique. She was launched in 1914 and completed in 1920. Massilia was the Roman city on the site of what is now Marseille. Rationale In 1911 the previous mail contract ...

'' and fled to

Casablanca Casablanca (, ) is the largest city in Morocco and the country's economic and business centre. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic coast of the Chaouia (Morocco), Chaouia plain in the central-western part of Morocco, the city has a populatio ...

French Morocco The French protectorate in Morocco, also known as French Morocco, was the period of French colonial rule in Morocco that lasted from 1912 to 1956. The protectorate was officially established 30 March 1912, when Sultan Abd al-Hafid signed the ...

, where they planned to set up a government-in-exile.
List of the 26 Deputies, 1 Senator, and other personalities who fled aboard the ''Massila''. After disembarking at Port-Vendres
, the group, including Diouf, were arrested by collaborationist officials, but Diouf was not deported to face trial with the leadership.

Later life

Ngalandou Diouf died in 1941. A large secondary school in Dakar and major streets in both Dakar and Saint-Louis, Senegal, Saint-Louis are named for him.

Notes

References

* Portions of this article were translated from the French language Wikipedia articles :fr:Ngalandou Diouf and :fr:Galandou Diouf. * Lucie Gallistel Colvin. Historical Dictionary of Senegal. Scarecrow Press/ Metuchen. NJ - London (1981) {{DEFAULTSORT:Diouf, Ngalandou 1875 births 1941 deaths People from Saint-Louis, Senegal Black French politicians Senegalese politicians Serer politicians Independent Left (France) politicians Members of the 15th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of the 16th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic Members of Parliament for French West Africa French military personnel of World War I French people of World War II Knights of the Legion of Honour Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)