Sir Michael Elias Balcon (19 May 1896 – 17 October 1977) was an English
film producer known for his leadership of
Ealing Studios in West London from 1938 to 1955. Under his direction, the studio became one of the most important British film studios of the day. In an industry short of Hollywood-style moguls, Balcon emerged as a key figure, and an obdurately British one too, in his benevolent, somewhat headmasterly approach to the running of a creative organization. He is known for his leadership, and his guidance of young Alfred Hitchcock.
Balcon had earlier co-founded
Gainsborough Pictures
Gainsborough Pictures was a British film studio based on the south bank of the Regent's Canal, in Poole Street, Hoxton in the former Metropolitan Borough of Shoreditch, north London. Gainsborough Studios was active between 1924 and 1951. The com ...
with
Victor Saville
Victor Saville (25 September 1895 – 8 May 1979) was an English film director, producer, and screenwriter. He directed 39 films between 1927 and 1954. He also produced 36 films between 1923 and 1962.
Biography
Saville produced his first f ...
in 1923, later working with
Gaumont British
The Gaumont-British Picture Corporation produced and distributed films and operated a cinema chain in the United Kingdom. It was established as an offshoot of the Gaumont Film Company of France.
Film production
Gaumont-British was founded in 18 ...
, which absorbed their studio. Later still he worked with
MGM-British. In 1956 he founded a production company known as Ealing Films, and later headed British Lion Films. He served as chairman of the
British Film Institute
The British Film Institute (BFI) is a film and television charitable organisation which promotes and preserves film-making and television in the United Kingdom. The BFI uses funds provided by the National Lottery (United Kingdom), National Lot ...
production board to help fund and encourage new work.
Balcon was described in his obituary in ''
The Times
''The Times'' is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title ''The Daily Universal Register'', adopting its current name on 1 January 1788. ''The Times'' and its sister paper '' The Sunday Times'' (f ...
'' as a "pioneer of British films" who "had courage, energy and flair for showmanship".
Background
Born in
Birmingham
Birmingham ( ) is a City status in the United Kingdom, city and metropolitan borough in the metropolitan county of West Midlands (county), West Midlands in England. It is the second-largest city in the United Kingdom with a population of 1. ...
, Balcon was the youngest son and fourth of five children of Louis Balcon and his wife, Laura (née Greenberg; c. 1863–1934),
Lithuanian Jewish immigrants from Latvia (then part of the Russian Empire) who had met in Britain. Growing up in a respectable but impoverished setting, in 1907 Balcon won a scholarship to Birmingham's
George Dixon Grammar School, but had to leave in 1913 owing to his family's financial needs. A commemorative plaque was subsequently placed at George Dixon Grammar School, marking his notability as a film producer. He worked as a jeweller's apprentice, was turned down for service in the First World War because of defective eyesight, and joined the
Dunlop Rubber Company's huge plant at
Aston Cross in 1915, rising to become personal assistant to the managing director.
Filmography
Balcon began his career in filmmaking during the 1920s and, together with
Victor Saville
Victor Saville (25 September 1895 – 8 May 1979) was an English film director, producer, and screenwriter. He directed 39 films between 1927 and 1954. He also produced 36 films between 1923 and 1962.
Biography
Saville produced his first f ...
and
John Freedman, he formed Balcon, Freedman & Saville. After the war, Balcon's friend Victor Saville suggested a partnership to establish a film distribution company for the new and growing industry. The company, Victory Motion Pictures, led to them settling in London, opening an office in
Soho
Soho is an area of the City of Westminster, part of the West End of London. Originally a fashionable district for the aristocracy, it has been one of the main entertainment districts in the capital since the 19th century.
The area was develo ...
in 1921. In 1923, their first feature film was released, the successful melodrama ''
Woman to Woman'', starring
Clive Brook
Clifford Hardman "Clive" Brook (1 June 1887 – 17 November 1974) was an English film actor.
After making his first screen appearance in 1920, Brook emerged as a leading British actor in the early 1920s. After moving to the United States ...
and
Betty Compson, and directed by
Graham Cutts
John Henry Graham Cutts (1884 – 7 February 1958), known as Graham Cutts, was a British film director, one of the leading British directors in the 1920s. His fellow director A. V. Bramble believed that Gainsborough Pictures had been built ...
. They leased
Islington Studios
Islington Studios, often known as Gainsborough Studios, were a British film studio located on the south bank of the Regent's Canal, in Poole Street, Hoxton in the former Metropolitan Borough of Shoreditch, London between 1919 and 1949. The studio ...
and formed the more long-lasting
Gainsborough Pictures
Gainsborough Pictures was a British film studio based on the south bank of the Regent's Canal, in Poole Street, Hoxton in the former Metropolitan Borough of Shoreditch, north London. Gainsborough Studios was active between 1924 and 1951. The com ...
.
The studio, recently vacated by the Hollywood company
Famous Players-Lasky (later
Paramount Pictures) was small but well equipped and fully staffed. A young
Alfred Hitchcock was one of its employees. Balcon gave Hitchcock his first directing opportunity, and Gainsborough gained a reputation for producing high-quality films.
Balcon and Hitchcock
In 1924, he and
Graham Cutts
John Henry Graham Cutts (1884 – 7 February 1958), known as Graham Cutts, was a British film director, one of the leading British directors in the 1920s. His fellow director A. V. Bramble believed that Gainsborough Pictures had been built ...
founded Gainsborough Pictures, which he presided over for twelve years, as director of production for Gaumont-British from 1931. During this time, Balcon oversaw Alfred Hitchcock's very first production titled
The Pleasure Garden. The film was followed by Hitchcock's
The Lodger: A Story of the London Fog as well as
The Ring showing that Hitchcock's talent was growing and diversifying. At first, Balcon was doubtful about 'The Lodger' but after a re-edit by
Ivor Montagu, he became confident in the production.
Balcon's independence had eroded and Gainsborough became an extension of the
Gaumont Film Company. Still, between 1931 and 1936, Balcon produced a number of classics, including a string of Hitchcock successes, such as ''
The 39 Steps'' and ''
Man of Aran''; directed by
Robert J. Flaherty
Robert Joseph Flaherty, (; February 16, 1884 – July 23, 1951) was an American filmmaker who directed and produced the first commercially successful feature-length documentary film, '' Nanook of the North'' (1922). The film made his reputati ...
the latter was known as 'Balcon's folly' for going well over budget.
He also helped individuals escape
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
as persecution of Jewish citizens increased, including the actor
Conrad Veidt, who had starred in his 1934 film ''
Jew Suss''. By 1936, Gaumont was looking for an entry into the American market. Balcon spent several months in the United States forming links with the big Hollywood studios. On his return, he found Gaumont in financial ruin and joined
MGM-British Studios that November. The year and a half he spent there was a trying period for Balcon, who clashed frequently with studio head
Louis B. Mayer
Louis Burt Mayer (; born Lazar Meir; July 12, 1882 or 1884 or 1885 – October 29, 1957) was a Canadian-American film producer and co-founder of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios (MGM) in 1924. Under Mayer's management, MGM became the film industr ...
. During this period, Balcon lived at 57a Tufton Street, Westminster. Today a commemorative plaque marks his former home.
Ealing Studios
When Balcon was invited by an old associate of his,
Reginald Baker, to head
Ealing Studios in 1938, he readily agreed. Under his benevolent leadership and surrounded by a reliable team of directors, writers, technicians and actors, Ealing became the most famous British studio in the world, despite turning out no more than six feature films a year.
''
Went the Day Well?
''Went the Day Well?'' is a 1942 British war film adapted from a story by Graham Greene and directed by Alberto Cavalcanti. It was produced by Michael Balcon of Ealing Studios and served as unofficial propaganda for the war effort. The film shows ...
'', ''
Dead of Night
''Dead of Night'' is a 1945 black and white British anthology horror film, made by Ealing Studios. The individual segments were directed by Alberto Cavalcanti, Charles Crichton, Basil Dearden and Robert Hamer. It stars Mervyn Johns, Googie W ...
'', ''
Undercover
To go "undercover" (that is, to go on an undercover operation) is to avoid detection by the object of one's observation, and especially to disguise one's own identity (or use an assumed identity) for the purposes of gaining the trust of an ind ...
'' (1943), and the
Ealing Comedies
The Ealing comedies is an informal name for a series of comedy films produced by the London-based Ealing Studios during a ten-year period from 1947 to 1957. Often considered to reflect Britain's post-war spirit, the most celebrated films in the ...
were released during his time there. Other films from the studio include ''
Dance Hall
Dance hall in its general meaning is a hall for dancing. From the earliest years of the twentieth century until the early 1960s, the dance hall was the popular forerunner of the discothèque or nightclub. The majority of towns and cities in ...
'' (1950) with
Petula Clark
Petula Sally Olwen Clark, CBE (born 15 November 1932) is an English singer, actress, and composer. She has one of the longest serving careers of a British singer, spanning more than seven decades.
Clark's professional career began during the ...
and
Diana Dors
Diana Dors (born Diana Mary Fluck; 23 October 19314 May 1984) was an English actress and singer.
Dors came to public notice as a blonde bombshell, much in the style of Americans Marilyn Monroe, Jayne Mansfield and Mamie Van Doren. Dors was p ...
; and ''
The Blue Lamp
''The Blue Lamp'' is a 1950 British police procedural film directed by Basil Dearden and starring Jack Warner as PC Dixon, Jimmy Hanley as newcomer PC Mitchell, and Dirk Bogarde as criminal Tom Riley. The title refers to the blue lamps that t ...
'' (also 1950), whose lead character, George Dixon, was named after Balcon's grammar school. This character was later used in the long-running television drama ''
Dixon of Dock Green
''Dixon of Dock Green'' was a BBC police procedural television series about daily life at a fictional London police station, with the emphasis on petty crime, successfully controlled through common sense and human understanding. It ran from 19 ...
''. In his 1969 autobiography, ''Michael Balcon Presents… A Lifetime of Films'', he wrote that his years at Ealing Studios were "the most rewarding years in my personal career, and perhaps one of the most fruitful periods in the history of British film production."
Besides Hitchcock, Balcon worked with
Basil Dearden,
Michael Relph
Michael Leighton George Relph (16 February 1915 – 30 September 2004) was an English film producer, art director, screenwriter and film director. He was the son of actor George Relph.
Films
Relph began his film career in 1933 as an assistant ...
and many other significant figures of British film. He was
knighted in 1948 for his services to the industry.
In 1944, Ealing Studios was taken over by the
Rank Organisation. In 1955 Rank sold the studio to the
BBC #REDIRECT BBC #REDIRECT BBC
Here i going to introduce about the best teacher of my life b BALAJI sir. He is the precious gift that I got befor 2yrs . How has helped and thought all the concept and made my success in the 10th board exam. ...
...
. As a result, Balcon left Rank in 1956 and set up the production company Ealing Films, striking a distribution and production deal with
. Balcon's company would shoot films at
and MGM would handle the worldwide distribution of the films.
In 1959 Balcon became chairman of
. The firm went bankrupt in 1963. Balcon took over British Lion Films. He was proud to be associated with the
'' (1963), after which he continued to encourage young directors, serving as chairman of the
production board and funding low-budget experimental work.
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Balcon published one book and many articles, including:
*''Realism or Tinsel?'' (1943)
*''The Producer'' (1945)
*''Twenty Years of British Film 1925–1945'' (1947)
*''Film Production and Management'' (1950)
*''Michael Balcon Presents… A Lifetime of Films'' (1969) (his autobiography)
A pub in Ealing is named in his honour. The
is presented every year in honour of Balcon's memory.
In 1938, Balcon wrote an article in ''The Cine-Technician'', the journal of the filmmakers union, titled 'I wish I could join' in which he criticised the working condition under which films were made and was instrumental in improving these conditions and increasing the salaries of people working on film sets.
Balcon was knighted in 1948.
On 10 April 1924, Balcon married Aileen Freda Leatherman (1904–1988), daughter of Max Jacobs and Beatrice Leatherman, whose families were Jewish immigrants from Poland. She was born in
, South Africa. The couple enjoyed theatre and opera, loved travel (especially to Italy), and had a wide circle of friends. Lady Balcon was one of a series of society beauties photographed as classical figures by
.
They had two children: Jill (1925–2009), and Jonathan (1931–2012).
In 1946, Aileen was appointed an
became an actress. She met Anglo-Irish poet,
, and the two started a relationship, marrying in 1951. (He was twenty years older than she and already married when they met. He had two teenage sons, and a mistress.) Michael Balcon was deeply unhappy about the marriage, and became estranged from his daughter as a result.
of the United Kingdom. They had two children together (Michael and Aileen's grandchildren):
, who became an actor. He has won three Academy Awards in addition to many other awards.
In 1977, Balcon died at
, a 15th-century house set on a Sussex hilltop near the Kent border.
He and his wife had lived there since the Second World War. He was cremated and his ashes buried there.
He was a life-long friend of director Charles Frend with whom he collaborated on a number of Ealing Studio films.
* Balcon, Michael (1969). ''Michael Balcon presents... A Lifetime of Films'' (autobiography). London.
& Co
* Duguid, Mark and others (ed.) (2012). ''Ealing Revisited''.
personal history of his father by Jonathan Balcon on British Entertainment History Project
{{DEFAULTSORT:Balcon, Michael