monthly nurse

A monthly nurse is a woman who looks after a mother and her baby during the postpartum or postnatal period. The phrase is now largely obsolete, but the job continues under other names and various conditions around the world.

Historically, women were expected to rest in bed or at home for extended periods of time after giving birth; care was provided either by her female relatives (mother or mother-in-law), or by those who could afford a monthly nurse. These weeks were called confinement or lying-in and ended with the re-introduction of the mother to the community in the Christian ceremony of the churching of women. The term "monthly nurse" was most common in the 18th and 19th centuries in England, because such a nurse frequently remained with the patient for four weeks. The term "monthly" is somewhat inaccurate, as there was no reason for the nurse's services to be dispensed with after ten days or retained for much longer, but it is entirely a matter of arrangement.

The job still exists, although now it might be described as "postnatal doula" or "maternity nurse" or "newborn care specialist", all specialist sorts of nannies. A modern version of this rest period has evolved, to give maximum support to the new mother, especially if she is recovering from a difficult labour and delivery. It is especially popular in China and its diaspora, where postpartum confinement is known as "sitting the month". These workers can come to the new mother's home, either daily or to live in for the month. Conversely, they may work in a central setting, where the new mothers come after they leave the hospital. In Korea, these workers are called '' Sanhujorisa'' and the centres started up in the late 1990s.

History

{{See also, Midwifery#History of midwifery
Historically, the delivery of babies and care of the mothers was a skill inherited from mother to daughter, with the daughter spending many years as the pupil or apprentice. The Church supported that by a system of licensing, which required midwives to swear to certain rules relating to contraception, abortion and concealment of births and also to deliver the newborn infants for baptism or, in extreme cases, to perform the ceremony themselves.

In the mid-18th century the legal status of midwives was withdrawn and the responsibility for delivery was vested in the surgeon. This made raised the question of who was to take care of the baby after birth. It was generally thought that the best person to look after her baby was a woman who had had one herself. Often, the task was allotted to motherly or grandmotherly hands and, from that requirement for postnatal care, the monthly nurse originated. ''The Nursing Record'' reported that "there was little or no attempt at knowledge or instruction, and we know as a fact that ignorance, prejudice and neglect resulted in a goodly crop of errors, wrongs, and woes as regards the hapless infant".

''The Nursing Record'' reported that "nurses who attend the 'artisan' classes in their confinements as a rule pay a visit daily for ten days and then give up the case, as few working class mothers can afford to lie up for longer".

A monthly nurse could earn more than a midwife, as the monthly nurse was employed for periods between 10 days and often much longer and might attend several women on a part-time basis. She often "lived in". The midwife's only duty was perceived as "being trained to assist the parturient woman while nature does her own work and able to call upon a surgeon who could step in where nature fails and skill and science are required". Many certified midwives transferred to the ranks of monthly nurses to benefit from an increased income.

Certification

Although 'registration' was not available for women to act as midwives or monthly nurses a system of 'certification' was in being in the late 19th century and continued into the early 20th century. To qualify, a candidate monthly nurse would attend a course in a lying-in hospital for four or five weeks and a midwife for up to three months. The prospective midwives and monthly nurses, as a rule, paid their own charges in respect of hospital expenses and then entered practice on their own responsibility. In 1893, a Miss Gosling reported that "although the certificated monthly nurse could be relied upon as being trustworthy and efficient, there were a number of women who attend lectures for a short time and through one cause or another fail to pass their examination and obtain a certificate nevertheless enter a 'Nurses Home' or open one for themselves."

As might be expected rogue institutions issued certificates and diplomas “for a price”. Another that reporting on a lying in hospital and signed herself a ‘victim of the system’ said that she “witnessed the first phase of the system which turns out yearly hundreds of midwives and monthly nurses on an unsuspecting public. These would be nurses represented almost every grade of the lower classes and every degree of lack of education, and one woman, I remember could not write. Personally, I found many to be dishonest, untruthful, indescribably dirty in their habits and persons, utterly unprincipled, shockingly coarse and deficient intelligence, and with not the faintest idea of discipline."

United Kingdom Reform and the 1902 Act

In the late 19th century, reformers were calling not only for registration and recognition of the profession of midwife but also for the two functions of midwife and monthly nurse to be amalgamated: "The work of midwives lies, for the most part, amongst the poor and the poor lying-in woman needs not only to be delivered, but to be visited for some ten days subsequent to her confinement". The registration of midwives was opposed by members of the House of Lords and Parliament in the United Kingdom for many years, who argued that the delivery of infants was the responsibility of trained doctors and to allow women to do the job, even in straightforward cases, would take away doctors' income. It was not until the Midwives Act 1902, following 12 years of representation by women, that midwives were "registered", but it would still take several years for it to be accepted. The professional training and formal qualification of midwives, and eventually, the postnatal care offered by the National Health Service, saw the end of the monthly nurse.

See also

*Wet nurse
*Canadian Mothercraft Society
*kraamzorg

Further reading

* Churchill, Fleetwood. ''On the Theory and Practice of Midwifery''. Philadelphia: Blanchard, 1860. "Qualifications and Duties of the Monthly Nurse" p..629-64
GBooks
* Adams, Annmarie. ''Architecture in the Family Way: Doctors, Houses, and Women, 1870-1900''. McGill-Queen's/Hannah Institute studies in the history of medicine, health, and society, v. 4. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001. p. 112-1

* The many articles and letters published in the ''Nursing Record'' between 1860 and 1930
*"The monthly nurse: her origin, rise, and progress". may 21, 1891. ''The Nursing Record''. Marian Humfrey, member of Royal British Nurses' Association

Nursing specialties
Midwifery
Gendered occupations
Child care
Women's health
Archaic English words and phrases
Childbirth