Michael Arlen

Michael Arlen (16 November 1895 – 23 June 1956), born Dikran Kouyoumdjian ( hy, Տիգրան Գոյումճեան), was a British essayist, short story writer, novelist, playwright, and scriptwriter of Armenian origin, who had his greatest successes in the 1920s while living and writing in England. Arlen is most famous for his satirical romances set in English smart society, but he also wrote gothic horror and psychological thrillers, for instance "The Gentleman from America", which was filmed in 1956 as a television episode for Alfred Hitchcock's TV series ''Alfred Hitchcock Presents''. Near the end of his life, Arlen mainly occupied himself with political writing. Arlen's vivid but colloquial style "with unusual inversions and inflections with a heightened exotic pitch" came to be known as 'Arlenesque'.

Very much a 1920s society figure resembling the characters he portrayed in his novels, and a man who might be referred to as a dandy, Arlen invariably impressed everyone with his immaculate manners. He was always impeccably dressed and groomed, and was seen driving around London in a fashionable yellow Rolls-Royce and engaging in various luxurious activities. However, he was well aware of the latent suspicion of foreigners, mixed with the envy with which his success was viewed by some.

His works became an inspiration for famous Hollywood movies such as ''A Woman of Affairs'' (1928), starring Greta Garbo and John Gilbert; '' The Golden Arrow'' (1936), starring Bette Davis; and he was screenwriter of ''The Heavenly Body'' (1944), based on a story by Jacques Théry, starring William Powell and Hedy Lamarr.

Biography

Early life

Michael Arlen was born Dikran Kouyoumdjian on 16 November 1895, in Rousse, Bulgaria, to an Armenian merchant family. In 1892, his family moved to Plovdiv, Bulgaria, after fleeing Turkish persecutions of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. In Plovdiv, Arlen's father, Sarkis Kouyoumdjian, established a successful import business. In 1895, Arlen was born as the youngest child of five, having three brothers, Takvor, Krikor, and Roupen, and one sister, Ahavni. In 1901, apparently not feeling satisfied with Bulgaria's position in the oncoming war, Arlen's family moved once more: this time to the seaside town of Southport in Lancashire, England.

Adolescence

After studying at Malvern College and spending a brief time in Switzerland, the young Arlen enrolled as a medical student at the University of Edinburgh, despite his and his family's intention that he attend the University of Oxford. If we are to view Arlen's first published book, ''The London Venture'', as being semi-autobiographical, then we will never know why Arlen made this "silly mistake" of going to Edinburgh instead of Oxford. We know however what led Arlen to London, where he would make his break into a literary career.

In ''The London Venture'', Arlen wrote: "I, up at Edinburgh, was on the high road to general fecklessness. I only stayed there a few months; jumbled months of elementary medicine, political economy, metaphysics, theosophy – I once handed round programs at an Annie Besant lecture at the Usher Hall – and beer, lots of beer. And then, one night, I emptied my last mug, and with another side-glance at Oxford, came down to London; 'to take up a literary career' my biographer will no doubt write of me." (p. 132)

In 1913, after a few months of university, Arlen moved to London to live by writing. A year later, the First World War broke out and made Arlen's position in England as a Bulgarian national rather difficult. Arlen's nationality was still Bulgarian, but Bulgaria had disowned him because he would not serve in Bulgaria's army. Bulgaria being allies with Germany made England suspicious of Arlen, who could neither be naturalized as a British citizen, nor change his name. In London, Arlen found company in modernist literary circles with others who had been looked upon suspiciously or had been denied military service. Among these were Aldous Huxley, D. H. Lawrence, Nancy Cunard, and George Moore.

Young adulthood

Arlen began his literary career in 1916, writing under his birth name, Dikran Kouyoumdjian, firstly in a London-based Armenian periodical, '' Ararat: A Searchlight on Armenia'', and soon afterward for ''The New Age'', a British weekly review of politics, arts, and literature. For these two magazines, Arlen wrote essays, book reviews, personal essays, short stories, and even one short play.

His last submissions to ''The New Age'', a series of semi-autobiographical personal essays entitled "The London Papers", were assembled in 1920 and published with slight revisions as ''The London Venture''. From this time onward he began to sign his works as 'Michael Arlen'. In January and April 1920, he had already published two short stories in ''The English Review'' signed thus. He became naturalized as a British citizen in 1922, and legally changed from his birth name to Michael Arlen.

Arlen spent some time in France with Nancy Cunard in 1920, although she was married to someone else at the time; the relationship fuelled Aldous Huxley's jealousy. During the 1920s, Arlen rented rooms opposite 'The Grapes' public house in Shepherd Market, then a bohemian Mayfair address. He later used Shepherd Market as the setting for '' The Green Hat''.

Fame and fortune

After "The London Venture", Arlen worked on romances, spicing them with elements of psychological thrills and horror, including ''The Romantic Lady'', ''These Charming People'', and ''"Piracy": A Romantic Chronicle of These Days''. In ''These Charming People,'' for instance, Arlen wrote tales which included elements of fantasy and horror, in particular "The Ancient Sin" and "The Loquacious Lady of Lansdowne Passage". The volume also introduced a 'gentleman crook' reminiscent of Raffles in the story "The Cavalier of the Streets". The title of another story, "When a Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square", was the inspiration for the popular song of the same name.

These works culminated in the book that would launch Arlen's fame and fortune in the 1920s: ''The Green Hat'', published in 1924. ''The Green Hat'' narrates the short life and violent death of Iris Storm, a ''femme fatale'' and dashing widow, the owner of a yellow Hispano-Suiza as well as the green hat of the title. Arlen adapted the novel for a 1925 Broadway play, starring Katharine Cornell and Leslie Howard in his most successful Broadway appearance to date. An almost simultaneous but less successful adaptation in London's West End starred Tallulah Bankhead. The book figures in ''A Question of Upbringing'' by Anthony Powell as representative of life in Shepherd Market.

The novel was adapted for the silent 1928 Hollywood film ''A Woman of Affairs'' starring Greta Garbo and John Gilbert. ''The Green Hat'' was considered provocative in the United States; hence, the movie was not allowed to make any references to it. The film obscured or altered plot points in the novel concerning homosexuality and venereal disease. It was adapted a second time in 1934, as '' Outcast Lady'', with Constance Bennett and Herbert Marshall in the main roles.

After the publication of ''The Green Hat'', Arlen became almost instantly famous, rich, and as with celebrities today, incessantly in the spotlight and newspapers. During this period of his fame, the mid-1920s, Arlen frequently travelled to the United States and worked on plays and films, including ''Dear Father'' and ''These Charming People''.

According to Noël Coward's biographer Sheridan Morley, in 1924 Arlen rescued the play ''The Vortex'' by writing Coward a cheque for £250 when it seemed that otherwise the production would collapse (according to Coward himself—“Present Indicative,” p. 188–it was for £200). ''The Vortex'' made Coward's name.

Naturally, after all this fame and attention, Arlen felt somewhat anxious to write the book that would follow ''The Green Hat''. Notwithstanding, Arlen wrote ''Young Men in Love'' (1927) and received mixed reviews.

After ''Young Men in Love'', Arlen continued with ''Lily Christine'' (1928), ''Babes in the Wood'' (1929), and ''Men Dislike Women'' (1931), none of which received the enthusiastic reviews that ''The Green Hat'' had received. Arlen also wrote a volume of ''Ghost Stories'' (1927), which were influenced by Saki, Oscar Wilde and Arthur Machen."Among his fictional works, Arlen wrote a number of supernatural pieces which demonstrate a variety of literary influences ranging from Saki and Oscar Wilde to Arthur Machen". Neil Wilson, ''Shadows in the Attic: A Guide to British supernatural fiction, 1820-1950'' British Library, London, 2000. . (pp. 35–6)

Later life

In 1927, Arlen, feeling ill, joined D. H. Lawrence in Florence, Italy. Lawrence was working on ''Lady Chatterley's Lover'' and Arlen served as a model for the character Michaelis.

Arlen then moved to Cannes, France and, in 1928, married Countess Atalanta Mercati. They had two children, a son, Michael John Arlen born in 1930, and a daughter, Venetia Arlen, born in 1933.

With his following novel, ''Man's Mortality'' (1933), Arlen turned to political writing and science fiction, brushing aside his earlier, smart society romances. Set fifty years in the future, in 1983, the book can be seen as portraying a Dystopia, whose rulers claim that it is a Utopia. Most critics compared it unfavourably with Huxley's ''Brave New World'', which had been published the previous year.

In the following years, Arlen also returned to gothic horror with ''Hell! Said the Duchess: A Bed-Time Story'' (1934). In his final collection of short stories, ''The Crooked Coronet'' (1939), Arlen briefly returns to his earlier romantic, but also comic, style. Arlen's claim to fame in the world of crime fiction rests on one short story, " Gay Falcon" (1940), in which he introduced gentleman sleuth Gay Stanhope Falcon. Renamed Gay Lawrence and nicknamed 'the Falcon', the character was taken up by Hollywood in 1941, and expanded into a series of mystery films with George Sanders in the title role. When Sanders left the role, he was succeeded by his brother Tom Conway, who played Gay Lawrence's brother Tom and also used the nickname 'the Falcon'.

In 1939, when the Second World War began, Arlen returned to England. While his wife, Atalanta, joined the Red Cross, Arlen wrote columns for '' The Tatler''. That same year, his final book, ''The Flying Dutchman'' (1939), was published, a political novel, commenting harshly on Germany's position in the war.

In 1940, Arlen was appointed Civil Defence Public Relations Officer for the East Midlands, but when his loyalty to England was questioned in the House of Commons in 1941, he resigned and moved to America, where he settled in New York in 1946. For the next ten years of his life, Arlen suffered from writer's block.

He died of cancer on June 23, 1956, in New York.

Critical reception

Horror writer Karl Edward Wagner included ''Hell! Said the Duchess'' on his list of "The Thirteen Best Supernatural Horror Novels" in the May 1983 issue of ''The Twilight Zone Magazine''. F. Scott Fitzgerald was an admirer of Arlen's work. In ''A Moveable Feast'', Ernest Hemingway recounts how, as he and Fitzgerald were sharing a long car journey to Paris, Fitzgerald told him the plots of all Arlen's books, concluding that the author was "the man you had to watch".''A Moveable Feast'', Ernest Hemingway, 1964.

References

Selected bibliography

Novels

*''The London Venture'' (Heinemann, 1920)
*''Piracy'' (Collins, 1922)
*''The Green Hat'' (Collins, 1924)
*''Young Men in Love'' (Hutchinson, 1927)
*''Lily Christine'' (Doubleday, Doran, 1929)
*''Men Dislike Women'' (Heinemann, 1931)
*''Man's Mortality'' (Heinemann, 1933)
*''Hell! Said the Duchess'' (Heinemann, 1934)
*''The Flying Dutchman'' (Heinemann, 1939)

Short stories

*''The Romantic Lady'' (Collins, 1921)
*''These Charming People'' (Collins, 1923) (15 thematically connected short stories)
*''May Fair, In Which Are Told the Last Adventures of These Charming People'' (Collins, 1925)
*''Ghost Stories'' (Collins, 1927)
*''Babes in the Wood'' (Hutchinson, 1930)
*''The Crooked Coronet'' (Heinemann, 1937)
*''The Ancient Sin and Other Stories'' (Collins, 1930) (collection)
*''The Short Stories of Michael Arlen'' (Collins, 1933) (collection)
*''The Great Book of Mystery'' (Odhams, undated circa 1930s) - contains "The Ghoul of Golders Green"

Further reading

*Michael J. Arlen, ''Exiles'', Pocket, New York: 1971. (Biographical book of Arlen and his wife viewed from the perspective of Arlen's son. Includes details of Arlen's final years in New York, his writer's block, and his death).
*Michael J. Arlen, ''Passage to Ararat'', Hungry Mind, Saint Paul: 1996. (On Arlen's ethnic identity and his son's quest for his lost Armenian roots. During this quest, Arlen's son tries to explain why his father preferred to live "free" from the Armenians.)
*Harry Keyishian, ''Michael Arlen'', Twayne, Boston: 1975. (Critical review of Arlen's oeuvre. Contains a detailed bibliography.)
*Alec Waugh, "What Happened to Michael Arlen?", ''Harper's Monthly Magazine'', 210:1257 (1955:Feb.)

External links

Michael Arlen Collection
at the Harry Ransom Center
Author photographs
from the National Portrait Gallery, London
Shepherd Market — where Arlen lived and used as the setting for The Green Hat
* List of Arlen's film productions as a scriptwriter

Time magazine
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Arlen, Michael
1895 births
1956 deaths
English male novelists
People from Ruse, Bulgaria
People educated at Malvern College
Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
British people of Armenian descent
British horror writers
Bulgarian people of Armenian descent
Ghost story writers
20th-century English novelists
20th-century English male writers