The Melayu Kingdom (also known as Malayu, Dharmasraya Kingdom or the Jambi Kingdom; ,
reconstructed Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese (formerly known as Ancient Chinese) or the Qieyun system (QYS) is the historical variety of Chinese recorded in the '' Qieyun'', a rime dictionary first published in 601 and followed by several revised and expanded editions. The ...
pronunciation ''mat-la-yu kwok'')
[Muljana, Slamet , (2006), ''Sriwijaya'', Yogyakarta: LKIS, .] was a classical
Buddhist
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
kingdom located in
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of mainland ...
.
The primary sources for much of the information on the kingdom are the ''
New History of the Tang'', and the memoirs of the
Chinese Buddhist
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...
monk
A monk (, from el, μοναχός, ''monachos'', "single, solitary" via Latin ) is a person who practices religious asceticism by monastic living, either alone or with any number of other monks. A monk may be a person who decides to dedic ...
Yijing who visited in 671, and the state was "absorbed" by
Srivijaya by 692, but had "broken away" by the end of the twelfth century according to
Chao Jukua.
The exact location of the kingdom is the subject of studies among historians. One theory is that the kingdom was established around present-day
Jambi on
Sumatra
Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...
,
Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Gui ...
, approximately 300 km north of
Palembang. According to this theory, it was founded by ethnic groups in the
Batanghari river area and gold traders from the
Minangkabau hinterland of
Pagarruyung.
Etymology
There are different proposals for the origin of the word ''Melayu'' ('Malay'). One theory suggests that it is derived from the
Javanese terms ''melayu'' or ''mlayu'' (to steadily accelerate or to run), to describe the strong current of a river in
Sumatra
Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...
that today bears the name ''Sungai Melayu'' ('Melayu river') which is the right branch going upriver of
Batang Hari whose watershed reaches
Pagarruyung. The name was later possibly adopted by the Melayu Kingdom, as it is common for people in the region to be known by the name of the river on which they settled.
Another theory holds that it originated from the
Tamil
Tamil may refer to:
* Tamils, an ethnic group native to India and some other parts of Asia
** Sri Lankan Tamils, Tamil people native to Sri Lanka also called ilankai tamils
**Tamil Malaysians, Tamil people native to Malaysia
* Tamil language, na ...
words ''Malai'' and ''ur'' meaning "mountain" and "city, land", respectively. It could possibly referred to
Barisan Mountains, the mountain range in Sumatra.
An early literary appearance where the word "Malayadvipa", which means "mountainous island", is described in chapter 48,
Vayu Purana
The ''Vayu Purana'' ( sa, वायुपुराण, ) is a Sanskrit text and one of the eighteen major Puranas of Hinduism.
''Vayu Purana'' is mentioned in the manuscripts of the Mahabharata and other Hindu texts, which has led scholars to ...
as one of the provinces in the eastern sea that was full of gold and silver. Some scholars equate the term with Sumatra, but several
Indian
Indian or Indians may refer to:
Peoples South Asia
* Indian people, people of Indian nationality, or people who have an Indian ancestor
** Non-resident Indian, a citizen of India who has temporarily emigrated to another country
* South Asia ...
scholars believe the term may refer to the
peninsula, while Sumatra is more correctly associated with
Suvarnadvipa (an ancient name referred to Sumatra) which means "The Gold Land" and the
Barisan Mountains which is the mountainous range scattered from north to the south Sumatra hemisphere. Then, the term "Maleu-Kolon" was used in
Geographia by
Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy (; grc-gre, Πτολεμαῖος, ; la, Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was a mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist, who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were of importanc ...
which is believed to have originated from the
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (; attributively , ; nominally , , ) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan languages, Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages. It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had Trans-cultural diffusion ...
term ''malayakolam'' or ''malaikurram'', referring to a geographical part of
peninsula. In 7th century, the first use of the term for a nation or a kingdom was recorded by
Yijing.
The East Javanese
Anjukladang inscription
Anjuk Ladang inscription is a stone stele inscription dated to the year 859 Saka ( L.-C. Damais' version, 937 CE) or 857 Saka ( Brandes' version, 935 CE) issued by King Sri Isyana (Pu Sindok) of Kingdom of Mataram after moving his capital to the ...
dated from 937 CE
Mataram Kingdom stated that the ''Sima'' status was awarded to the Anjukladang village and a ''jayastambha'' (victory monument) was later upgraded to a temple, the monument was erected in recognition of their service on repelling the invading forces from ''Malayu''. The temple mentioned here is probably the Candi Lor (made of bricks and now in ruins) located in Candirejo village in
Nganjuk Regency. The mentioning of invading ''Malayu'' forces refers to the old term: "Sumatran Malayu Kingdom", which probably is thought to refer to
Srivijaya instead. This means that by the 10th century, the
Javanese identified their Sumatran-based enemy as "Malayu".
An inscription on the south wall of the 11th century
Brihadeeswarar Temple also made a reference to ''Malaiyur'', a kingdom that had "a strong mountain for its rampart" during the
Chola invasion of Srivijaya period. This referred to
Chola invaders during
Rajendra Chola I's campaign.
In the later
Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan dynasty (), officially the Great Yuan (; xng, , , literally "Great Yuan State"), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division. It was established by Kublai, the fif ...
(1271–1368) and
Ming Dynasty
The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...
(1368–1644), the word ''Ma-La-Yu'' was mentioned often in
Chinese historical texts — with changes in spelling due to the time span between the dynasties — to refer to a nation near the southern sea. Among the terms used was "Bok-la-yu", "Mok-la-yu" (木剌由), Ma-li-yu-er (麻里予兒), Oo-lai-yu (巫来由 — traced from the written source of monk
Xuanzang
Xuanzang (, ; 602–664), born Chen Hui / Chen Yi (), also known as Hiuen Tsang, was a 7th-century Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator. He is known for the epoch-making contributions to Chinese Buddhism, the travelogue of ...
), and Wu-lai-yu (無来由). In the chronicle of
Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan dynasty (), officially the Great Yuan (; xng, , , literally "Great Yuan State"), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its division. It was established by Kublai, the fif ...
, the word "Ma-li-yu-er" was mentioned in describing the
Sukhothai's southward expansion against Malayu:
In response to the Sukhothai's move, a
Chinese envoy arrived at the
Ram Khamhaeng's court in 1295 bearing an imperial order: "Keep your promise and do no evil to Ma-li-yu-er". This nation of "Ma-li-yu-er" that appeared in the
Chinese record may also be the nation that was mentioned by the famous
Venetian
Venetian often means from or related to:
* Venice, a city in Italy
* Veneto, a region of Italy
* Republic of Venice (697–1797), a historical nation in that area
Venetian and the like may also refer to:
* Venetian language, a Romance language s ...
traveller
Marco Polo (1254–1324) who lived during the same period. In
Travels of Marco Polo, he made a reference to a kingdom named "Malauir" in the Malay peninsula.
The word ''bhūmi Mālayu'' (literally "Land of Malayu") is inscribed on the
Padang Roco Inscription, dated 1286, according to the inscription, ''bhūmi Mālayu'' is associated with the
Dharmasraya
Dharmasraya, is the capital of the 11th century Buddhist polity known as Melayu Kingdom, based on the Batanghari river system in modern-day West Sumatra and Jambi, on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia.J.L.A. Brandes, 1902, ''Nāgarakrětāga ...
kingdom. On the
Amoghapasa inscription, dated 1347, the word ''Malayapura'' (literally "city of Malaya" or "kingdom of Malaya") was proclaimed by
Adityawarman, again referring to
Dharmasraya
Dharmasraya, is the capital of the 11th century Buddhist polity known as Melayu Kingdom, based on the Batanghari river system in modern-day West Sumatra and Jambi, on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia.J.L.A. Brandes, 1902, ''Nāgarakrětāga ...
. The word "Melayu" is also mentioned in the
Malay annals referring to a river in
Sumatra
Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...
:
Yijing's account
On his route via Maritime Southeast Asia, Yijing visited
Srivijaya twice where he stayed from 688 to 695, studying and translating the original texts in Sanskrit. Srivijaya appears to have been flourishing around the time of Yijing's visit, which he initially called "Bogha" during his first visit. At its greatest extent, the kingdom extended to Malayu, which seems to have been annexed or to have come spontaneously under the realm of Bogha prince. The whole country as well as the capital received the name "Sribogha" or Srivijaya. The change of the name Malayu to Sribogha is likely to have occurred before Yijing's time or during his stay there, for whenever he mentions Malayu by name, he added that "it is now changed to Sribogha".
The following extract from Yijing's work, ''
A Record of Buddhist Practices Sent Home from the Southern Sea
''A Record of Buddhist Practices Sent Home from the Southern Sea'', also known as the ''Nanhai Jigui Neifa Zhuan'' and by other translations, is a Buddhist travelogue by the Tang Chinese monk Yijing detailing his twenty five-year stay in India ...
'', further describes his route via Bogha and Malayu:
Further for the determination of the location of Sribogha-Malayu, Yijing furnishes the following:
Thus it can be inferred that the country of Sribogha covered the place lying on the equator, and the whole county therefore must have covered the north east side of Sumatra, from the southern shore of
Malacca, to the city of Palembang, extending at least five degrees, having the
equatorial line at about the centre of the kingdom.
According to Yijing,
Hinayana
Hīnayāna (, ) is a Sanskrit term literally meaning the "small/deficient vehicle". Classical Chinese and Tibetan teachers translate it as "smaller vehicle". The term is applied collectively to the ''Śrāvakayāna'' and ''Pratyekabuddhayāna'' p ...
Buddhism was predominantly adopted in Srivijaya, represented for the most part by the
Mulasarvastivada school, however there were few
Mahayanists in Malayu. Gold seems to have been abundant in the kingdom, where people used to offer the Buddha a lotus flower of gold and used golden jars. Moreover, people of the kingdom wear a type of long cloth and used fragrant oil.
Further, Melayu had accessed to gold producing areas in the hinterland of
Sumatra
Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...
. This slowly increased the prestige of Melayu which traded various local goods, including gold, with foreigners.
Center of Srivijaya
Between 1079 and 1088, Chinese records show that Srivijaya sent ambassadors from Jambi and Palembang.
[Page 165. Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Paul Michel Munoz.] In 1079 in particular, an ambassador from Jambi and Palembang each visited China. Jambi sent two more ambassadors to China in 1082 and 1088.
This suggests that the centre of Srivijaya frequently shifted between the two major cities during that period.
The
Chola invasion of Srivijaya as well as changing trade routes weakened Palembang, allowing Jambi to take the leadership of Srivijaya from the 11th century on.
Demise
In 1275,
Kertanegara, of the
Singhasari Kingdom, took advantage of
Srivijaya's decline and sent a military expedition to establish Javanese control of Melayu. Mahesa Anabrang (or Kebo/Lembu Anabrang) was a general of
Singhasari
Singhasari ( jv, ꦏꦫꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦔ꧀ꦲꦱꦫꦶ, translit=Karaton Singhasari or , id, Kerajaan Singasari) was a Javanese Hindu kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292. The kingdom succeeded the Kingdom of Kediri as ...
, who conquered Srivijaya and Melayu in 1288. Embassies were sent to China in 1299 and 1301.
[
This event was likely recorded in a semi-legendary account of the Minangkabau legend. It was mentioned that the Javanese force was defeated in a buffalo fight. It was approximately at this point that the natives call themselves ''MinangKabau'' (victorious buffalo).
Almost a century after taking over the role of Palembang as the centre of an empire, Jambi and Srivijaya experienced a decline in influence. This was caused by a change of policy by the ]Song dynasty
The Song dynasty (; ; 960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the res ...
to no longer accept ambassadors from Srivijaya, and Jambi's inability to cope with the changing scenario. Instead of Jambi controlling the trade through a tributary system, traders were allowed to trade directly.
According to George Coedes, by the beginning of the fourteenth century, Melayu "remained the only Sumatran state of some political importance and it had become the refuge of Indian culture in opposition to the sultanates of the north that were already Islamized or in the process of becoming so".[
]
Melayu's last prince Parameswara
In the year 1347, Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi, the Queen of Majapahit, delegated Adityawarman as the ruler of Melayu to prevent the revival of Srivijaya. Adityawarman later conquered Tanah Datar to take control of the gold trade and founded a kingdom in Pagaruyung. In the year 1377, the Majapahit defeated Palembang and ended efforts to revive Srivijaya. The last prince of Srivijayan origin, Parameswara (thought to be the same person as Iskandar Shah in the Malay Annals), fled to Temasik
Temasek (also spelt Temasik) is an early recorded name of a settlement on the site of modern Singapore. The name appears in early Malay and Javanese literature, and it is also recorded in Yuan and Ming Chinese documents as ''Danmaxi'' ( or ) ...
to seek refuge before moving farther north, where he founded what would become the Malacca Sultanate.
See also
* Pamalayu expedition
* Dharmasraya
Dharmasraya, is the capital of the 11th century Buddhist polity known as Melayu Kingdom, based on the Batanghari river system in modern-day West Sumatra and Jambi, on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia.J.L.A. Brandes, 1902, ''Nāgarakrětāga ...
References
External links
Photos of ancient Melayu Kingdom
Timeline of Indonesia history
Memartabatkan dan Menyatukan Dunia Melayu 'Melayu'
{{Precolonial states in Indonesia
Srivijaya
Hindu Buddhist states in Indonesia
Precolonial states of Indonesia
Malay kingdoms
7th century in Indonesia