Mersekhemre Ined was a

pharaoh Pharaoh (, ; Egyptian language, Egyptian: ''wikt:pr ꜥꜣ, pr ꜥꜣ''; Meroitic language, Meroitic: 𐦲𐦤𐦧, ; Biblical Hebrew: ''Parʿō'') was the title of the monarch of ancient Egypt from the First Dynasty of Egypt, First Dynasty ( ...

of the late

13th Dynasty The Thirteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty XIII) was a series of rulers from approximately 1803 BC until approximately 1649 BC, i.e. for 154 years. It is often classified as the final dynasty of the Middle Kingdom (which includes ...

, possibly the thirty-fifth king of this dynasty. As such he would have reigned from

Memphis Memphis most commonly refers to: * Memphis, Egypt, a former capital of ancient Egypt * Memphis, Tennessee, a major American city Memphis may also refer to: Places United States * Memphis, Alabama * Memphis, Florida * Memphis, Indiana * Mem ...

over Middle and Upper Egypt for a short time either during the early or mid-17th century, from 1672 until 1669 BC or from 1651 until 1648 BC. He may be the same king as Mersekhemre Neferhotep II.

Reign

The identity of Mersekhemre Ined with respect to Neferhotep II is still in doubt.

Mersekhemre Neferhotep

Two royal statues of a king named Mersekhemre Neferhotep were uncovered by

Georges Legrain Georges Albert Legrain (4 October 1865, in Paris – 22 August 1917, in Luxor) was a French Egyptologist. Life and work From 1883 to 1890 Legrain was a student at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, but he also studied Egyptology at that time, ...

in 1903 in the Karnak Cachette and are now in the

Egyptian Museum The Museum of Egyptian Antiquities, commonly known as the Egyptian Museum (, Egyptian Arabic: ) (also called the Cairo Museum), located in Cairo, Egypt, houses the largest collection of Ancient Egypt, Egyptian antiquities in the world. It hou ...

, CG 42023 and CG 42024. Neferhotep II

Non-contemporary attestation

According to the latest reading of the Turin canon by

Kim Ryholt Kim Steven Bardrum Ryholt (born 19 June 1970) is a Danish Egyptologist. He is a professor of Egyptology at the University of Copenhagen and a specialist on Egyptian history and literature. He is director of the research centeCanon and Identity F ...

, Mersekhemre Ined reigned for 3 years, 1 to 4 months and 1 day. K.S.B. Ryholt, ''The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c.1800-1550 BC'', (Carsten Niebuhr Institute Publications, vol. 20. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, (1997), p.71 & p.192. . . . .

Theories

He likely ruled Middle and Upper Egypt while the

Hyksos The Hyksos (; Egyptian language, Egyptian ''wikt:ḥqꜣ, ḥqꜣ(w)-wikt:ḫꜣst, ḫꜣswt'', Egyptological pronunciation: ''heqau khasut'', "ruler(s) of foreign lands"), in modern Egyptology, are the kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt ( ...

14th or

15th Dynasty The Fifteenth Dynasty was a foreign dynasty of ancient Egypt. It was founded by Salitis, a Hyksos from West Asia whose people had invaded the country and conquered Lower Egypt. The 15th, Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt, 16th, and Seventeenth Dynasty o ...

probably already controlled large parts of the Delta region during Mersekhemre Ined's time on the throne in the late 13th Dynasty. Additionally, a king Mersekhemre Ined is mentioned in entry 7.6 of the

Turin Canon The Turin King List, also known as the Turin Royal Canon, is an ancient Egyptian hieratic papyrus thought to date from the reign of Pharaoh Ramesses II (r. 1279–1213 BC), now in the Museo Egizio (Egyptian Museum) in Turin. The papyrus is the m ...

and a king Mersekhemre appears in the Karnak king list, entry VI, 2. Egyptologists

Jürgen von Beckerath Jürgen von Beckerath (19 February 1920 – 26 June 2016) was a German Egyptology, Egyptologist. He was a prolific writer who published countless articles in journals such as '':fr:Orientalia, Orientalia'', ''Göttinger Miszellen'' (GM), ''Journa ...

, Detlef Franke,

Jacques Kinnaer Jacques Kinnaer (born 1966) is a Belgian Egyptologist Egyptology (from ''Egypt'' and Greek , ''-logia''; ) is the scientific study of ancient Egypt. The topics studied include ancient Egyptian history, language, literature, religion, archi ...

, Rolf Krauss and

Donald B. Redford Donald Bruce Redford (2 September 1934 – 18 October 2024) was a Canadian Egyptologist, archaeologist, and Professor of Classics and Ancient Mediterranean Studies at Pennsylvania State University; he retired in 2024. Redford directed a number of ...

conclude that the Mersekhemre Ined of the Turin canon and Mersekhemre Neferhotep are one and the same person. Beckerath, Jürgen von: ''Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ägypten. Glückstadt'' (in German) (1964), p. 60, 254 (XIII 30). In contrast,

sees in these documents the references to two distinct rulers with the same official royal name, as for example in the case of Merhotepre

Sobekhotep V Merhotepre Sobekhotep (also known as Sobekhotep V; Sobekhotep VI in older studies) was an Egyptian king of the late 13th Dynasty during the Second Intermediate Period. Attestation Merhotepre Sobekhotep is mainly attested in Upper Egypt. Items c ...

and

Merhotepre Ini Merhotepre Ini was a minor king in Ancient Egypt, thought to be the successor of Merneferre Ay in the late Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt. The Turin King List may assigned him a brief reign of 2 Years, 3 or 4 Months and 9 days. Ryholt, Kim, The Po ...

. Rather, Ryholt identifies Neferhotep II with a king "''Mer...re''" on column 8 row 16 of the Turin canon, which would place Neferhotep II at the very end of the 13th Dynasty, possibly the dynasty's 46th ruler. However, this entry of the Turin canon may refer to Mershepsesre Ini II instead, with Neferhotep II being the same king as Mersekhemre Ined.

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ined, Mersekhemre 17th-century BC pharaohs Pharaohs of the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt