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The expression military–industrial complex (MIC) describes the relationship between a country's military and the defense industry that supplies it, seen together as a vested interest which influences
public policy Public policy is an institutionalized proposal or a decided set of elements like laws, regulations, guidelines, and actions to solve or address relevant and real-world problems, guided by a conception and often implemented by programs. Public ...
. A driving factor behind the relationship between the military and the defense-minded corporations is that both sides benefit—one side from obtaining war weapons, and the other from being paid to supply them. The term is most often used in reference to the system behind the
armed forces of the United States The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States. The armed forces consists of six service branches: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, Space Force, and Coast Guard. The president of the United States is the ...
, where the relationship is most prevalent due to close links among
defense contractor The arms industry, also known as the arms trade, is a global industry which manufactures and sells weapons and military technology. It consists of a commercial industry involved in the research and development, engineering, production, and s ...
s,
the Pentagon The Pentagon is the headquarters building of the United States Department of Defense. It was constructed on an accelerated schedule during World War II. As a symbol of the U.S. military, the phrase ''The Pentagon'' is often used as a metonym ...
, and politicians. The expression gained popularity after a warning of the relationship's detrimental effects, in the farewell address of President
Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (born David Dwight Eisenhower; ; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was an American military officer and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, ...
on January 17, 1961. In the context of the United States, the appellation is sometimes extended to military–industrial–congressional complex (MICC), adding the U.S. Congress to form a three-sided relationship termed an " iron triangle". Its three legs include political contributions, political approval for
military spending A military budget (or military expenditure), also known as a defense budget, is the amount of financial resources dedicated by a state to raising and maintaining an armed forces or other methods essential for defense purposes. Financing militar ...
, lobbying to support
bureaucracies The term bureaucracy () refers to a body of non-elected governing officials as well as to an administrative policy-making group. Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected offi ...
, and oversight of the industry; or more broadly, the entire network of contracts and flows of money and resources among individuals as well as
corporations A corporation is an organization—usually a group of people or a company—authorized by the state to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law "born out of statute"; a legal person in legal context) and re ...
and
institutions Institutions are humanly devised structures of rules and norms that shape and constrain individual behavior. All definitions of institutions generally entail that there is a level of persistence and continuity. Laws, rules, social conventions a ...
of the
defense contractor The arms industry, also known as the arms trade, is a global industry which manufactures and sells weapons and military technology. It consists of a commercial industry involved in the research and development, engineering, production, and s ...
s,
private military contractor A private military company (PMC) or private military and security company (PMSC) is a private company providing armed combat or security services for financial gain. PMCs refer to their personnel as "security contractors" or "private militar ...
s,
the Pentagon The Pentagon is the headquarters building of the United States Department of Defense. It was constructed on an accelerated schedule during World War II. As a symbol of the U.S. military, the phrase ''The Pentagon'' is often used as a metonym ...
,
Congress A congress is a formal meeting of the representatives of different countries, constituent states, organizations, trade unions, political parties, or other groups. The term originated in Late Middle English to denote an encounter (meeting of ...
, and the executive branch.


Etymology

President of the United States (and five-star general during World War II)
Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (born David Dwight Eisenhower; ; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was an American military officer and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, ...
used the term in his Farewell Address to the Nation on January 17, 1961: The phrase was thought to have been "war-based" industrial complex before becoming "military" in later drafts of Eisenhower's speech, a claim passed on only by oral history. Geoffrey Perret, in his biography of Eisenhower, claims that, in one draft of the speech, the phrase was "military–industrial–congressional complex", indicating the essential role that the United States Congress plays in the propagation of the military industry, but the word "congressional" was dropped from the final version to appease the then-currently elected officials. James Ledbetter calls this a "stubborn misconception" not supported by any evidence; likewise a claim by Douglas Brinkley that it was originally "military–industrial–scientific complex". Additionally, Henry Giroux claims that it was originally "military–industrial–academic complex". The actual authors of the speech were Eisenhower's speechwriters Ralph E. Williams and
Malcolm Moos Malcolm Charles Moos (April 19, 1916 – January 28, 1982) was an American political scientist, speechwriter and academic administrator. He was a professor of Political Science at Johns Hopkins University for two decades. As a speechwriter, Moos w ...
. Attempts to conceptualize something similar to a modern "military–industrial complex" existed before Eisenhower's address. Ledbetter finds the precise term used in 1947 in close to its later meaning in an article in ''
Foreign Affairs ''Foreign Affairs'' is an American magazine of international relations and U.S. foreign policy published by the Council on Foreign Relations, a nonprofit, nonpartisan, membership organization and think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy a ...
'' by Winfield W. Riefler. In 1956, sociologist C. Wright Mills had claimed in his book ''
The Power Elite ''The Power Elite'' is a 1956 book by sociologist C. Wright Mills, in which Mills calls attention to the interwoven interests of the leaders of the military, corporate, and political elements of society and suggests that the ordinary citizen in ...
'' that a class of military, business, and political leaders, driven by mutual interests, were the real leaders of the state, and were effectively beyond democratic control.
Friedrich Hayek Friedrich August von Hayek ( , ; 8 May 189923 March 1992), often referred to by his initials F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian–British economist, legal theorist and philosopher who is best known for his defense of classical liberalism. Haye ...
mentions in his 1944 book ''
The Road to Serfdom ''The Road to Serfdom'' ( German: ''Der Weg zur Knechtschaft'') is a book written between 1940 and 1943 by Austrian-British economist and philosopher Friedrich Hayek. Since its publication in 1944, ''The Road to Serfdom'' has been popular among l ...
'' the danger of a support of monopolistic organization of industry from World War II political remnants: Vietnam War–era activists, such as
Seymour Melman Seymour Melman (December 30, 1917 – December 16, 2004) was an American professor emeritus of industrial engineering and operations research at Columbia University's Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science. He wrote extensively f ...
, referred frequently to the concept, and use continued throughout the Cold War:
George F. Kennan George Frost Kennan (February 16, 1904 – March 17, 2005) was an American diplomat and historian. He was best known as an advocate of a policy of containment of Soviet expansion during the Cold War. He lectured widely and wrote scholarly hist ...
wrote in his preface to Norman Cousins's 1987 book ''The Pathology of Power'', "Were the Soviet Union to sink tomorrow under the waters of the ocean, the American military–industrial complex would have to remain, substantially unchanged, until some other adversary could be invented. Anything else would be an unacceptable shock to the American economy." In the late 1990s James Kurth asserted, "By the mid-1980s... the term had largely fallen out of public discussion." He went on to argue that " atever the power of arguments about the influence of the military–industrial complex on weapons procurement during the Cold War, they are much less relevant to the current era". Contemporary students and critics of U.S. militarism continue to refer to and employ the term, however. For example, historian
Chalmers Johnson Chalmers Ashby Johnson (August 6, 1931 – November 20, 2010) was an American political scientist specializing in comparative politics, and professor emeritus of the University of California, San Diego. He served in the Korean War, was a consult ...
uses words from the second, third, and fourth paragraphs quoted above from Eisenhower's address as an epigraph to Chapter Two ("The Roots of American Militarism") of a 2004 volume on this subject. P. W. Singer's book concerning private military companies illustrates contemporary ways in which industry, particularly an information-based one, still interacts with the U.S. federal and the Pentagon. The expressions '' permanent war economy'' and ''war corporatism'' are related concepts that have also been used in association with this term. The term is also used to describe comparable collusion in other political entities such as the
German Empire The German Empire (), Herbert Tuttle wrote in September 1881 that the term "Reich" does not literally connote an empire as has been commonly assumed by English-speaking people. The term literally denotes an empire – particularly a hereditar ...
(prior to and through the first world war), Britain, France, and (post-Soviet)
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eight ...
. Linguist and
anarchist Anarchism is a political philosophy and movement that is skeptical of all justifications for authority and seeks to abolish the institutions it claims maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including, though not necessar ...
theorist Noam Chomsky has suggested that "military–industrial complex" is a misnomer because (as he considers it) the phenomenon in question "is not specifically military". He asserts, "There is no military–industrial complex: it's just the industrial system operating under one or another pretext (defense was a pretext for a long time)."


Post–Cold War

At the end of the Cold War, American defense contractors bewailed what they called declining government weapons spending.The Intercept, 19 August 2016, "U.S. Defense Contractors Tell Investors Russian thread is Great for Business," https://theintercept.com/2016/08/19/nato-weapons-industry/ They saw escalation of tensions, such as with Russia over Ukraine, as new opportunities for increased weapons sales, and have pushed the political system, both directly and through industry groups such as the National Defense Industrial Association, to spend more on military hardware. Pentagon contractor-funded American think tanks such as the Lexington Institute and the
Atlantic Council The Atlantic Council is an American think tank in the field of international affairs, favoring Atlanticism, founded in 1961. It manages sixteen regional centers and functional programs related to international security and global economic prosp ...
have also demanded increased spending in view of the perceived Russian threat. Independent Western observers such as William Huntzberger, director of the Arms & Security Project at the
Center for International Policy The Center for International Policy (CIP) is a non-profit foreign policy research and advocacy think tank with offices in Washington, D.C. and New York City. It was founded in 1975 in response to the Vietnam War. The Center describes its mission ...
, noted that "Russian saber-rattling has additional benefits for weapons makers because it has become a standard part of the argument for higher Pentagon spending—even though the Pentagon already has more than enough money to address any actual threat to the United States."


Eras

Some sources divide the history of the military–industrial complex into three distinct eras.


First era

From 1797 to 1941, the government only relied on civilian industries while the country was actually at war. The government owned their own shipyards and weapons manufacturing facilities which they relied on through World War I. With World War II came a massive shift in the way that the
American government The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 states, a city within a feder ...
armed the military. With the onset of World War II President
Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin Delano Roosevelt (; ; January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As th ...
established the War Production Board to coordinate civilian industries and shift them into wartime production. Throughout World War II arms production in the United States went from around one percent of the annual
GDP Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and sold (not resold) in a specific time period by countries. Due to its complex and subjective nature this measure is ofte ...
to 40 percent of the GDP. Various American companies, such as
Boeing The Boeing Company () is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and sells airplanes, rotorcraft, rockets, satellites, telecommunications equipment, and missiles worldwide. The company also provides leasing and produc ...
and General Motors, maintained and expanded their defense divisions. These companies have gone on to develop various technologies that have improved civilian life as well, such as night-vision goggles and
GPS The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Space Force. It is one of the global navigation satellite sy ...
.


Second era

The second era is identified as beginning with the coining of the term by President
Dwight D. Eisenhower Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (born David Dwight Eisenhower; ; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was an American military officer and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, ...
. This era continued through the Cold War period, up to the end of the Warsaw Pact and the collapse of the Soviet Union. A 1965 article written by Marc Pilisuk and Thomas Hayden says benefits of the Military Industrial Complex of the United States include the advancement of the civilian technology market as civilian companies benefit from innovations from the MIC and vice versa. In 1993 the Pentagon urged defense contractors to consolidate due to the collapse of communism and shrinking defense budget.


Third (current) era

In the third era, defense contractors either consolidated or shifted their focus to civilian innovation. From 1992 to 1997 there was a total of US$55 billion worth of mergers in the defense industry, with major defense companies purchasing smaller competitors. In the current era, the military–industrial complex is seen as a core part of American policy-making. The American domestic economy is now tied directly to the success of the MIC which has led to concerns of repression as Cold War-era attitudes are still prevalent among the American public. Shifts in values and the collapse of communism have ushered in a new era for the military–industrial complex. The Department of Defense works in coordination with traditional military–industrial complex aligned companies such as Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman. Many former defense contractors have shifted operations to the civilian market and sold off their defense departments.


Military subsidy theory

According to the military subsidy theory, the Cold War-era mass production of aircraft benefited the
civilian Civilians under international humanitarian law are "persons who are not members of the armed forces" and they are not "combatants if they carry arms openly and respect the laws and customs of war". It is slightly different from a non-combatant, ...
aircraft industry An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic lift of an airfoil, or in a few cases the downward thrust from jet engines. ...
. The theory asserts that the technologies developed during the Cold War along with the financial backing of the military led to the dominance of American aviation companies. There is also strong evidence that the United States federal government intentionally paid a higher price for these innovations to serve as a subsidy for civilian aircraft advancement.


Current applications

According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, total world spending on military expenses in 2018 was $1822 billion. 36% of this total, roughly $649 billion, was spent by the United States. The privatization of the production and invention of military technology also leads to a complicated relationship with significant research and development of many technologies. In 2011, the United States spent more (in absolute numbers) on its military than the next 13 countries combined. The military budget of the United States for the 2009 fiscal year was $515.4 billion. Adding emergency discretionary spending and supplemental spending brings the sum to $651.2 billion.Gpoaccess.gov
This does not include many military-related items that are outside of the Defense Department budget. Overall the U.S. federal government is spending about $1 trillion annually on defense-related purposes. In a 2012 story, '' Salon'' reported, "Despite a decline in global arms sales in 2010 due to recessionary pressures, the United States increased its market share, accounting for a whopping 53 percent of the trade that year. Last year saw the United States on pace to deliver more than $46 billion in foreign arms sales." The defense industry also tends to contribute heavily to incumbent members of Congress.


Similar concepts

A thesis similar to the military–industrial complex was originally expressed by Daniel Guérin, in his 1936 book '' Fascism and Big Business'', about the fascist government ties to heavy industry. It can be defined as, "an informal and changing coalition of groups with vested psychological, moral, and material interests in the continuous development and maintenance of high levels of weaponry, in preservation of colonial markets and in military-strategic conceptions of internal affairs." An exhibit of the trend was made in Franz Leopold Neumann's book '' Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism'' in 1942, a study of how Nazism came into a position of power in a democratic state. Within decades of its inception, the idea of the military–industrial complex gave rise to other similar industrial complexes, including the
animal–industrial complex The term animal–industrial complex (AIC) refers to the systematic and institutionalized exploitation of animals. It includes every economic activity involving animals, such as the food industry (e.g., meat, dairy, poultry, apiculture), animal ...
,
prison–industrial complex The prison-industrial complex (PIC) is a term, coined after the " military-industrial complex" of the 1950s, used by scholars and activists to describe the relationship between a government and the various businesses that benefit from institutio ...
,
pharmaceutical–industrial complex The pharmaceutical industry discovers, develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceutical drugs for use as medications to be administered to patients (or self-administered), with the aim to cure them, vaccinate them, or alleviate symptoms. ...
, entertainment-industrial complex, and
medical–industrial complex The medical–industrial complex is a network of interactions between pharmaceutical corporations, health care personnel, and medical conglomerates to supply health care-related products and services for a profit. The term is a product of the mili ...
. Virtually all institutions in sectors ranging from agriculture, medicine, entertainment, and media, to education, criminal justice, security, and transportation, began reconceiving and reconstructing in accordance with capitalist, industrial, and bureaucratic models with the aim of realizing profit, growth, and other imperatives. According to Steven Best, all these systems interrelate and reinforce one another. The concept of the military–industrial complex has been expanded to include the entertainment and creative industries as well. For an example in practice, Matthew Brummer describes Japan's Manga Military and how the Ministry of Defense uses popular culture and the moe that it engenders to shape domestic and international perceptions. An alternative term to describe the interdependence between the military-industrial complex and the entertainment industry is coined by
James Der Derian James Der Derian is the Michael Hintze Chair of International Security Studies and Director of the Centre for International Security Studies at The University of Sydney, having taken up his appointment in January 2013. His research and teaching int ...
as "Military-Industrial-Media-Entertainment-Network".


See also

; Literature and media * ''
War Is a Racket ''War Is a Racket'' is a speech and a 1935 short book by Smedley D. Butler, a retired United States Marine Corps Major General and two-time Medal of Honor recipient. Based on his career military experience, Butler discusses how business interest ...
'' (1935 book by Smedley Butler) * ''
The Power Elite ''The Power Elite'' is a 1956 book by sociologist C. Wright Mills, in which Mills calls attention to the interwoven interests of the leaders of the military, corporate, and political elements of society and suggests that the ordinary citizen in ...
''(1956 book by C. Wright Mills) * '' Why We Fight'' (2005 documentary film by
Eugene Jarecki Eugene Jarecki (born October 5, 1969) is an American filmmaker and author. He is best known as a two-time winner of the Sundance Grand Jury Prize, as well as multiple Emmy and Peabody Awards, for his films ''Why We Fight'', '' Reagan'', and '' T ...
) * '' War Made Easy: How Presidents & Pundits Keep Spinning Us to Death'' (2007 documentary film) * '' The Complex: How the Military Invades Our Everyday Lives'' (2008 book by
Nick Turse Nick Turse (born 1975) is an American investigative journalist, historian, and author. He is the associate editor and research director of the blog TomDispatch and a fellow at The Nation Institute. Education Turse earned an MA in history from ...
)


References


Citations


Sources

* DeGroot, Gerard J. ''Blighty: British Society in the Era of the Great War'', 144, London & New York: Longman, 1996, * Eisenhower, Dwight D. ''Public Papers of the Presidents'', 1035–1040. 1960. * Eisenhower, Dwight D. "Farewell Address." In ''The Annals of America''. Vol. 18. ''1961–1968: The Burdens of World Power'', 1–5. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1968. * Eisenhower, Dwight D. President Eisenhower's Farewell Address'', Wikisource. * Hartung, William D
"Eisenhower's Warning: The Military–Industrial Complex Forty Years Later."
''World Policy Journal'' 18, no. 1 (Spring 2001). * Johnson, Chalmers ''The Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic'', New York: Metropolitan Books, 2004 * Kurth, James. "Military–Industrial Complex." In ''The Oxford Companion to American Military History'', ed. John Whiteclay Chambers II, 440–442. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. * Nelson, Lars-Erik. "Military–Industrial Man." In ''New York Review of Books'' 47, no. 20 (Dec. 21, 2000): 6. * Nieburg, H. L. '' In the Name of Science'', Quadrangle Books, 1970 * Mills, C. Wright."Power Elite", New York, 1956


Further reading

* Adams, Gordon, ''The Iron Triangle: The Politics of Defense Contracting,'' 1981. * Andreas, Joel, ''Addicted to War: Why the U.S. Can't Kick Militarism'', . * Cochran, Thomas B., William M. Arkin, Robert S. Norris, Milton M. Hoenig, ''U.S. Nuclear Warhead Production'' Harper and Row, 1987, * Cockburn, Andrew, "The Military-Industrial Virus: How bloated budgets gut our defenses", '' Harper's Magazine'', vol. 338, no. 2029 (June 2019), pp. 61–67. "The military-industrial complex could be said to be concerned, exclusively, with self-preservation and expansion.... The
defense budget A military budget (or military expenditure), also known as a defense budget, is the amount of financial resources dedicated by a state to raising and maintaining an armed forces or other methods essential for defense purposes. Financing militar ...
is not propelled by foreign wars. The wars are a consequence of the quest for bigger budgets." * Cockburn, Andrew, "Why America Goes to War: Money drives the US military machine", '' The Nation'', vol. 313, no. 6 (20–27 September 2021), pp. 24–27. * Colby, Gerard, ''DuPont Dynasty'', New York, Lyle Stuart, 1984. * Friedman, George and Meredith, ''The Future of War: Power, Technology and American World Dominance in the 21st Century'', Crown, 1996, * Hossein-Zadeh, Ismael, ''The Political Economy of US Militarism.'' New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2006. * Keller, William W., ''Arm in Arm: The Political Economy of the Global Arms Trade.'' New York: Basic Books, 1995. * Kelly, Brian, ''Adventures in Porkland: How Washington Wastes Your Money and Why They Won't Stop'', Villard, 1992, * Lassman, Thomas C. "Putting the Military Back into the History of the Military-Industrial Complex: The Management of Technological Innovation in the U.S. Army, 1945–1960," ''Isis'' (2015) 106#1 pp. 94–12
in JSTOR
* Mathews, Jessica T., "America's Indefensible Defense Budget", ''
The New York Review of Books ''The New York Review of Books'' (or ''NYREV'' or ''NYRB'') is a semi-monthly magazine with articles on literature, culture, economics, science and current affairs. Published in New York City, it is inspired by the idea that the discussion of i ...
'', vol. LXVI, no. 12 (18 July 2019), pp. 23–24. "For many years, the United States has increasingly relied on military strength to achieve its foreign policy aims.... We are ..allocating too large a portion of the federal budget to defense as compared to domestic needs ..accumulating too much
federal debt A country's gross government debt (also called public debt, or sovereign debt) is the financial liabilities of the government sector. Changes in government debt over time reflect primarily borrowing due to past government deficits. A deficit o ...
, and yet not acquiring a forward-looking, twenty-first-century military built around new cyber and space technologies." (p. 24.) * McCartney, James and Molly Sinclair McCartney, ''America's War Machine: Vested Interests, Endless Conflict''s. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2015. * McDougall, Walter A., ''...The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age'', Basic Books, 1985, ( Pulitzer Prize for History) * Melman, Seymour, ''Pentagon Capitalism: The Political Economy of War'', McGraw Hill, 1970 * Melman, Seymour, (ed.) ''The War Economy of the United States: Readings in Military Industry and Economy'', New York:
St. Martin's Press St. Martin's Press is a book publisher headquartered in Manhattan, New York City, in the Equitable Building. St. Martin's Press is considered one of the largest English-language publishers, bringing to the public some 700 titles a year under si ...
, 1971. * Mills, C Wright, ''The Power Elite.'' New York, 1956. * Mollenhoff, Clark R., ''The Pentagon: Politics, Profits and Plunder.'' New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1967 * Patterson, Walter C., ''The Plutonium Business and the Spread of the Bomb'', Sierra Club, 1984, * Pasztor, Andy, ''When the Pentagon Was for Sale: Inside America's Biggest Defense Scandal'', Scribner, 1995, * Pierre, Andrew J., ''The
Global Politics Global politics, also known as world politics, names both the discipline that studies the political and economic patterns of the world and the field that is being studied. At the centre of that field are the different processes of political globa ...
of Arms Sales.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982. * * Sampson, Anthony, ''The Arms Bazaar: From Lebanon to Lockheed.'' New York: Bantam Books, 1977. * St. Clair, Jeffery, ''Grand Theft Pentagon: Tales of Corruption and Profiteering in the War on Terror.'' Common Courage Press, 2005. * Sweetman, Bill, "In search of the Pentagon's billion dollar hidden budgets – how the US keeps its R&D spending under wraps", from '' Jane's International Defence Review''
online
* Thorpe, Rebecca U. ''The American Warfare State: The Domestic Politics of Military Spending.'' Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014. * Watry, David M., ''Diplomacy at the Brink, Eisenhower, Churchill, and Eden in the Cold War'', Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press, 2014. * Weinberger, Sharon, ''Imaginary Weapons'', New York: Nation Books, 2006.


External links


Khaki capitalism
'' The Economist'', December 3, 2011
Militaryindustrialcomplex.com
Features running daily, weekly and monthly defense spending totals plus Contract Archives section.
C. Wright Mills, Structure of Power in American Society, British Journal of Sociology, Vol. 9. No. 1 1958


On the military–industrial complex and the government–universities collusion – January 17, 1961

As delivered transcript and complete audio from AmericanRhetoric.com

An analysis of the phenomenon written in 1969
The Cost of War & Today's Military Industrial Complex
National Public Radio, January 8, 2003. * Human Rights First
Private Security Contractors at War: Ending the Culture of Impunity (2008)

Fifty Years After Eisenhower's Farewell Address, A Look at the Military–Industrial Complex
– video report by '' Democracy Now!''
Online documents, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library

50th Anniversary of Eisenhower's Farewell Address
Eisenhower Institute
Part 1 – Anniversary Discussion of Eisenhower's Farewell Address
Gettysburg College
Part 2 – Anniversary Discussion of Eisenhower's Farewell Address
Gettysburg College {{DEFAULTSORT:Military-Industrial Complex Dwight D. Eisenhower Military economics
Complex Complex commonly refers to: * Complexity, the behaviour of a system whose components interact in multiple ways so possible interactions are difficult to describe ** Complex system, a system composed of many components which may interact with each ...
Snowclones