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Mongols in China or Mongolian Chinese () are ethnic
Mongols The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal membe ...
who were integrated into the nation-building of the
Republic of China (1912–1949) The Republic of China (ROC), between 1912 and 1949, was a sovereign state recognised as the official designation of China when it was based on Mainland China, prior to the relocation of its central government to Taiwan as a result of the C ...
after the fall of Qing Empire (1636–1911). Those not integrated broke away in the
Mongolian Revolution of 1911 The Mongolian Revolution of 1911 (Mongol: Үндэсний эрх чөлөөний хувьсгал, , ''Ündèsnij èrx čölöönij xuv’sgal'') occurred when the region of Outer Mongolia declared its independence from the Manchu-led Qing Chi ...
and again in 1921. The Republic of China recognized Mongols to be part of the Five Races Under One Union. Its successor, the
People's Republic of China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(1949-), recognized Mongols to be one of the 55 ethnic minorities in China. As of 2020, there are 6,290,204 Mongols in China, a 0.45% increase from the 2010 national census. Most of them live in
Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Its border includes most of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia. Inner Mongolia also accounts for a ...
,
Northeast China Northeast China or Northeastern China () is a geographical region of China, which is often referred to as "Manchuria" or "Inner Manchuria" by surrounding countries and the West. It usually corresponds specifically to the three provinces east of ...
,
Xinjiang Xinjiang, SASM/GNC: ''Xinjang''; zh, c=, p=Xīnjiāng; formerly romanized as Sinkiang (, ), officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest ...
and
Qinghai Qinghai (; alternately romanized as Tsinghai, Ch'inghai), also known as Kokonor, is a landlocked province in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. It is the fourth largest province of China by area and has the third smallest po ...
. The Mongol population in China is nearly twice as much as that of the sovereign state of
Mongolia Mongolia; Mongolian script: , , ; lit. "Mongol Nation" or "State of Mongolia" () is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south. It covers an area of , with a population of just 3.3 million, ...
.


Distribution

The Mongols in China are divided between autonomous regions and provinces as follows: * 68.72%:
Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Its border includes most of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia. Inner Mongolia also accounts for a ...
Autonomous Region * 11.52%: Liaoning Province * 2.96%:
Jilin Jilin (; alternately romanized as Kirin or Chilin) is one of the three provinces of Northeast China. Its capital and largest city is Changchun. Jilin borders North Korea ( Rasŏn, North Hamgyong, Ryanggang and Chagang) and Russia (Prim ...
Province * 2.92%:
Hebei Hebei or , (; alternately Hopeh) is a northern province of China. Hebei is China's sixth most populous province, with over 75 million people. Shijiazhuang is the capital city. The province is 96% Han Chinese, 3% Manchu, 0.8% Hui, and 0 ...
Province * 2.58%:
Xinjiang Xinjiang, SASM/GNC: ''Xinjang''; zh, c=, p=Xīnjiāng; formerly romanized as Sinkiang (, ), officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (XUAR), is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest ...
Uyghur Autonomous Region * 2.43%:
Heilongjiang Heilongjiang () formerly romanized as Heilungkiang, is a province in northeast China. The standard one-character abbreviation for the province is (). It was formerly romanized as "Heilungkiang". It is the northernmost and easternmost province ...
Province * 1.48%:
Qinghai Qinghai (; alternately romanized as Tsinghai, Ch'inghai), also known as Kokonor, is a landlocked province in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. It is the fourth largest province of China by area and has the third smallest po ...
Province * 1.41%:
Henan Henan (; or ; ; alternatively Honan) is a landlocked province of China, in the central part of the country. Henan is often referred to as Zhongyuan or Zhongzhou (), which literally means "central plain" or "midland", although the name is al ...
Province * 5.98%: Rest of
mainland China "Mainland China" is a geopolitical term defined as the territory governed by the People's Republic of China (including islands like Hainan or Chongming), excluding dependent territories of the PRC, and other territories within Greater China. ...
Besides the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, there are other Mongol autonomous administrative subdivisions in China. Prefecture level: * Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture (in Qinghai) *
Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture Bayingolin (; often abbreviated to Bayingol; also as Bayinguoleng) is an autonomous prefecture for Mongol people in the southeast of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Western China. It borders Gansu to the east, Qinghai to the southeast and ...
(in Xinjiang) *
Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture Bortala ( mn, Бортал, Mountain:''brown steppe'', ) is an autonomous prefecture for Mongol people in the northern middle of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Western China. It has an area of . Bole is its capital. "Boro tala" comes from t ...
(in Xinjiang) County level: * Weichang Manchu and Mongol Autonomous County (in Hebei) * Harqin Left Mongol Autonomous County (in Liaoning) *
Fuxin Mongol Autonomous County Fuxin Mongol Autonomous County, or simply Fuxin County, is a county in the west of Liaoning of Northeast China. It is under the administration of Fuxin City. Administrative Divisions There are 13 towns A town is a human settlement. Towns a ...
(in Liaoning) * Qian Gorlos Mongol Autonomous County (in Jilin) *
Dorbod Mongol Autonomous County Dorbod Mongol Autonomous County (; Mongolian language, Mongolian: ) is a CPRC, county in the west of Heilongjiang province, China, bordering Jilin province to the southwest. It is under the jurisdiction of the prefecture-level city of Daqing. It ...
(in Heilongjiang) *
Subei Mongol Autonomous County The Subei Mongol Autonomous County (; Mongolian: ) is an autonomous county within the prefecture-level city of Jiuquan in the northwest of Gansu Province, China, bordering Xinjiang to the west, Qinghai Province to the southeast and Mongolia's Gov ...
(in Gansu) *
Henan Mongol Autonomous County Henan Mongol Autonomous County is an autonomous county in the south of Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in the province of Qinghai, China, bordering Gansu Province to the south and east. Its administrative seat ("capital") is the town of Y� ...
(in Qinghai) *
Hoboksar Mongol Autonomous County Hoboksar (), sometimes referred with the historic name Hefeng County (), is an autonomous county for Mongol people in the middle north of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Western China, it is under administration of Tacheng Prefecture. The cou ...
(in Xinjiang)


Classification

China classifies different Mongolian groups like Buryats and Oirats into the same single category as Mongol along with Inner Mongols. A non-Mongolic ethnic group, the
Tuvans The Tuvans ( tyv, Тывалар, Tıvalar) are a TurkicOtto Maenchen-Helfen, Journey to Tuva, p. 169 ethnic group indigenous to Siberia who live in Russia ( Tuva), Mongolia, and China. They speak Tuvan, a Siberian Turkic language. They are a ...
are also classified as Mongols by China.Mongush, M. V. "Tuvans of Mongolia and China." ''International Journal of Central Asian Studies'', 1 (1996), 225-243. Talat Tekin, ed. Seoul: Inst. of Asian Culture & Development. The official language used for all of these Mongols in China is a literary standard based on the Chahar dialect of Mongol."Öbür mongγul ayalγu bol dumdadu ulus-un mongγul kelen-ü saγuri ayalγu bolqu büged dumdadu ulus-un mongγul kelen-ü barimǰiy-a abiy-a ni čaqar aman ayalγun-du saγurilaγsan bayidaγ." (Sečenbaγatur ''et al.'' 2005: 85). The ethnic classification might be inaccurate due to lack of information regarding the registering policy.y_(Mongolian):_Millions_of_Han_Chinese
_of_Inner_Mongolia_Autonomous_Region_registered_as_"Mongol"_and_"
y_(Mongolian):_Millions_of_Han_Chinese
_of_Inner_Mongolia_Autonomous_Region_registered_as_"Mongol"_and_"Manchu_people">Manchu"_according_to_Chinese_policy_since_the_1980s._There_is_no_enough_information_about_ y_(Mongolian):_Millions_of_Han_Chinese
_of_Inner_Mongolia_Autonomous_Region_registered_as_"Mongol"_and_"Manchu_people">Manchu"_according_to_Chinese_policy_since_the_1980s._There_is_no_enough_information_about_Ethnic_minorities_in_China">Chinese_ethnic_minorities_ Ethnic_minorities_in_China_are_the_non-_Han_population_in_the_People's_Republic_of_China_(PRC). The_PRC_officially_recognizes_55_ethnic_minority_groups_within_China_in_addition_to_the_Han_majority._As_of_2010,_the_combined_population_of_off_...
_due_to_the_government_policy.Өвөр_Монголын_хүн_ам
(Mongolian) Some_populations_officially_classified_as_Mongols_by_the_government_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China_do_not_currently_speak_any_form_of_Mongolic_languages.html" ;"title="Ethnic_minorities_in_China.html" "title="Manchu_people.html" ;"title="Han Chinese">y (Mongolian): Millions of Han Chinese
of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region registered as "Mongol" and "Manchu people">Manchu" according to Chinese policy since the 1980s. There is no enough information about Ethnic minorities in China">Chinese ethnic minorities Ethnic minorities in China are the non- Han population in the People's Republic of China (PRC). The PRC officially recognizes 55 ethnic minority groups within China in addition to the Han majority. As of 2010, the combined population of off ...
due to the government policy.Өвөр Монголын хүн ам
(Mongolian) Some populations officially classified as Mongols by the government of the People's Republic of China do not currently speak any form of Mongolic languages">Mongolic language. Such populations include the Sichuan Mongols (most of whom speak a form of Naic languages, Naic language), the Khatso, Yunnan Mongols (most of whom speak Katso language, a form of Loloish language), and the Mongols of
Henan Mongol Autonomous County Henan Mongol Autonomous County is an autonomous county in the south of Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in the province of Qinghai, China, bordering Gansu Province to the south and east. Its administrative seat ("capital") is the town of Y� ...
in Qinghai (most of whom speak Amdo Tibetan and/or Chinese).


Genetics

According to a 2021 study, the Y-chromosomal haplogroup O2 (49.14%) ranked first among the Mongols of China, followed by C2 (22.86%), O1 (12.00%) and N1 (6.29%) . Y-chromosomal haplogroups D1, E, I, G, Q, and R were sparsely distributed in the studied Mongolian populations. Among the Mongols of China, mitochondrial haplogroup D was in first place (27.07%), followed by mitochondrial haplogroups B (11.60%), F (10.77%), Z (8.01%), G (7, 73%), C (6.91%), A (6.08%), N (5.25%) and M7 (5.25%). Other mitochondrial haplogroups (HV, H, I, M8, M9, M10, M11, R, T, U, W and Y) were sporadically distributed among the studied Mongols of China with frequencies of no more than 1.66%


Related groups

Not all groups of people related to the medieval Mongols are officially classified as Mongols under the current system. Other official ethnic groups in China which speak Mongolic languages include: * the Dongxiang of Gansu Province * the Monguor of
Qinghai Qinghai (; alternately romanized as Tsinghai, Ch'inghai), also known as Kokonor, is a landlocked province in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. It is the fourth largest province of China by area and has the third smallest po ...
and Gansu Provinces * the Daur of
Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. Its border includes most of the length of China's border with the country of Mongolia. Inner Mongolia also accounts for a ...
* the Bonan of Gansu Province * some of the
Yugur The Yugurs, Yughurs, Yugu (; Western Yugur: ''Sarïg Yogïr''; Eastern Yugur: ''Šera Yogor''), traditionally known as Yellow Uyghurs, are a Turko- Mongolic ethnic group and one of China's 56 officially recognized ethnic groups, consisting ...
s of Gansu Province (other Yugurs speak a
Turkic language The Turkic languages are a language family of over 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and Western Asia. The Turkic languag ...
) * the Kuangjia Hui of
Qinghai Province Qinghai (; alternately romanized as Tsinghai, Ch'inghai), also known as Kokonor, is a landlocked province in the northwest of the People's Republic of China. It is the fourth largest province of China by area and has the third smallest pop ...


Notable people

*
Sengge Rinchen Sengge Rinchen (1811 – 18 May 1865) or Senggelinqin ( mn, Сэнгэринчен, ᠰᠡᠩᠭᠡᠷᠢᠨᠴᠢᠨ) was a Mongol nobleman and general who served under the Qing dynasty during the reigns of the Daoguang, Xianfeng and Tongzhi em ...
,
Qing dynasty The Qing dynasty ( ), officially the Great Qing,, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last orthodox dynasty in Chinese history. It emerged from the Later Jin dynasty founded by the Jianzhou Jurchens, a Tungusic-spea ...
nobleman and general * Minggatu, ethnic Mongolian Chinese mathematician during the Qing dynasty * Ulanhu, politician, former Chairman of Inner Mongolia, former Vice President of the People's Republic * Bayanqolu, Communist Party Secretary of
Jilin Province Jilin (; alternately romanized as Kirin or Chilin) is one of the three provinces of Northeast China. Its capital and largest city is Changchun. Jilin borders North Korea ( Rasŏn, North Hamgyong, Ryanggang and Chagang) and Russia (Prim ...
, former Party Secretary of
Ningbo Ningbo (; Ningbonese: ''gnin² poq⁷'' , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ), formerly romanized as Ningpo, is a major sub-provincial city in northeast Zhejiang province, People's Republic of China. It comprises 6 urban districts, 2 sate ...
*
Uyunqimg Uyunqimg or Oyunchimeg (, mn, , Оюунчимэг, translit=Oyuunchimeg, ; born December 1942) is a retired Chinese politician of Mongol ethnicity. Between 2008 and 2013, she served as a Vice-Chair of the Standing Committee of the National Pe ...
, former Vice-Chair of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress *
Fu Ying Fu or FU may refer to: In arts and entertainment * Fool Us, Penn & Teller's magic-competition television show *Fǔ, a type of ancient Chinese vessel *Fu (poetry) (赋), a Chinese genre of rhymed prose *'' FU: Friendship Unlimited'', a 2017 Marat ...
, Deputy Foreign Minister, former ambassador to the United Kingdom, Australia and the Philippines * Li Siguang, geologist, founder of China's
geomechanics Geomechanics (from the Greek prefix ''geo-'' meaning "earth"; and "mechanics") is the study of the mechanical state of the earth's crust and the processes occurring in it under the influence of natural physical factors. It involves the study of th ...
*
Yang Shixian Yang Shixian (; January 8, 1897 – February 19, 1985) was a Chinese chemist. He was a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences The Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS); ), known by Academia Sinica in English until the 1980s, is the national ac ...
, chemist, chancellor of Nankai University * Siqin Gaowa, actress * Mengke Bateer, CBA and NBA basketball player * Bao Xishun, one of the tallest people in the world * Tengger, a pop/rock musician * Buren Bayaer, singer, composer and a disc jockey * Uudam, child singer * Huugjilt, man wrongfully executed in 1996 *
Zhang Xiaoping Zhang Xiaoping ( zh, s=张小平, t=張小平, p=Zhāng Xiǎopíng; born April 1, 1982, in Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia) is a Chinese amateur boxer of Mongol ethnicity who won a gold medal as a light heavyweight in the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Career ...
*
Chinggeltei Chinggeltei (12 June 1924 – 27 December 2013; also Činggeltei, Chinggaltai, Chenggeltai, or Chenggeltei) was a professor of linguistics at the Inner Mongolia University in Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China, focusing on the Mon ...
(1924–2013), linguist, one of the world's few experts on the Khitan language * Jalsan, linguist and Buddhist leader *
Batdorj-in Baasanjab Batdorj-in Baasanjab ( Mongolian: , Батдоржын Баасанжав, ''Batdorjyn Baasanjav''; born 1954), also known by his Chinese name Basenzhabu or simply Ba Sen, is a Chinese actor of Mongol descent from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Regi ...
, actor *
Xiao Qian Xiao Qian (27 January 1910 – 11 February 1999), alias Ruoping (), was a famous essayist, editor, journalist and translator from China. His life spanned the country's history before and after the establishment of the People's Republic of C ...
, academic *
Bai Xue Xue Bai (; name means ''White Snow''; born 15 December 1988 in Heilongjiang) is a female PR China, Chinese long-distance runner who specializes in the 10,000 metres. Career Bai won both the 5000 and the 10,000 metres at the 2005 Asian Champions ...
, lawyer and legal academic * Bai Yansong, TV anchor * Yangwei Linghua, singer and female vocal of
Phoenix Legend Phoenix Legend () is a Chinese popular music duo, consisting of female vocalist Yangwei Linghua () and male vocalist Zeng Yi (). Their music blends folk music with rap and hip hop elements. In May 2012 Phoenix Legend was reported in the China ...
*
Han Lei Han Lei (; born February 23, 1968), also known in Mongolian as Senbor, is a Chinese folk and pop singer-songwriter. Music Appearance Han rose to prominence in 1997 on the CCTV New Year's Gala, performing a song called "1997, A.D." (公元一� ...
, pop singer *
Wang Lijun , education = Chinese People's Public Security University , known_for = Chongqing gang trials, Wang Lijun incident , occupation = Vice-mayor of Chongqing; Chongqing police chief; Tieling poli ...
, disgraced police chief and political figure * Bai Wenqi, lieutenant general of the
PLA Air Force The People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF; ), also known as the Chinese Air Force (中国空军) or the People's Air Force (人民空军), is an aerial service branch of the People's Liberation Army, the regular armed forces of the Peo ...
* Ulan, deputy party chief of Hunan Province * Qilu, Director of New Energy Materials and Technology Laboratory of Peking University


Gallery

File:Morin Khuur, South Mongolian Style.jpg, An ethnic Mongol Chinese musician performing Inner Mongolian style
morin khuur The ''morin khuur'' ( mn, морин хуур, morin khuur), also known as the horsehead fiddle, is a traditional Mongolian bowed stringed instrument. It is one of the most important musical instruments of the Mongol people, and is considered ...


See also

* Demographics of China * Khatso (Yunnan Mongols) *
Mongols The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal membe ...
* Mongols in Taiwan * Oirats (Western Mongols) * Sichuan Mongols * Upper Mongols


References


Citations


Sources

* * Sečenbaγatur, Qasgerel, Tuyaγ-a �уяa Bu. Jirannige, Wu Yingzhe, Činggeltei. 2005. ''Mongγul kelen-ü nutuγ-un ayalγun-u sinǰilel-ün uduridqal'' guide to the regional dialects of Mongolian Kökeqota: ÖMAKQ. .


Further reading

* Human Rights in China: ''China, Minority Exclusion, Marginalization and Rising Tensions'', London, Minority Rights Group International, 2007 * de Rachewiltz, Igor. 1981. “ON A RECENT TRANSLATION OF THE MENG-TA PEI-LU AND HEI-TA SHIH-LÜEH: A REVIEW ARTICLE”. Monumenta Serica 35. Maney Publishing: 571–82. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40726521. * 蒙韃備錄 https://archive.org/details/02081581.cn * 黑鞑事略 http://ctext.org/library.pl?if=gb&res=80917 http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Historiography/heidashilve.html


External links


The Mongolian ethnic minority
Chinese government information. {{Authority control Ethnic groups officially recognized by China