''Nebularia'' is a

genus Genus (; : genera ) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family (taxonomy), family as used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In bino ...

of predatory

sea snail Sea snails are slow-moving marine (ocean), marine gastropod Mollusca, molluscs, usually with visible external shells, such as whelk or abalone. They share the Taxonomic classification, taxonomic class Gastropoda with slugs, which are distinguishe ...

s, marine

gastropod Gastropods (), commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, freshwater, and fro ...

mollusk Mollusca is a phylum of protostomic invertebrate animals, whose members are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 76,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest animal phylum after Arthropoda. The ...

s in the subfamily Cylindromitrinae within the

family Family (from ) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). It forms the basis for social order. Ideally, families offer predictabili ...

Mitridae Mitridae, known as mitres or mitre shells, are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of sea snails, widely distributed marine (ocean), marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Mitroidea. Both the Latin name and the common name a ...

. This name was originally proposed as a subgenus of the

Mitra ''Mitra'' (Proto-Indo-Iranian language, Proto-Indo-Iranian: wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-Iranian/mitrás, ''*mitrás'') is the name of an Indo-Iranians#Religion, Indo-Iranian divinity that predates the Rigveda, Rigvedic Mitra (Hindu god), Mitrá ...

''. The type species of this genus is ''Mitra contracta'' Swainson, 1820.

Taxonomy

In 1991, Cernohorsky considered that the subgenus ''Nebularia'' does not form a well-defined group. In 2001, Thorsson and Salisbury used the tern ''Nebularia'' as a group (and ''not'' as a valid taxonomic name), for species related to the type species ''Mitra coronata''.

Description

The shell is impressed with transverse grooves. The

body whorl The body whorl is part of the morphology (biology), morphology of the gastropod shell, shell in those gastropod mollusks that possess a coiled shell. The term is also sometimes used in a similar way to describe the shell of a cephalopod mollusk ...

is anteriorly contracted. The

aperture In optics, the aperture of an optical system (including a system consisting of a single lens) is the hole or opening that primarily limits light propagated through the system. More specifically, the entrance pupil as the front side image o ...

is narrow behind, effuse in front. The margin of the outer

lip The lips are a horizontal pair of soft appendages attached to the jaws and are the most visible part of the mouth of many animals, including humans. Mammal lips are soft, movable and serve to facilitate the ingestion of food (e.g. sucklin ...

is smooth.Adams, H. & Adams, A. (1853-1858). The genera of Recent Mollusca; arranged according to their organization. London, van Voorst. Vol. 1: xl + 484 pp.; vol. 2: 661 pp.; vol. 3: 138 pls
/ref>

Species

The genus ''Nebularia'' contains the following species: *'' Nebularia acuminata'' (Swainson, 1824) *'' Nebularia aegra'' (Reeve, 1845) *'' Nebularia ancillides'' (Broderip, 1836) *'' Nebularia baerorum'' (Poppe & Tagaro, 2010) *''

Nebularia bellula ''Nebularia bellula'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Mitridae Mitridae, known as mitres or mitre shells, are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of sea snails, widely distributed marine ...

'' (A. Adams, 1853) *'' Nebularia chrysostoma'' (Broderip, 1836) *''

Nebularia coarctata ''Nebularia coarctata'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Mitridae Mitridae, known as mitres or mitre shells, are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of sea snails, widely distributed mari ...

'' (Reeve, 1844) *'' Nebularia contracta'' (Swainson, 1820) *''

Nebularia dondani ''Nebularia dondani'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Mitridae Mitridae, known as mitres or mitre shells, are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of sea snails, widely distributed marine ...

'' (Cernohorsky, 1985) *''

Nebularia edentula ''Nebularia edentula'', the toothless mitre, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails. Description The shell size varies between 20 mm and 40 mm Distribution This spec ...

'' (Swainson, 1823) *''

Nebularia eremitarum ''Nebularia eremitarum'' (common name: adusta mitre) is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails. Description The shell size varies between 38 mm and 86 mm Distribution T ...

'' (Röding, 1798) *''

Nebularia fastigium ''Nebularia fastigium'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails. Description The shell size varies between 20 mm and 31 mm Distribution This species is distributed ...

'' (Reeve, 1845) *''

Nebularia ferruginea ''Nebularia ferruginea'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Mitridae Mitridae, known as mitres or mitre shells, are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of sea snails, widely distributed mar ...

'' (Lamarck, 1811) *''

Nebularia gourgueti ''Nebularia gourgueti '' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Mitridae. It was discovered and named by researchers Poppe, R. Salisbury & Tagaro. Description The length of the shell attains 27.7 mm. Distribution T ...

'' (Poppe, R. Salisbury & Tagaro, 2015) *''

Nebularia guidopoppei ''Nebularia guidopoppei'' is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Mitridae Mitridae, known as mitres or mitre shells, are a Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic family (biology), family of sea snails, widely distributed ...

'' (Thach, 2016) * ''

Nebularia hangji ''Nebularia'' is a genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Cylindromitrinae within the family of Mitridae. This name was originally proposed as a subgenus of the genus ''Mitra''. The type species of this genus ...

'' S.-I Huang & Q.-Y. Chuo, 2019 * ''

Nebularia ignobilis ''Nebularia'' is a genus of predatory sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Cylindromitrinae within the family of Mitridae. This name was originally proposed as a subgenus of the genus ''Mitra''. The type species of this genus ...

'' (Reeve, 1844) *''

Nebularia incompta ''Nebularia incompta'' (common name: tessellate mitre) is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails. Description The shell size varies between 44 mm and 160 mm Distribution ...

'' ( ightfoot 1786) *'' Nebularia inquinata'' (Reeve, 1844) * '' Nebularia kanak'' S.-I Huang, 2021 * '' Nebularia mackayorum'' S.-I Huang & Q.-Y. Chuo, 2019 *'' Nebularia multiplicata'' (Pease, 1865) *'' Nebularia nebulosa'' (Broderip, 1836) *'' Nebularia nivea'' (Broderip, 1836) * '' Nebularia peasei'' (Dohrn, 1860) *'' Nebularia pellisserpentis'' (Reeve, 1844) *'' Nebularia petrosa'' (G. B. Sowerby II, 1874) *''

Nebularia pyramis ''Nebularia pyramis'' (common name: Pyramis mitre) is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family (biology), family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails. Description The shell size is , but 70 mm. giants are known from the ...

'' (W. Wood, 1828) * †''

Nebularia soliphila ''Nebularia'' is a genus of predatory sea snails, marine (ocean), marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Cylindromitrinae within the family (biology), family of Mitridae. This name was originally proposed as a subgenus of the genus ''Mitra (g ...

'' Harzhauser & Landau, 2021 *'' Nebularia thachi'' (H. Turner, 2007) * '' Nebularia tivoli'' S.-I Huang, 2021 *'' Nebularia ustulata'' (Reeve, 1844) * '' Nebularia yafani'' S.-I Huang & Q.-Y. Chuo, 2019 ;Species brought into synonymy: * ''Nebularia ambigua'' (Swainson, 1829): synonym of '' Strigatella ambigua'' (Swainson, 1829) * ''Nebularia aurantia'' (Gmelin, 1791): synonym of '' Strigatella aurantia'' (Gmelin, 1791) * ''Nebularia aurora'' (Dohrn, 1861): synonym of '' Strigatella aurora'' (Dohrn, 1861) * ''Nebularia coffea'' (Schubert & Wagner, 1829): synonym of '' Strigatella coffea'' (Schubert & J. A. Wagner, 1829) * ''Nebularia coronata'' (Lamarck, 1811): synonym of '' Strigatella coronata'' (Lamarck, 1811) *''Nebularia deynzeri'' (Cernohorsky, 1980): synonym of '' Acromargarita deynzeri'' (Cernohorsky, 1980) * ''Nebularia fulvescens'' (Broderip, 1836): synonym of '' Strigatella fulvescens'' (Broderip, 1836) * ''Nebularia imperialis'' (Röding, 1798): synonym of '' Strigatella imperialis'' (Röding, 1798) * '' Nebularia kamehameha'' (Pilsbry, 1921): synonym of '' Nebularia ustulata'' (Reeve, 1844) * ''Nebularia luctuosa'' (A. Adams, 1853): synonym of '' Strigatella luctuosa'' (A. Adams, 1853) * ''Nebularia rutila'' (A. Adams, 1853): synonym of '' Pseudonebularia rutila'' (A. Adams, 1853) * ''Nebularia semperi'' (Poppe, Tagaro & R. Salisbury, 2009): synonym of '' Acromargarita semperi'' (Poppe, Tagaro & R. Salisbury, 2009) * ''Nebularia vultuosa'' (Reeve, 1845): synonym of '' Strigatella vultuosa'' (Reeve, 1845) * ''Nebularia yaekoae'' Habe & Kosuge, 1966: synonym of '' Scabricola yaekoae'' (Habe & Kosuge, 1966) (original combination)

References

External links

Adams, H. & Adams, A. (1853-1858). The genera of Recent Mollusca; arranged according to their organization. London, van Voorst. Vol. 1: xl + 484 pp.; vol. 2: 661 pp.; vol. 3: 138 pls

Swainson W. (1840) ''A treatise on malacology or shells and shell-fish.'' London, Longman. viii + 419 pp

Pease W.H. (1865). Descriptions of new genera and species of marine shells from the islands of the Central Pacific. ''Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London''. (1865): 512-517

Adams, H. (1869). Description of a new genus and fourteen new species of marine shells. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. (1869) 37: 272-275, pl. 19

Philippi R.A. (1847). Beschreibung zweier neuer Conchyliengeschlechter, Dibaphus und Amphichaena, nebst einigen Bemerkungen über Cyamium, Ervilia und Entodesma. ''Archiv für Natugeschichte''. 13(1): 61-66

Sowerby, G. B. II. (1874). Monograph of the genus Mitra. In G. B. Sowerby II (ed.), Thesaurus conchyliorum, or monographs of genera of shells. Vol. 4 (31-32): 1–46, pls 352–379. London, privately published

Fedosov A., Puillandre N., Herrmann M., Kantor Yu., Oliverio M., Dgebuadze P., Modica M.V. & Bouchet P. (2018). The collapse of Mitra: molecular systematics and morphology of the Mitridae (Gastropoda: Neogastropoda). ''Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society''. 183(2): 253-337
{{Taxonbar, from=Q16986243 Mitridae Gastropod genera